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Objective- PI3Kα (phosphoinositide 3-kinase alpha) is a therapeutic target in oncology, but its role in platelets and thrombosis remains ill characterized. In this study, we have analyzed the role of PI3Kα in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo in 2 models of arterial thrombosis. Approach and Results- Using mice selectively deficient in p110α in the megakaryocyte lineage and isoform-selective inhibitors, we confirm that PI3Kα is not mandatory but participates to thrombus growth over a collagen matrix at arterial shear rate. Our data uncover a role for PI3Kα in low-level activation of the GP (glycoprotein) VI-collagen receptor by contributing to ADP secretion and in turn full activation of PI3Kß and Akt/PKB (protein kinase B). This effect was no longer observed at high level of GP VI agonist concentration. Our study also reveals that over a vWF (von Willebrand factor) matrix, PI3Kα regulates platelet stationary adhesion contacts under arterial flow through its involvement in the outside-in signaling of vWF-engaged αIIbß3 integrin. In vivo, absence or inhibition of PI3Kα resulted in a modest but significant decrease in thrombus size after superficial injuries of mouse mesenteric arteries and an increased time to arterial occlusion after carotid lesion, without modification in the tail bleeding time. Considering the more discrete and nonredundant role of PI3Kα compared with PI3Kß, selective PI3Kα inhibitors are unlikely to increase the bleeding risk at least in the absence of combination with antiplatelet drugs or thrombopenia. Conclusions- This study provides mechanistic insight into the role of PI3Kα in platelet activation and arterial thrombosis.
Assuntos
Hemostasia , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinase/fisiologia , Adesividade Plaquetária , Agregação Plaquetária , Trombose/fisiopatologia , Animais , Ativação Enzimática , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Inibidores de Fosfoinositídeo-3 Quinase , Glicoproteínas da Membrana de Plaquetas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Fator de von Willebrand/metabolismoRESUMO
NPM-ALK (nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase) and TPM3-ALK (nonmuscular tropomyosin 3-anaplastic lymphoma kinase) are oncogenic tyrosine kinases implicated in the pathogenesis of human ALK-positive lymphoma. We report here the development of novel conditional mouse models for ALK-induced lymphomagenesis, with the use of the tetracycline regulatory system under the control of the EmuSRalpha enhancer/promoter. The expression of either oncogene resulted in the arrest of the differentiation of early B cells and lymphomagenesis. We also observed the development of skin keratoacanthoma lesions, probably because of aberrant ALK expression in keratinocytes. The inactivation of the ALK oncogene on doxycycline treatment was sufficient to induce sustained regression of both hematopoietic tumors and skin disease. Importantly, treatment with the specific ALK inhibitor (PF-2341066) also reversed the pathologic states, showing the value of these mouse models for the validation of ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Thus, our results show (1) that NPM-ALK and TPM3-ALK oncogenes are sufficient for lymphoma/leukemia development and required for tumor maintenance, hence validating ALK as potentially effective therapeutic target; and (2) for the first time, in vivo, the equal tumorigenic potential of the NPM-ALK and TPM3-ALK oncogenic tyrosine kinases. Our models offer a new tool to investigate in vivo the molecular mechanisms associated with ALK-induced lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Leucemia de Células B/patologia , Linfoma de Células B/patologia , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/genética , Tropomiosina/genética , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico , Animais , Apoptose , Western Blotting , Diferenciação Celular , Proliferação de Células , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Citometria de Fluxo , Humanos , Immunoblotting , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Integrases/metabolismo , Leucemia de Células B/genética , Leucemia de Células B/metabolismo , Linfoma de Células B/genética , Linfoma de Células B/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Tropomiosina/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE AND HYPOTHESIS: The objective of the study was to define the true incidence of fungal elements in the nasal and sinus mucous in cases of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with bilateral polyposis compared with normal controls-in an Egyptian African population-via mycological and histologic techniques. STUDY DESIGN: This study was conducted prospectively on 100 patients with the clinical diagnosis of CRS with bilateral nasal polyposis. Fifty volunteers with no history of nasal or paranasal sinus disease served as a control group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The postulated criteria for the diagnosis of allergic fungal sinusitis were present in 92% of CRS with polyposis, suggesting that fungi are involved in the disease process of most CRS patients.
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Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Mucosa Nasal/microbiologia , Pólipos Nasais/epidemiologia , Seios Paranasais/microbiologia , Rinite/microbiologia , Sinusite/microbiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Doença Crônica , Egito/epidemiologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Lavagem Nasal , Mucosa Nasal/patologia , Pólipos Nasais/microbiologia , Pólipos Nasais/patologia , Seios Paranasais/patologia , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Rinite/epidemiologia , Rinite/patologia , Sinusite/epidemiologia , Sinusite/patologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
STUDY DESIGN: A novel degenerative disc disease model and sustained delivery method for corticosteroid in male Sprague-Dawley albino rats. OBJECTIVES: To develop a model of degenerative disc disease and to determine the effect of continuous sustained release of corticosteroid on the process of degeneration within the traumatized disc. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The current modalities of treating symptomatic degenerative disc disease are either conservative or surgical. However, there is no cure for the degenerative process and prevention, therefore, is the ideal treatment. An understanding of the mechanisms involved in disc degeneration is crucial to develop new methods for prevention and treatment, including appropriate delivery systems and dosages of repair factors. METHODS: The L5-L6 intervertebral disc was pierced with a 23-gauge needle in 18 rats. The animals received either sham or corticosterone-charged tricalcium phosphate ceramic capsules. The rats were euthanized at 4 weeks. Chondrocytes in the transition zone areas were counted and compared statistically. RESULTS: The surgical technique induced degeneration of the nucleus without evidence of inflammation at adjacent levels when compared with nontraumatized controls. The number of chondrocytes per area was significantly less in the sham group than in the control group. Corticosteroid treatment showed chondrocyte numbers similar to control in 4 of 5 different views of the disc. The anterior region of the disc had 50% less chondrocytes per area than the control; however, the chondrocyte numbers were 50% greater than in the same site from discs of sham animals. CONCLUSIONS: The results show the development of a degenerative disc animal model that can be used to test the effects of growth enhancing factors in disc repair. Administration of continuous sustained release of corticosterone can slow the process of degeneration within the traumatized disc in the rat model.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Corticosterona/farmacologia , Degeneração do Disco Intervertebral/tratamento farmacológico , Disco Intervertebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Materiais Biocompatíveis/farmacologia , Materiais Biocompatíveis/uso terapêutico , Fosfatos de Cálcio/farmacologia , Fosfatos de Cálcio/uso terapêutico , Contagem de Células , Condrócitos/citologia , Condrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Condrócitos/fisiologia , Corticosterona/uso terapêutico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Esquema de Medicação , Fibrocartilagem/citologia , Fibrocartilagem/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibrocartilagem/fisiologia , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/patologia , Inflamação/fisiopatologia , Disco Intervertebral/citologia , Disco Intervertebral/fisiologia , Degeneração do Disco Intervertebral/patologia , Degeneração do Disco Intervertebral/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Regeneração/efeitos dos fármacos , Regeneração/fisiologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The literature is lacking conclusive results regarding the exact mechanism of maximizing the fracture healing stages with minimal traumatic side effects. This observation mandates the development of a novel surgical procedure using small animals as a model to study fracture healing in the presence of osteoinductive agents. Previously, stabilization of osteotomies in small animal models has mainly been accomplished using Kirschner wires, but the rat's tremendous ability to heal an osteotomy stabilized by this method has masked the effects of osteoinductive agents. Thus, this study proposes using a modified 20-hole, 1.5-mm stainless-steel plate to stabilize a 5-mm segmental defect. Thirty of 32 adult male rats were fully weight-bearing within 2 days and were followed over a 15-week period. Two animals showed evidence of fixation failure due to technical error, and the animals were humanely sacrificed. At the end of the study, the fractures were stable with significantly less bone formation evident when compared to controls (p < .001). Therefore, this technique can effectively be used to evaluate compounds that will enhance bone formation and allows for stable fixation of the control with minimal callus formation or bony ingrowth. The goal of this article is to allow other investigators to reproduce this technique as well as outline the advantages and disadvantages of this novel plating technique versus the former Kirschner wire technique for the study of osteoinductive agents using small animals as a model.
Assuntos
Fraturas do Fêmur/cirurgia , Fraturas Mal-Unidas/cirurgia , Modelos Anatômicos , Osteotomia/métodos , Animais , Placas Ósseas , Fraturas do Fêmur/fisiopatologia , Consolidação da Fratura/fisiologia , Masculino , Osteogênese/fisiologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Suporte de CargaRESUMO
Aseptic loosening of orthopedic implants caused by wear particles is a major clinical problem. This review examines the hypothesis that bacterial endotoxin contributes to aseptic loosening. Clinical findings support this hypothesis: bacterial biofilms exist on many implants from patients with aseptic loosening and antibiotics in bone cement reduce the rate of aseptic loosening. Three approaches were used to demonstrate that adherent endotoxin increases bioactivity of titanium particles. These experiments measured cytokine production and osteoclast differentiation in vitro and murine calvarial osteolysis in vivo. First, removal of >99.9% of the adherent endotoxin from titanium particles significantly ablates their biological activity. Second, adding lipopolysaccharide back to these "endotoxin-free" particles restores their biological activity. Third, cells or mice that are genetically hyporesponsive to endotoxin are significantly less responsive to titanium particles than are wild-type controls. Other investigators have confirmed and extended these results to include virtually all orthopedically relevant types of particles, including authentic titanium alloy particles retrieved from patients with loosening. Our recent studies suggest that adherent endotoxin on orthopedic implants may also inhibit initial osseointegration of the implants. Taken together, these studies suggest that bacterial endotoxin may have a significant role in induction of aseptic loosening.
Assuntos
Endotoxinas/farmacologia , Equipamentos Ortopédicos , Próteses e Implantes , Animais , Endotoxinas/efeitos adversos , Humanos , ÁguaRESUMO
Thrombin-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) activation is negatively regulated in conditions of all bP3 integrin engagement and platelet aggregation. Here we show by Western blotting with antibodies against mono- and biphosphorylated forms of ERK2 that the dephosphorylation of ERK2 by alpha llb beta 3 engagement affects threonine183 and not tyrosine185. Addition of a potent serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor, okadaic acid (OA), restored thrombin-induced threonine phosphorylation of ERK2 in conditions of platelet aggregation, whereas OA had no effect in the absence of alpha llb beta 3 engagement. These observations are consistent with alpha llb beta 3 engagement acting via at least one serine/threonine phosphatase,which dephosphorylates the phosphothreonine183 residue of ERK2. Moreover, a small amount (14%) of ERK2 was translocated to the alpha llb beta 3-dependent cytoskeleton, mostly ina monophosphorylated (i.e. inactive) form, suggesting that cytoskeleton-associated ERK2 plays only a minor role, if any. Finally, we show that negative regulation (i.e. dephosphorylation)occurs primarily or totally in the cytosol and that the alpha llb beta 3-dependent ERK2 Thr183-specific phosphatase is different from phosphatase 1 (PP1) or PP2A. We conclude that all alpha llb beta 3 engagement down-regulates ERK2 through selective dephosphorylation of the phosphothreonine183 residue by a cytosolic serine/threonine phosphatase different from known platelet phosphatases.
Assuntos
Plaquetas/metabolismo , Proteína Quinase 1 Ativada por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Complexo Glicoproteico GPIIb-IIIa de Plaquetas/metabolismo , Treonina/metabolismo , Actinas/metabolismo , Animais , Plaquetas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bovinos , Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Detergentes , Ativação Enzimática , Octoxinol , Ácido Okadáico/farmacologia , Fosfoproteínas Fosfatases/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Fosfotreonina/metabolismo , Proteína Fosfatase 1 , Solubilidade , Frações Subcelulares , Trombina/metabolismo , Trombina/farmacologiaRESUMO
The involvement of platelet FcgammaRIIa in heparin-associated thrombocytopenia (HIT) is now well established. However, the precise sequence of molecular events initiated by FcgammaRIIa cross-linking in platelets remains partly characterized. We investigated here the role of lipid rafts in the spatio-temporal organization of the FcgammaRIIa-dependent signaling events. Upon cross-linking, FcgammaRIIa relocated in rafts where the kinase Lyn and the adapter LAT were among the major phosphotyrosyl proteins. Upon stimulation by HIT sera, the second messenger phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3)) accumulated in rafts in a P(2)Y(12) adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor-dependent manner. PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) was then essential to specifically recruit phospholipase Cgamma2 (PLCgamma2) to these membrane microdomains. Controlled disruption of rafts by methyl beta-cyclodextrin reversibly abolished PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) production, PLC activation and platelet responses induced by FcgammaRIIa cross-linking without affecting the tyrosine phosphorylation events. This work demonstrates that platelet rafts are essential for the integration of a key signaling complex leading to the rapid production of PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) and in turn PLCgamma2 activation during HIT.
Assuntos
Antígenos CD/fisiologia , Plaquetas/fisiologia , Microdomínios da Membrana/fisiologia , Proteínas de Membrana , Ativação Plaquetária/fisiologia , Receptores de IgG/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , beta-Ciclodextrinas , Plaquetas/efeitos dos fármacos , Colesterol/fisiologia , Colágeno/fisiologia , Ciclodextrinas/farmacologia , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Microdomínios da Membrana/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosfatos de Fosfatidilinositol/biossíntese , Fosfolipase C gama , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Ativação Plaquetária/efeitos dos fármacos , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores Purinérgicos P2/fisiologia , Receptores Purinérgicos P2Y12 , Sistemas do Segundo Mensageiro/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistemas do Segundo Mensageiro/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosfolipases Tipo C/fisiologia , Quinases da Família src/fisiologiaRESUMO
The major cause of orthopaedic implant loosening is thought to be accelerated osteoclastic bone resorption due to the action of cytokines produced in response to phagocytosis of implant-derived wear particles. This accelerated osteoclastic bone resorption could be due to increases in any of the following processes: recruitment of osteoclast precursors to the local microenvironment, differentiation of precursors into mature multinucleated osteoclasts. activation of mature osteoclasts, and/or survival of osteoclasts. Our studies have focused on differentiation and survival to complement work by others who have focused on recruitment of precursors and activation. Taken together, our studies and those of other investigators provide strong evidence that increased recruitment of osteoclast precursors and their subsequent differentiation play major roles in wear particle-induced osteolysis. In contrast, increased osteoclast activation and survival appear to play minor roles. These studies suggest that development of therapeutic interventions that reduce either recruitment or differentiation of osteoclast precursors would improve the performance of orthopaedic implants.
Assuntos
Reabsorção Óssea/patologia , Prótese Articular , Osteoclastos/patologia , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Humanos , Falha de PróteseRESUMO
This study evaluated if the level of glucose in bronchial aspirate serves as indicator for the risk of MRSA infection in intubated mechanically ventilated ICU patients. A total of 50 critically ill patients was enrolled and were under tight glycemic control to abolish the effect of hyperglycemia on bronchial secretion, if they were expected to require mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours. Bronchial aspirates were detected for glucose and sent twice weekly for microbiological analysis and whenever an MRSA was expected. The results showed that all the patients had glucose tested in bronchial aspirates. Glucose was detected in bronchial aspirates of 28 of the 50 patients. Glucose in bronchial aspirates in these patients ranged between (2.9-5.1 mmol/l). MRSA was detected in 22 patients where 28 were MRSA free of the MRSA patients 19 had positive glucose where glucose was positive in 28 patients of them 19 (86.4%) where MRSA positive to 9 with no MRSA (32.1%).The risk of having MRSA present markedly increased significantly in the presence of glucose: (p value .001).
Assuntos
Brônquios/microbiologia , Glucose/química , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Respiração Artificial , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/química , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções Respiratórias/diagnóstico , Infecções Respiratórias/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/diagnósticoRESUMO
The current modalities of treating symptomatic degenerative disc disease are either conservative non-surgical or surgical modalities. However, none of these modalities is a true cure for the degenerative process. Ideally, the best treatment would be preventing the progression of degeneration. The goal of our research is to identify factors that may slow or stop the degenerative process. A rat degenerative disc model induced by piercing the center of the disc was implemented. In this phase of the study, it was hypothesized that continuous sustained release of transforming growth factor (TGF-ss) would reverse the loss of cellularity associated with degenerating discs. A total of eighteen rats were divided into three equal groups. Group I served as control and groups II and III were subjected to a surgery where a 21-gauge needle was used to pierce the L4/L5 disc posteriorly. Animals in group III received TGF-ss over a four week period via a tricalcium phosphate sustained delivery device. After 4 weeks the animals were sacrificed and the traumatized discs were removed. Sections of 10 microm were taken and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and evaluated using light microscopy techniques. Using Image Pro software the area of the transition zone was calculated and the number of chondrocyte nuclei per area was determined. The results show that after four weeks, animals in group II (trauma only) showed evidence of disc degeneration with the largest decrease in cell number anterior to the site of trauma. Treatment with TGF-ss resulted in chondrocyte numbers similar to control in posterolateral views of the disc, while lateral views and views of the site directly opposite the trauma (anterior) had approximately 45% less chondrocytes per area than the control; however, the chondrocyte numbers in the anterior views were twice as many as seen in the discs retrieved from trauma only animals.
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STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. OBJECTIVE: To compare fusion rates, time to fusion, complication rates and subsidence between 1) a static, 2) a dynamic angulation, and 3) a dynamic translation plate in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for symptomatic degenerative cervical disease. METHODS: Thirty-six patients with two level, symptomatic cervical degenerative changes requiring surgery were randomized in a blinded fashion to receive a statically locked plate, Cervical Spine Locking Plate (CSLP) (Synthes, Paoli, PN, USA), an Atlantis Vision(®) Anterior Cervical Plate System (Medtronic, Memphis, TN, USA) which allows angular dynamization, or a Premier(®) Anterior Cervical Plate System (Medtronic) which allows translational dynamization. Structured data collection and measurement protocols were used. Intervertebral composite allograft cages were used in all groups. Identical external immobilization and antiinflammatory medication protocols were followed. X-rays were obtained at preset time points postoperatively. Assessment of the primary outcomes was blinded. Rate of and time to fusion, graft/instrumentation complications, subsidence, and reoperation for adjacent level disease were measured. Paired t-test and three-way Analysis of Variance test (ANOVA) were used to assess statistical differences between groups. RESULTS: The three groups were similar demographically. Fusion rates in the CSLP, Atlantis and Premier plate groups were 100%, 91%, and 92% respectively. Mean time to fusion was 6.1, 8.3 and 6.3 months respectively but differences were not statistically significant. Mean subsidence in the groups was 1.9, 1.6, and 2.6 mm respectively. Subsidence was found even for the static (CSLP) plate, but no statistically significant differences were found. CONCLUSIONS: We found no clinical advantage of dynamic plates over static plates with regards to fusion rates, time to fusion, subsidence, complications, or adjacent-level surgery. Static plating allows for subsidence at similar levels to dynamic plating. [Table: see text] The definiton of the different classes of evidence is available on page 83.
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The 80,000 or so patients a year who continue to have chronic, disabling back pain after one or more spinal surgeries are said to have failed back surgery syndrome. There are no controlled studies to guide physicians in the management of these patients. Six anatomical abnormalities of the spine most commonly result in back surgery, and 7 undesirable outcomes lead to failed back surgery syndrome. On the basis of 5 large retrospective studies and our clinical experience, we suggest a systematic approach to these patients. This approach is focused on determination of the specific anatomical abnormality responsible for ongoing symptoms, an abnormality that may or may not be related to the initial abnormality for which surgery was performed. One or more of 5 nonsurgical treatment options may be useful to prevent the need for further surgery, as each subsequent surgery has a lower likelihood of success.
Assuntos
Dor Lombar/terapia , Dor Pós-Operatória/terapia , Doenças da Coluna Vertebral/cirurgia , Fusão Vertebral/métodos , Atividades Cotidianas , Analgésicos/uso terapêutico , Terapia Combinada , Feminino , Humanos , Dor Lombar/diagnóstico , Masculino , Medição da Dor , Dor Pós-Operatória/diagnóstico , Modalidades de Fisioterapia , Prognóstico , Qualidade de Vida , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Recidiva , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Doenças da Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico , Fusão Vertebral/efeitos adversos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
This study investigated the effects of low power laser on the healing process of a traumatized disc in an animal model. The experimental design consisted of 14 rats divided into the following three groups: Animals in group I (n = 5) served as controls with no surgery. Animals in group II (n = 5), the sham group, received a surgically created defect in the disc at L4/L5 level and received no other treatment. Animals in the third group (n = 4) received a similar defect to L4/L5 in similar fashion as described for animals in the sham group (group II) with the exception that they received laser of 830 nm wavelength treatment or irradiation for a period of 4 weeks. The animals were euthanized at 30 days post-implantation using overdose of isoflurane. The discs were then harvested in addition to the vital organs, the reproductive organs, and sample of the adjacent skeletal muscles. The hard and soft tissues were evaluated histopathologically by following laboratory standard techniques. The results of this study indicated that the discs of the laser treated animals healed in a greater magnitude than the sham group. Image analysis revealed that there was more disc formation in the laser irradiated animals than the sham. In conclusion, data obtained from this study demonstrated that laser irradiation delivered on traumatized discs resulted in a remarkable increase in discs regeneration and healing following trauma.
RESUMO
Linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is an adaptor protein required for organization of the signaling machinery downstream of the platelet collagen receptor, the glycoprotein VI (GPVI). Here, we investigated the effect of LAT mutations on specific signaling pathways and on platelet functions in response to GPVI triggering by convulxin (Cvx). Using mice containing tyrosine to phenylalanine mutations of the adaptor, we show the crucial role played by the tyrosine residues at positions 175, 195, and 235 in the phosphorylation of LAT and in the whole pattern of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in response to Cvx. These 3 C-terminal tyrosine residues are important to recruit the tyrosine kinase Fyn, which may be involved in LAT phosphorylation. Efficient phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activation requires the 3 C-terminal tyrosine residues of LAT but not its tyrosine 136. Interestingly, single mutation of the tyrosine 136 results in the loss of phospholipase C gamma2 (PLCgamma2) activation without affecting its PI3K-dependent membrane association, and is sufficient to impair platelet responses to Cvx. Thus, activation of PLCgamma2 via GPVI is dependent on 2 complementary events: its interaction with the tyrosine 136 of LAT and its membrane location, which itself requires events mediated by the 3 C-terminal tyrosines of LAT.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Plaquetas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Fosfolipase C gama/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas da Membrana de Plaquetas/metabolismo , Tirosina/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Animais , Plaquetas/efeitos dos fármacos , Membrana Celular/enzimologia , Citoesqueleto/enzimologia , Ativação Enzimática , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Mutação/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/genética , Ativação Plaquetária/efeitos dos fármacos , Glicoproteínas da Membrana de Plaquetas/agonistas , Ligação Proteica , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fyn/metabolismo , Tirosina/genéticaRESUMO
STUDY DESIGN: A biomechanical study on human cadaveric cervical spines with segmental fixation. OBJECTIVES: To quantify the strains across all segments of the spine after simulated fusion. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Clinical evidence suggests that degenerative changes occur at adjacent levels after cervical fusion. This may, in part be due to increased stress and motion at the adjacent segments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven fresh frozen human cervical cadaveric spines were used. The spines were mounted onto frames at C2 and C7. Biomechanical testing was performed on a modified MTS tester. The specimens were tested in rotation control. To simulate fusion, a block was used to replace the disc. Fixation was enhanced using an anterior plate and stainless steel wire through the spinous processes. Testing was then performed with the same displacement magnitudes used for the intact spine. Displacement across 5 disc spaces was recorded using extensometers. The same preparation and testing was done for 1, 2, and 3-level simulated fusions. All data were normalized to the individual intact specimen. RESULTS: After 1-level simulated fusion at C5-6, flexion-extension rotation increased by 60% at the superior adjacent level (C4-5) and by 15% at the adjacent inferior level (C6-7). Lateral bending increased by 51% at C4-5 and by 16% at C6-7. Axial rotation increased by 25% at C4-5 and by 200% at C6-7. Flexion-extension, lateral bending and axial rotation increased at all other segments, not only at adjacent segments, after 1, 2 and 3-level fixation. CONCLUSIONS: Cervical fusion results in increased strains at adjacent levels, and to all other levels, inferiorly and superiorly. This study represents the first to quantify the increased strain at all adjacent levels.
Assuntos
Vértebras Cervicais/fisiologia , Vértebras Cervicais/cirurgia , Descompressão Cirúrgica , Modelos Biológicos , Fusão Vertebral , Cadáver , Simulação por Computador , Elasticidade , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Amplitude de Movimento Articular/fisiologia , Estresse Mecânico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) is frequently associated with the 2;5 translocation and expresses the NPM-ALK fusion protein, which possesses a constitutive tyrosine kinase activity. We analyzed SHP1 tyrosine phosphatase expression and activity in 3 ALK-positive ALCL cell lines (Karpas 299, Cost, and SU-DHL1) and in lymph node biopsies (n = 40). We found an inverse correlation between the level of NPM-ALK phosphorylation and SHP1 phosphatase activity. Pull-down and coimmunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated a SHP1/NPM-ALK association. Furthermore, confocal microscopy performed on ALCL cell lines and biopsy specimens showed the colocalization of the 2 proteins in cytoplasmic bodies containing Y664-phosphorylated NPM-ALK. Dephosphorylation of NPM-ALK by SHP1 demonstrated that NPM-ALK was a SHP1 substrate. Downregulation of SHP1 expression by RNAi in Karpas cells led to hyperphosphorylation of NPM-ALK, STAT3 activation, and increase in cell proliferation. Furthermore, SHP1 overexpression in 3T3 fibroblasts stably expressing NPM-ALK led to the decrease of NPM-ALK phosphorylation, lower cell proliferation, and tumor progression in nude mice. These findings show that SHP1 is a negative regulator of NPM-ALK signaling. The use of tissue microarrays revealed that 50% of ALK-positive ALCLs were positive for SHP1. Our results suggest that SHP1 could be a critical enzyme in ALCL biology and a potential therapeutic target.
Assuntos
Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/enzimologia , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/fisiologia , Sequência de Bases , Linhagem Celular , Citoplasma/fisiologia , Primers do DNA , Humanos , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/fisiopatologia , Microscopia Confocal , Monoéster Fosfórico Hidrolases/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 6 , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologiaRESUMO
Complex fractures are difficult to manage because of the increased risk of secondary infection. Traditional treatments include debridment and local administration of antibiotics. Local antibiotic therapy is a safe technique resulting in high local concentration of antibiotics with minimal systemic levels. Local antibiotics effectively control infection in animal models. The length of implantation and the need for removal of the delivery vehicle places the patient at risk for additional surgical procedure as well as delays the fixation procedure. Development of a bioresorbable carrier that can deposit therapeutic concentrations of antibiotics locally without side-effects will provide positive outcomes for the patient. Tricalcium phosphate lysine (TCPL) ceramic capsules containing tobramycin were implanted at the site of a femoral osteotomy delivered therapeutic concentrations of the drug locally and reduced the incidence of infection compared to TCPL capsule which were uncharged by 50%. In addition, the ceramic material was osteoconductive and animals in TCPL + TOB and TCPL carrier alone showed evidence of osteoblast alkaline phosphatase activity for a period of 15 weeks. Neither the carrier nor the carrier containing antibiotics displayed untoward effects on body weight, vital organs and reproductive organs over a 15 week period. The results from this study demonstrated that TCPL can be used as an effective osteoconductive material capable of delivering therapeutic concentrations of antibiotics over 15 week period.
Assuntos
Infecções Bacterianas/prevenção & controle , Substitutos Ósseos/uso terapêutico , Implantes de Medicamento/administração & dosagem , Fraturas do Fêmur/terapia , Osteíte/prevenção & controle , Tobramicina/administração & dosagem , Animais , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Infecções Bacterianas/etiologia , Implantes de Medicamento/química , Fraturas do Fêmur/complicações , Fêmur/efeitos dos fármacos , Fêmur/cirurgia , Masculino , Osteíte/etiologia , Osteotomia , Ratos , Tobramicina/química , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) and Parathyroid hormones (PTH) are major endocrine secretions that contribute to bone formation. The purpose of this experiment was to examine MG-63 bone like cells after treatment with PTH and IGF-1 in low (1 ug), medium (5 ug), and high (50 ug) dosage levels. MG-63 cells were plated onto a 24 well tissue culture plate at a density of 1 x 1--5 cells per well. The experiment was designed to evaluate cell counts, cell damage (MDA), protein levels, calcium levels, alkaline phosphatase levels, and cellular morphology after 24, 48, and 72 hours post incubation with IGF-1 and PTH. Both hormones stimulated cellular mitotic division as evidenced by morphology and cell numbers. There was an inverse relationship between dose and cell number with the lower dose of IGF-1 and PTH causing the most increase. In both hormones, the exposure to the highest dose induced the largest MDA level increase. However, in the protein levels, few changes in protein levels were found with IGF-1, but PTH showed an increase of protein levels over the time periods. Morphological evaluation showed prominent nucleoli and cellular division throughout both treatments, however the cells with IGF-1 became extremely elongated and the cells with PTH became rather plump. The information gathered suggests that IGF-1 and PTH have an anabolic effect on MG-63 and the effect is dose dependent with both treatments with the lower dose being more effective.
Assuntos
Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/administração & dosagem , Osteoblastos/citologia , Osteoblastos/fisiologia , Hormônio Paratireóideo/administração & dosagem , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Tamanho Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Combinação de Medicamentos , Humanos , Osteoblastos/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Slippage of an implant into the maxillary sinus is an exceptional complication that may occur during immediate implant placement. In this study, removal of a displaced implant into the maxillary sinus with the aid of endoscopy via buccal window approach is reported. Management of such a rare complication is also addressed.