Genetic variant rs2494938 of LRFN2 gene is associated with non-small cell lung cancer risk in North-Indian population.

Various Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have reported the association of variant rs2494938 with lung cancer. However, genetic association of LRFN2 genetic variation with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in North Indian population remained unexplored. We conducted a case-control association study using TaqMan-based chemistry in which a total of 619 individuals, 189 NSCLC cases and 430 controls, were genotyped to explore the association of rs2494938 genetic variant of the LRFN2 gene with NSCLC patients from North India. The allele 'G' (risk allele) of the genetic variant rs2494938 was significantly associated with the NSCLC [OR = 1.51 (1.18-1.93 at 95% CI); p value = 0.0009]. Genetic association was also explored by applying different genetic models (Dominant, Additive). These results suggest that rs2494938 polymorphism of the LRFN2 gene is a risk factor in the North Indian populations to develop NSCLC. The LD (Linkage Disequilibrium) plot demonstrates the variant and its LD SNPs (r 2 > 0.8) and the variant has direct regulatory effect, which could affect the overall physiology of the gene. These findings could be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers in clinical studies of lung cancer patients in North Indian population groups. The present study also provides an important evidence on the genetic etiology of NSCLC in North Indian populations and further expounds GWAS findings on the role of LRFN2 in lung cancer risk. This study provides the holistic view about the non-small cell lung cancer in Jammu and Kashmir, North Indian population and it can be a hallmark of cancer if verified on a very large sample size (cohort).

Evaluation of the quality of the apical seal in Resilon/Epiphany and Gutta-Percha/AH Plus-filled root canals by using a fluid filtration approach.

This in vitro fluid filtration study compared the apical leakage of root canals that were obturated with Resilon/Epiphany (Resilon Research LLC, Madison, CT) or gutta-percha/AH Plus (GP/AH; DENTSPLY Tulsa, Tulsa, OK) sealer using warm vertical condensation. Fluid flow rate through the filled roots was measured 7 days after the obturations by using a fluid filtration device. Measurements were made before root resection and after 3 to 11 mm of resections. Before any removal of root length, there were no significant differences between the roots filled with Resilon/Epiphany or GP/AH. Analysis of individual root resection results revealed that differences in the fluid flow rate of the two systems occurred only when 9 or 10 mm of the roots were resected with more than half the root length resected when GP/AH Plus leaked more than Resilon/Epiphany. There were no significant differences in the fluid flow rate up to and including 8 mm of root resection. It is concluded Resilon/Epiphany sealed 17-mm root canals as well as gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer and that it does not create a monoblock root filling that does not leak.

Susceptibility of a polycaprolactone-based root canal filling material to degradation. I. Alkaline hydrolysis.

Polycaprolactone, a thermoplastic aliphatic polyester, is reportedly susceptible to both alkaline and enzymatic hydrolyzes. This screening study examined the susceptibility of Resilon, a polycaprolactone-based root filling composite, to alkaline hydrolysis. There were 15-mm diameter disks of Resilon and Obtura gutta-percha prepared by compressive molding and immersed in 20% sodium ethoxide for 20 or 60 min. Control disks were immersed in ethanol for 60 min. These disks were examined using field-emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. For Resilon, the surface resinous component was hydrolyzed after 20 min of sodium ethoxide immersion, exposing the spherulitic polymer structure and subsurface glass and bismuth oxychloride fillers. More severe erosion occurred after 60 min of sodium ethoxide treatment. Gutta-percha was unaffected after immersion in sodium ethoxide. As Resilon is susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis, it is possible that enzymatic hydrolysis may occur. Biodegradation of Resilon by bacterial/salivary enzymes and endodontically relevant bacteria warrants further investigation.

Ultrastructural evaluation of the apical seal in roots filled with a polycaprolactone-based root canal filling material.

This in vitro study compared the ultrastructural quality of the apical seal achieved with Resilon/Epiphany and gutta-percha/AH Plus. Single-rooted extracted human teeth were prepared using a crown-down technique, debrided with NaOCl and EDTA, and obturated with either Resilon/Epiphany or gutta-percha/AH Plus. They were examined for gaps along canal walls using SEM, and for apical leakage using a transmission electron microscopy (TEM). SEM revealed both gap-free regions, and gap-containing regions in canals filled with both materials. TEM revealed the presence of silver deposits along the sealer-hybrid layer interface in Resilon/Epiphany, and between the sealer and gutta-percha in the controls. It is concluded that a complete hermetic apical seal cannot be achieved with either root filling materials.