Seven years follow-up for total lumbar facet joint replacement (TOPS) in the management of lumbar spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility and clinical improvement of a total posterior arthroplasty system in the surgical management of lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis and or spinal stenosis. METHODS: During a 1-year period (June 2006 to July 2007), ten patients were enrolled in a non-randomized prospective clinical study. The primary indication was neurogenic claudication due to spinal stenosis with single-level degenerative spondylolisthesis. Patients were evaluated with X-rays and MRI scans, visual analog scale (VAS) for back and leg pain, the Oswestry disability questionnaire, and the SF-36 health survey preoperatively, at 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months and at 1, 2, 3 and 7 years postoperatively. RESULTS: The VAS score for back pain dropped from 56.2 preoperatively to 12.5 at 6 weeks and 19 at 7 years follow-up. The VAS score for worse leg pain dropped from 83.5 before surgery to 13 at 6 weeks and 8.8 at 7 years follow-up. The ODI dropped from 49.1 preoperatively to 13.5 at 6 weeks and 7.8 at 7 years follow-up. MRI examination at 7 years after surgery did not demonstrate stenosis adjacent to the stabilized segment. Spondylolisthesis did not progress in any of the cases. One patient had a symptomatic L3-L4 far lateral disc herniation 5 years after surgery whose symptoms resolved with non-operative treatment. In one patient, conversion to posterolateral fusion was performed due to an early device malfunction. CONCLUSION: In patients with spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis, decompression and posterior arthroplasty with the TOPS System can maintain clinical improvement and radiologic stability over time.

Long-term results for total lumbar facet joint replacement in the management of lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis.

OBJECTIVE: The authors evaluated the long-term clinical outcome of a total posterior arthroplasty system in the surgical treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis with degenerative spondylolisthesis. METHODS: Between June 2006 and July 2007, 10 patients with neurogenic claudication due to spinal stenosis and single-level degenerative spondylolisthesis were enrolled in a nonrandomized prospective clinical study. The patients were evaluated with radiographs and MRI scans, the visual analog scale (VAS) for back and leg pain, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and the SF-36 health survey preoperatively and at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 7 years, and 11 years postoperatively. RESULTS: The mean VAS score for leg pain dropped from 83.5 before surgery to 13 at 6 weeks and 17 at 11 years after surgery. The mean VAS score for back pain dropped from 56.2 preoperatively to 12.5 at 6 weeks and 14 at 11 years after surgery. The mean ODI score decreased from 49.1 preoperatively to 13.5 at 6 weeks and 16 at 11 years after surgery. MRI at 11 years demonstrated stenosis adjacent to the stabilized segment in one patient. This patient was not symptomatic. The authors did not find evidence of progression of the spondylolisthesis in any of the cases. In one patient, conversion to posterolateral fusion was performed due to an early device malfunction. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this 11-year follow-up study demonstrate that, in patients with spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis, decompression and posterior arthroplasty maintain clinical improvement and radiological stability.

Instrumented slip reduction and fusion for painful unstable isthmic spondylolisthesis in adults.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Although in situ posterolateral fusion is considered the gold standard for surgical treatment of low-grade adult spondylolisthesis, correction of the sagittal translation by instrumented slip reduction is more controversial in adults; nevertheless it may delay adjacent level disc degeneration. PURPOSE: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the safety and clinical outcome of operative instrumented slip reduction in 12 adults with isthmic spondylolisthesis accompanied by advanced disc degeneration at that level. STUDY DESIGN: This study was a retrospective review of 12 consecutive lumbar or lumbosacral isthmic slip, which underwent operative slip reduction in our institute. PATIENT SAMPLE: All adult patients having operative instrumented slip reduction of isthmic spondylolisthesis from January 2000 to December 2005 were assessed. OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcome measures included the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) for low back pain and the visual analog scale (VAS) of back and leg pain. Patient outcome was assessed by work status, participation in sports activities and intake of pain medications. METHODS: Between January 2000 and December 2005, we performed slip reduction on 12 adults aged 28 to 62 years (average 47) with symptomatic lumbar or lumbosacral isthmic spondylolisthesis. The indications for surgery were long-standing low back and leg pain that had not responded to nonoperative management. RESULTS: The vertebral slip ranged between 15% and 90% (average 34%). Radiologic evidence of adult slip progression was available in 5 patients, one had a de novo slip formation and the others had increased sagittal translation on flexion-extension lateral x-rays. All 12 patients underwent posterior decompression, pedicle screw fixation, slip reduction, and posterior lumbar interbody fusion. The slip was anatomically reduced by 100% in 5 patients and between 90% and 95% in 7 (average 95% for the group). X-rays revealed no evidence of instrumentation failure at a mean follow-up of 38 months (range: 18 to 72). Minimal loss of correction (5%) was observed in 2 cases. No neurologic complications were encountered. The mean preoperative ODI of 49 dropped to 12 postoperatively (range: 0 to 20). The mean preoperative VAS for back pain of 7.3 dropped to 1.6 after surgery (range: 0 to 3). The mean preoperative VAS for leg pain of 8 dropped to 1 after surgery (range: 0 to 4). Five patients were followed for more than 3 years: none had evidence of adjacent level disc disease. CONCLUSIONS: Our results may support performing slip reduction in selected adults with isthmic spondylolisthesis.

Efficacy of Head Repositioning in Restoration of Electrophysiological Signals During Cervical Spine Procedures.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the frequency of loss of neurophysiological potentials during head positioning, the usefulness of head repositioning to restore the potentials, and the effect on neurological outcome. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed consecutive cervical spine surgeries performed at the Israel Spine Center, Assuta Medical Center, during 2006 to 2013. Surgeries performed with neuromonitoring (transcranial-electric motor evoked potentials, somatosensory evoked potentials, electromyographic recordings) were included. Demographic data, medical history, findings at neurological examination and imaging, electrophysiological data recorded during surgery, and neurological outcomes were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Three hundred eighty-one patients met inclusion criteria. Loss of potentials detected in nine patients during patient positioning and repositioning was undertaken with the aim of restoring electrophysiological signals. In 5/9 patients, repositioning resulted in immediate reappearance of potentials; in 1/5, potentials were affected again during decompression. In 4/9, repositioning did not immediately restore electrophysiological signals; in », potentials reappeared later during the decompression and in ¾, potentials had not recovered till the conclusion of surgery. There were new neurological deficits in 2/9, including one patient with loss of potential that was not restored with repositioning and the one in whom potential was restored but lost again during decompression. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative neuro monitoring is an efficient tool to alert the surgical team to potential neurological damage. Head reposition often restores the electrophysiological signals with possible prevention of impending sequelae.

Anterior decompression combined with corpectomies and discectomies in the management of multilevel cervical myelopathy: a hybrid decompression and fixation technique.

OBJECT: The authors retrospectively evaluated the safety and efficacy of a decompression and fixation technique in the treatment of patients with multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). METHODS: The authors describe the "hybrid decompression fixation" technique, a procedure involving a combination of corpectomies and discectomies to preserve a vertebra intact within the area of the decompression, thus augmenting mechanical stability. The authors retrospectively reviewed outcomes in 25 patients with multilevel CSM in whom the hybrid technique was performed between 1999 and 2003. Twelve patients underwent a single-level corpectomy and three-level discectomies. In 13 patients a two-level corpectomy and adjacent four-level discectomies were conducted, leaving a vertebral bridge the middle. All patients underwent fusion involving placement of disc and vertebral body cages filled with autogenous local bone and supplemental anterior dynamic plate fixation. The mean preoperative Nurick grade was 3 and improvement in status was reflected by a postoperative decrease to 2.6 (p < 0.05). In one patient neurological deterioration was demonstrated. At the end of the follow-up period (mean 29 months) radiography revealed evidence of osseous fusion in 24 patients; fusion status could not be determined in one patient. No evidence of late-onset instrumentation-related failure was observed in any of the 25 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The authors found the hybrid technique to be safe and efficient for anterior decompression in patients with multilevel CSM. The use of this technique obviates the need for staged circumferential procedures.

[Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis--review of the current diagnosis and treatment].

Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a common cause of disabling back and leg pain, and spinal claudication among older persons. As the population grows older this condition is encountered more frequently. The degeneration of the intervertebral discs and the facet joints results in the narrowing of the spinal canal and neural foramina. Non-operative management is often of limited value and includes physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, and the injection of epidural steroids. The condition of a substantial portion of the patients does not deteriorate and remains unchanged. If non-operative treatment fails, surgical treatment should be considered. Surgical success rates as high as 90% have been reported. Few prospective studies have shown an advantage of operative treatment over non-operative treatment. A controversy exists pertaining to whether results in patients who have had surgery after failure of non-operative treatment were less satisfactory than results in patients who were operated at baseline. More randomized prospective studies are needed to obtain clear-cut conclusions regarding this controversy, and other controversies such as the exact role of surgical treatment.

Remote Cerebellar Hemorrhage Complicating Unintended Durotomy in Lumbar Spine Surgery.

STUDY DESIGN: Case reports and retrospective review of accidental durotomies in lumbar surgeries during 5 years. OBJECTIVES: To draw attention to a potentially serious complication of incidental durotomy-remote cerebellar hemorrhage. SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND DATA: Accidental durotomy is a frequent complication of spinal surgery. In most cases the outcome of incidental durotomy is favorable. A delayed potentially serious complication of CSF loss during and after lumbar surgery is remote cerebellar hemorrhage (RCH). METHODS: During 2008-2012, 1169 lumbar spine procedures were performed at our spine center. In 210 surgeries incidental or intentional durotomies occurred. All patients with durotomies were managed with suturing of the dural wound followed by deep wound drainage left for 5 days and tight wound closure. RESULTS: Of the 210 patients with CSF loss three patients were identified to suffer from RCH-an incidence of 0.26%. The three patients ages 56, 67 and 75 years developed RCH between 36-192 hours after surgery. All three were managed with supportive treatment and close clinical supervision. A gradual clinical and radiological improvement was noted in all three patients. CONCLUSIONS: Severe headache after spinal surgery and or declining mental status should not be attributed only to low CSF pressure secondary to dural tearing. It can also be the result of remote cerebral or cerebellar hemorrhage. Once the diagnosis of RCH is made, close clinical supervision is mandatory. In most cases non-operative supportive treatment may lead to eventual full clinical recovery.

Predictors of paralysis in the rheumatoid cervical spine in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis is sometimes associated with radiographic evidence of instability of the cervical spine, most commonly an abnormal subluxation between vertebrae. When this instability compromises the space that is available for the spinal cord, it may be predictive of paralysis. However, the prevalence of radiographic signs of instability that are predictive of paralysis among patients with nonspinal orthopaedic manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown. METHODS: Radiographs of the cervical spine of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had undergone total joint arthroplasty over a five-year period were retrospectively reviewed. The radiographs were evaluated for predictors of paralysis (a posterior atlantodental interval of <14 mm or a subaxial space available for the cord measuring <14 mm) and were compared with traditional parameters of instability (an anterior atlantodental interval of >3 mm or subaxial subluxation of >3 mm). RESULTS: Forty-nine of the sixty-five patients who were identified had flexion and extension lateral radiographs available for review. Only one of these patients had a posterior atlantodental interval of <14 mm, and only three had a space available for the cord that measured <14 mm at one level or more. In comparison, twenty patients had radiographic evidence of instability on the basis of traditional parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Although nearly one-half of the patients in the present study had radiographic evidence of cervical instability on the basis of traditional measurements, only four patients (8%) had a radiographic finding that was predictive of paralysis. Thus, while radiographic evidence of cervical instability was not infrequent in this population of patients who underwent total joint arthroplasty for rheumatoid arthritis, radiographic predictors of paralysis were much less common.

Inferior vena cava thrombosis presenting as lumbar radiculopathy.

Lumbar epidural varices either primary or secondary to outflow obstruction have been implicated in causing lumbar radiculopathy. We report a case of an adolescent male who presented with lumbar radiculopathy attributable to thrombosed lumbar epidural varix as a result of inferior vena cava thrombosis emanating from factor V Leiden mutation. This rare cause of radiculopathy was diagnosed on contrast-enhanced computerized tomography. All symptoms resolved shortly after initiation of intravenous heparin therapy. The relevant literature is reviewed.

Failure of the Wallis interspinous implant to lower the incidence of recurrent lumbar disc herniations in patients undergoing primary disc excision.

BACKGROUND: Ipsilateral recurrent disc herniation after lumbar discectomy is a significant problem in the management of lumbar disc disease and may necessitate repeat surgical intervention. A population-based study in Finland found that about 14% of all primary lumbar discectomies required additional surgical interventions. Interspinous devices, which have been shown to unload the posterior anulus, may reduce the occurrence of recurrent herniations. We report our short-term experience with the use of the Wallis device in the management of patients with lumbar disc herniation undergoing primary disc excision. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven consecutive patients (23 males and 14 females, average age 36 y) underwent primary lumbar disc excision followed by fixation of the segment with the Wallis implant during a period of 1 year. Indications for implanting the Wallis device were a voluminous disc herniation and preservation of at least 50% of disc space height. Surgery was performed at level L4-5 in most patients. Average follow-up after surgery was 16 months (range 12 to 24). The last 14 patients were also evaluated by the preoperative and postoperative Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) questionnaire, the SF-36 survey, and by a visual analog scale (VAS) for back and leg pain. RESULTS: The average ODI dropped from 43 to 12.7. The average VAS for back pain dropped from 6.6 to1.4 and the average Vas for leg pain dropped from 8.2 to 1.5. Five patients (4 males and 1 female) with relapsing leg pain were diagnosed by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging as suffering from recurrent herniation (5/37, 13%). All reherniations occurred at level L4-5 level between 1 and 9 months after the index surgery. Two of the 5 patients subsequently underwent additional discectomy and fusion. SUMMARY: The current Wallis implant is probably incapable of reducing the incidence of recurrent herniations, but it still may be useful in patients with discogenic back pain due to early degenerative disc disease.

Hip-spine syndrome: the effect of total hip replacement surgery on low back pain in severe osteoarthritis of the hip.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical study on the effect of total hip replacement surgery (THR) on low back pain (LBP) in patients with severe hip osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE: To assess the affect of THR on LBP. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Hip osteoarthritis causes abnormal gait and spinal sagittal alignment and is associated with LBP. METHODS: All consecutive adults scheduled for THR in our department due to severe hip osteoarthritis were assessed by an independent investigator before surgery and 3 months and 2 years post-THR. The Harris Hip Score and the Oswestry scores were used to evaluate hip- and spine-related symptoms, respectively, as were visual analogue scales (VAS) and sagittal spinal radiographs. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients (10 males; age range, 32-84 years) were evaluated. Both spinal and hip pain and function were significantly better following THR. The mean preoperative LBP VAS score of 5.04 was 3.68 after THR (P = 0.006). The mean preoperative Oswestry score of 36.72 was 24.08 after THR (P = 0.0011). Clinical improvement was maintained and enhanced at the 2-year follow-up. The mean hip pain VAS score was 7.08 before THR and 2.52 after THR (P < 0.01). The mean Harris Hip Score was 45.74 before and 81.8 after surgery (P < 0.01). There were no changes in the radiographic measurements. CONCLUSION: Both LBP and spinal function were improved following THR. This study demonstrates the clinical benefits of THR on back pain and is the first to clinically validate hip-spine syndrome as hypothesized by Offierski and MacNab in 1983.

Association between sciatica and microbial infection: true infection or culture contamination?

STUDY DESIGN: Discs were cultured during discectomy from patients with back pain, sciatica, and radiologic evidence of disc herniation causing nerve root compression. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the claim of culpability of bacteria in causing the local inflammatory process seen in patients with disc herniation and radiculopathy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Bacteria have been cultured from intervertebral discs of patients with sciatica. An infectious etiology for sciatica could have a dramatic effect on treatment options for this common problem. METHODS: To minimize the risk of contamination, the surgeon performed processing and culturing procedures intraoperatively under stringent sterile conditions. Immediately following disc excision, the specimens were divided into 4 pieces, and cultured in various aerobic and anaerobic culture mediums that were incubated for 2 weeks. RESULTS: The 120 specimens from 30 patients underwent bacterial culture growth: 116 were sterile, an 4 aerobic cultures (2 patients) grew coagulase-negative staphylococci, suggestive of contamination. CONCLUSIONS: These results refute the hypothesis that microbial infection plays a role in the pathogenesis of sciatica. It is possible that bacterial growth from discs reported in previous studies was at least partly related to contamination, which we painstakingly avoided by application of rigorous aseptic techniques.

Galectin-3: a biologic marker and diagnostic aid for chordoma.

Galectin-3 is a beta-galactoside binding protein. Its expression is quantitatively and qualitatively altered during self-proliferation, malignant transformation, and tumor progression. Galectin-3 is a lectin-related molecule. Lectins are proteins that bind specific carbohydrate structures. Although their precise biologic function is unclear, the general idea is that these molecules operate in modulating cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions. Galectins have been implicated in cell growth and differentiation and seem to play a role in malignant transformation and metastasis. Galectin-3 is expressed in primitive notochord. The purpose of the current investigation was to identify an immunohistochemical marker to help distinguish the pathologically overlapping entities of chordoma from myxoid low-grade chondrosarcoma. Twelve of 16 (75%) chordomas stained positive for Galectin-3 whereas only one of 12 low-grade myxoid chondrosarcomas stained positive. Galectin-3 chordoma staining is 75% sensitive and 92% specific.