Sex differences and predictors of anti-osteoporosis medication use in the 12 months after hip fracture surgery in adults 65 or older.

PURPOSE: This study evaluates sex differences and predictors of anti-osteoporosis medication (AOM) use following a hip fracture, with a focus on older men who exhibit higher mortality rates post-fracture compared to women over the age of 65. METHODS: Participants included 151 men and 161 women aged 65 and older with hip fractures. The outcome, AOM use, was assessed at baseline (≤ 22 days of hospitalization) and at 2, 6, and 12 months post-hip fracture. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) modeled sex differences and predictors of AOM use during the year post-fracture in 255 participants with complete baseline data and ≥ 1 follow-up observation. RESULTS: Of the 312 participants, only 53 used AOM at baseline, and 35 initiated use during follow-up. In the unadjusted GEE model, AOM use was significantly less likely in men (OR = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.22-0.78) compared to women. For both men and women, baseline use of AOM was a significant predictor (OR = 28.3; 95% CI, 5.4-148.0 vs. 41.6; 95% CI, 14.0-123.0). The other significant predictors by sex were osteoporosis diagnosis (OR = 3.19; 95% CI, 1.16-8.77) and minimal alcohol use (OR = 3.26; 95% CI, 1.34-7.94) for women versus age (OR = 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01-1.18) for men. CONCLUSION: In older adults with hip fractures, AOM use is low over the year post-fracture and men are less likely to report AOM use compared to women which has implications for important sex differences in predictors of use. Further research is needed to address overall disparities and sex differences in AOM use.

Depressive symptom heterogeneity among older adults after hip fracture.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate patterns of depressive symptoms after hip fracture and examine their impact on functional recovery. METHODS: participants (n = 304) included older adults from the Baltimore Hip Studies 7th cohort who experienced a hip fracture. Depressive symptoms were measured at baseline or 2-, 6- or 12-month post-hip fracture using the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. Gait speed was measured after hip fracture at 2-, 6- or 12-month follow-up. Latent class analysis was used to identify individuals with similar patterns of depressive symptoms after hip fracture. Item response probabilities characterised symptom profiles, and posterior probability estimates were used to assign participants to a baseline depressive symptom subtype. Weighted estimated equations compared post-fracture gait speed between baseline symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. RESULTS: four patterns of depressive symptoms were identified: asymptomatic (50.8%), somatic (28.6%), melancholic (11.4%) and anhedonic (9.2%). The somatic subtype was characterised by difficultly concentrating and reduced energy and movement, whereas anhedonic symptoms were associated with the inability to experience pleasure. Melancholic symptoms corresponded to anhedonia, decreased physical activity and other psychological and somatic complaints. Compared with the asymptomatic group, somatic symptoms were consistently associated with slower gait speed, -0.03 metres per second (m/s) and between-group differences for melancholic symptomology were as large as -0.05 m/s, but the associations were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: findings demonstrate unique depressive symptom subtypes in older adults after hip fracture and provide confirmatory evidence of unique clinical phenotypes; however, their impact on functional recovery after hip fracture remains unclear.

Association between disease progression and depression onset in persons with radiographic knee osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVES: Osteoarthritis (OA) disease progression may lead to deteriorating psychosocial function, but it is unclear what aspects of disease severity are related to the onset of depression. This study assessed which components of OA disease progression cumulatively contribute to depression onset in persons with radiographic knee OA. METHODS: Osteoarthritis Initiative participants (n = 1651) with radiographic disease (Kellgren-Lawrence grade ≥2) in one or both knees and below the screening threshold for probable depression [Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale <16] at baseline were included. Disease severity was measured from baseline to the third annual follow-up visit using joint space width, 20-meter gait speed, and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index pain subscale, each categorized into quintiles. Depression onset (CES-D ≥ 16) was assessed annually at four follow-up visits. Marginal structural models that account for time-dependent confounding and attrition evaluated the association between each time-varying disease severity measure and depression onset. RESULTS: Each disease severity measure exhibited a non-linear relationship concerning the probability of depression onset, with the higher quintiles generally being associated with a larger risk. The highest quintile (relative to the lowest) of joint space width and gait speed were both significantly associated with depression onset. By contrast, none of the higher pain quintiles compared with the lowest were significantly associated with the onset of depression. CONCLUSION: Faster disease progression as measured by either worsening structural severity or decreasing physical performance corresponds to an increased risk of depression among individuals with radiographic knee OA.

Trunk Muscle Composition 2 Months After Hip Fracture: Findings From the Baltimore Hip Studies.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if hip fracture patients would have smaller cross-sectional area (CSA) and lower radiological attenuation (suggesting greater fat infiltration) in all trunk muscles as compared to older adults without hip fractures. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of computed tomography (CT) scans. SETTING: Clinical imaging facility. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-one white participants (19 men, 22 women) from the Baltimore Hip Studies seventh cohort at 2 months postfracture were compared to 693 white participants (424 men, 269 women) from the Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) study at the year 6 visit (N=734). INTERVENTION: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Trunk muscle CSA and attenuation values were obtained from a single 10-mm, axial CT scan completed at the L4-L5 disc space in each participant. RESULTS: The hip fracture cohort had significantly smaller CSA for all trunk muscles (range: 12.1%-38% smaller) compared to the Health ABC cohort (P<.01), with the exception of the rectus abdominus muscle in men (P=.12). But, hip fracture patients, particularly female patients, had higher attenuation levels (lower intramuscular fat) in all trunk muscles (P<.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Findings are consistent with atrophy of the trunk muscles in the hip fracture population without a high level of intramuscular fat. Future work should evaluate the role of trunk muscle composition in the functional recovery of older adults after hip fracture.

Persistence of depressive symptoms and gait speed recovery in older adults after hip fracture.

OBJECTIVE: Depression after hip fracture in older adults is associated with worse physical performance; however, depressive symptoms are dynamic, fluctuating during the recovery period. The study aim was to determine how the persistence of depressive symptoms over time cumulatively affects the recovery of physical performance. METHODS: Marginal structural models estimated the cumulative effect of persistence of depressive symptoms on gait speed during hip fracture recovery among older adults (n = 284) enrolled in the Baltimore Hip Studies 7th cohort. Depressive symptoms at baseline and at 2-month and 6-month postadmission for hip fracture were evaluated by using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, and persistence of symptoms was assessed as a time-averaged severity lagged to standardized 3 m gait speed at 2, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: A 1-unit increase in time-averaged Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression score was associated with a mean difference in gait speed of -0.0076 standard deviations (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.0184, 0.0032; P = .166). The association was largest in magnitude from baseline to 6 months: -0.0144 standard deviations (95% CI: -0.0303, 0.0015; P = 0.076). Associations for the other time intervals were smaller: -0.0028 standard deviations (95% CI: -0.0138, 0.0083; P = .621) at 2 months and -0.0121 standard deviations (95% CI: -0.0324, 0.0082; P = .238) at 12 months. CONCLUSION: Although not statistically significant, the magnitude of the numerical estimates suggests that expressing more depressive symptoms during the first 6 months after hip fracture has a meaningful impact on functional recovery.

A description of patient- and rheumatologist-reported depression symptoms in an American rheumatoid arthritis registry population.

OBJECTIVES: Depression is a common and important comorbidity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The study aim was to describe rates of depressive symptoms and their associations with RA disease activity using measures reported from patients and rheumatologists. METHODS: The Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America (CORRONA) registry is an observational cohort with data on more than 33,000 RA patients. Using depression symptom measures reported separately by patients and rheumatologists, lifetime prevalence, 12-month prevalence, and annualised incidence rates (IR) were estimated. Additionally, cross-sectional associations between RA disease and a history of depressive symptoms were examined. RESULTS: Lifetime prevalence estimates of 26.5% and 12.9% were reported by patients and rheumatologists, respectively. The 12-month prevalence rates reported by CORRONA patients and rheumatologists were 11.7% and 1.0%, respectively. The annualised IR from the self-reported depressive symptom measure was approximately 7.8 per 100 patient-years, compared to 0.4 per 100 patient-years reported by their rheumatologists. Increased disease activity at study entry was associated with a higher probability of reporting a history of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: RA patients have a high likelihood of experiencing symptoms of depression, while treating rheumatologists under-report them and disease estimates based on their reports were much lower when compared to healthy individuals. Thus, estimates of prevalence and the impact of these symptoms need to be interpreted based on the source of the diagnosis. Collectively, the findings of this study suggest that depressive symptoms are an important comorbidity that practicing rheumatologists should be aware of during clinical encounters.

Time-varying treatment effect modification of oral analgesic effectiveness by depressive symptoms in knee osteoarthritis: an application of structural nested mean models in a prospective cohort.

BACKGROUND: Depressive symptoms are common in knee osteoarthritis (OA), exacerbate knee pain severity and may influence outcomes of oral analgesic treatments. The aim was to assess whether oral analgesic effectiveness in knee OA varies by fluctuations in depressive symptoms. METHODS: The sample included Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) participants not treated with oral analgesics at enrolment (n = 1477), with radiographic disease at the first follow-up visit (defined as the index date). Oral analgesic treatment and depressive symptoms, assessed with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression [(CES-D) score ≥16] Scale, were measured over three annual visits. Knee pain severity was measured at visits adjacent to treatment and modifier using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain subscale (rescaled range = 0-100). Structural nested mean models (SNMMs) estimated causal mean differences in knee pain severity comparing treatment versus no treatment. RESULTS: The average causal effects of treated versus not treated for observations without depressive symptoms showed negligible differences in knee pain severity. However, causal mean differences in knee pain severity comparing treatment versus no treatment among observations with depressive symptoms increased over time from -0.10 [95% confidence interval (CI): -9.94, 9.74] to -16.67 (95% CI: -26.33, -7.01). Accordingly, the difference in average causal effects regarding oral analgesic treatment for knee pain severity between person-time with and without depressive symptoms was largest (-16.53; 95% CI: -26.75, -6.31) at the last time point. Cumulative treatment for 2 or 3 years did not yield larger causal mean differences. CONCLUSIONS: Knee OA patients with persistent depressive symptoms and chronic pain may derive more analgesic treatment benefit than those without depressive symptoms and less pain.

Duloxetine plus exercise for knee osteoarthritis and depression: A feasibility study.

Objective: To assess the feasibility of a 24-week, center-based, aerobic exercise program plus duloxetine to treat symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) and major depression. Design: Patients with symptomatic knee OA and major depression were recruited between August 2021 and November 2022 from the University of Maryland and VA Maryland Health Care Systems and Baltimore metropolitan area using medical records and advertisements. The intervention included 1) supervised treadmill walking 3 times weekly and 2) duloxetine starting at 30 â€‹mg each day and titrating up to the optimal dosage of 60 â€‹mg daily. Data collection occurred at baseline and 12- and 24-weeks follow-up. Feasibility was evaluated from recruitment rates, reasons for drop out, and treatment adherence. Clinical measures included the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). Results: Among 377 interested participants, 9 patients were enrolled, and 1 completed treatment. The most common reason reported for not prescreening was time commitment (n â€‹= â€‹39), many patients did not satisfy depression screening criteria (n â€‹= â€‹45), and most enrolled participants were not experiencing a major depressive episode (n â€‹= â€‹6). The single treated participant was 100 â€‹% adherent to duloxetine and depression severity decreased (HAM-D â€‹= â€‹25 to 1), but compliance to supervised exercise was only 26 â€‹%, and knee pain severity changed little (KOOS â€‹= â€‹41.7 to 44.4). Conclusions: This intervention had low feasibility. Time commitment to supervised exercise sessions reduced accessibility, and depression defined by diagnostic criteria precluded knee OA patients with depressive symptoms not a meeting case-level diagnosis from receiving treatment. Clinical trial registration number: NCT04111627.

Effects of Multicomponent Home-Based Intervention on Muscle Composition, Fitness, and Bone Density After Hip Fracture.

BACKGROUND: Mechanistic factors on the pathway to improving independent ambulatory ability among hip fracture patients by a multicomponent home-based physical therapy intervention that emphasized aerobic, strength, balance, and functional training are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 2 different home-based physical therapy programs on muscle area and attenuation (reflects muscle density) of the lower extremities, bone mineral density (BMD), and aerobic capacity. METHODS: Randomized controlled trial of home-based 16 weeks of strength, endurance, balance, and function exercises (PUSH, n = 19) compared to seated active range-of-motion exercises and transcutaneous electrical neurostimulation (PULSE, n = 18) in community-dwelling adults >60 years of age within 26 weeks of hip fracture. RESULTS: In PUSH and PULSE groups combined, the fractured leg had lower muscle area and muscle attenuation and higher subcutaneous fat than the nonfractured leg (p < .001) at baseline. At 16 weeks, mean muscle area of the fractured leg was higher in the PUSH than PULSE group (p = .04). Changes in muscle area were not significantly different when compared to the comparative PULSE group. There was a clinically relevant difference in change in femoral neck BMD between groups (p = .05) that showed an increase after PULSE and decrease after PUSH. There were generally no between-group differences in mean VO2peak tests at 16-week follow-up, except the PUSH group reached a higher max incline (p = .04). CONCLUSIONS: The treatment effects of a multicomponent home-based physical therapy intervention on muscle composition, BMD, and aerobic capacity were not significantly different than an active control intervention in older adults recovering from hip fracture. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01783704.

Evaluation of Dynamic Effects of Depressive Symptoms on Physical Function in Knee Osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess how changes in depressive symptoms influence physical function over time among those with radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: Participants from the Osteoarthritis Initiative with radiographic knee OA (n = 2,212) and complete data were identified at baseline. Depressive symptoms were assessed as a time-varying score at baseline and the first three annual follow-up visits using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) Scale. Physical function was measured at the first four follow-up visits using 20-meter gait speed meters per second. The following two marginal structural models were fit: one assessing the main effect of depressive symptoms on gait speed and another assessing time-specific associations. RESULTS: Time-adjusted results indicated that higher CES-D scores were significantly associated with slower gait speed (-0.0048; 95% confidence interval -0.0082 to -0.0014), and time-specific associations of CES-D were largest during the first follow-up interval (-0.0082; 95% confidence interval -0.0128 to -0.0035). During subsequent follow-up time points, the influence of depressive symptoms on gait speed diminished. CONCLUSION: The negative effect of depressive symptoms on physical function may decrease over time as knee OA progresses.

The temporal relationship between depression and rheumatoid arthritis disease activity, treatment persistence and response: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether depression has a temporal association with RA disease activity, treatment persistence and response to therapy. METHODS: We performed a systematic review encompassing an electronic database search of all published literature since the availability of biologic response modifiers (beginning in 1998) investigating the impact of depression on downstream RA disease progression and treatment. RESULTS: Only seven articles that evaluated temporal relationships between depression and RA outcomes comprising disease activity, treatment persistence and response to therapy, were included in the review. Results from these studies suggest that depression may exacerbate pain and disease activity and decrease the efficacy of pharmacological (i.e. biologic and non-biologic DMARDs) and some non-pharmacological (e.g. cognitive behavioural therapy) RA treatments. CONCLUSION: Given the available evidence, depression probably has a temporal influence on RA disease progression and treatment. However, it is unclear whether these observed effects are due to a response tendency on patient-reported outcomes created from negative cognitive perceptions, immunologically mediated processes that increase inflammation or behavioural changes that lead to decreased physical activity and a greater sensitivity to pain.

Long-term sex differences in all-cause and infection-specific mortality post hip fracture.

BACKGROUND: Mortality rates among men are double that of women in the first 2 years after hip fracture and may be related to more infections. Research has only examined differences in short-term mortality after hip fracture. Thus, the objective was to determine if long-term all-cause mortality and infection-specific mortality rates are higher in men compared to women. METHODS: Data come from a prospective cohort study (Baltimore Hip Studies 7th [BHS-7]) with up to 10.2 years of follow-up (2006-2018). The participants were selected from eight acute care hospitals in the 25-hospital BHS network. Enrolled women were frequency-matched (1:1) to men on timing of admission for hip fracture that yielded an analytic sample size of 300 participants (155 women, 145 men). Associations between sex and mortality were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard models and cause-specific Cox models adjusted for age, cognition, body mass index, pre-fracture lower extremity activities of daily living limitation, depressive symptoms, and comorbidity. RESULTS: Participants had a mean age of 80 years, 48% (n = 145) were men and the median follow-up was 4.9 (interquartile range = 2.3-8.7) years. Over the follow-up period after hospital admission for hip fracture, 237 (79.0%) participants died of all causes (132 men and 105 women) and 38 (12.7%) died of infection-specific causes (25 men and 13 women). Men had significantly higher rates of all-cause mortality [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.31(95% confidence interval [CI] 2.02-2.59)] and infection-specific mortality (HR = 4.43, CI 2.07-9.51) compared to women. CONCLUSIONS: Men had a two-fold higher rate of all-cause mortality and four-fold higher rate of infection-specific mortality compared to women over a follow-up period of up to 10.2 years. Findings suggest that interventions to prevent and treat infections, tailored by sex, may be needed to narrow significant differences in long-term mortality rates between men and women after hip fracture.

Relationship Between Depression and Disease Activity in United States Veterans With Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Receiving Methotrexate.

OBJECTIVE: Depression is common in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), exacerbates disease activity, and may decrease response to first-line disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. This study aimed to determine if depression affects disease activity among veterans with early RA prescribed methotrexate (MTX). METHODS: Participants included veterans enrolled in the Veterans Affairs Rheumatoid Arthritis (VARA) registry with early RA (onset < 2 yrs) prescribed MTX. Depression was assessed at enrollment using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision codes (296.2-296.39, 300.4, 311). Disease activity was measured using the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) and other core measures of RA disease activity. Propensity score weights were used to adjust depressed (n = 48) and nondepressed (n = 220) patients on baseline confounders within imputed datasets. Weighted estimating equations were used to assess standardized mean differences in disease activity between depressed and nondepressed patients at 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year follow-ups. RESULTS: The analytic sample was composed of 268 veterans with early RA prescribed MTX who were predominantly male (n = 239, 89.2%) and older (62.7 yrs, SD 10.6) than patients with RA in the general population. Adjusted estimates indicated that depression was associated with significantly higher DAS28 at 6 months (ß 0.35, 95% CI 0.01-0.68) but not at the 1- or 2-year follow-up. Also, depression was associated with significantly worse pain at 6 months (ß 0.39, 95% CI 0.04-0.73) and 1 year (ß 0.40, 95% CI 0.04-0.75). CONCLUSION: In early RA, depression is associated with greater short-term disease activity during MTX treatment, as well as more persistent and severe pain.

Differences in geometric strength at the contralateral hip between men with hip fracture and non-fractured comparators.

Older men sustain excess bone mineral density (BMD) declines after hip fracture; however, BMD provides no information on mechanical structure and strength. The aim was to assess whether changes in hip bone geometry in older men after hip fracture differ than that expected with aging. Two cohorts were used: Baltimore Hip Studies 7th cohort (BHS-7) and Baltimore Men's Osteoporosis Study (MOST). The sample (N = 170) included older Caucasian men with hip fracture that were propensity score matched (1:1) to community-dwelling non-fractured comparators. Hip Structural Analysis (HSA) calculated aerial BMD and metrics of bone structural strength: cross-sectional bone area (CSA), cortical outer diameter (OD), section modulus (SM), and centroid position (CP). Mixed-effect models estimated changes in HSA parameters and adjusted robust regression models evaluated between-cohort differences in annual percent change at the narrow neck (NN), intertrochanteric (IT), and femoral shaft (FS). Hip fracture was associated with statistically greater declines in NN CSA (ß = -2.818; 95% CI: -3.300%, -2.336%), SM (ß = -1.896%; 95% CI: -2.711%, -1.080%) and CP (ß = -0.884%; 95% CI: -0.889%, -0.880%) and significantly larger increases in NN OD (ß = 0.187%; 95% CI: 0.185%, 0.190%). Differences in IT HSA parameters were like the NN but larger in magnitude, while there were favorable changes in FS geometry where fragility fractures are rare. Findings indicate there are declines in bone structure and strength at the NN and IT regions of the proximal femur in older men during hip fracture recovery that far exceed what occurs during normal aging.

Depression Subtypes in Individuals With or at Risk for Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was undertaken to identify depression subtypes in individuals with or at risk for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) and to evaluate differences in pain and disability trajectories between groups. METHODS: Participants (n = 4,486) were enrolled in the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Latent class analysis was applied to the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale measured at baseline to identify groups with similar patterns of depressive symptoms, and subtypes were assigned using posterior probability estimates. The relationships between depression subtypes and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain and disability subscales were modeled over 4 years and stratified by baseline knee OA status (symptomatic [n = 1,626] or at risk [n = 2,860]). RESULTS: Four subtypes were identified: asymptomatic (80.6%), catatonic (5.3%), anhedonic (10.6%), and melancholic (3.5%). Catatonic and anhedonic subtypes were differentiated by symptoms corresponding to psychomotor agitation and the inability to experience pleasure, respectively. The melancholic subtype expressed symptoms related to reduced energy and movement, anhedonia, and other somatic symptoms. Detectable mean differences in pain and disability compared to the asymptomatic group were observed for the anhedonic (1.5-2.3 WOMAC units) and melancholic (4.8-6.6 WOMAC units) subtypes, and associations were generally larger in individuals with symptomatic knee OA relative to those at risk. CONCLUSION: Among individuals with or at risk for symptomatic knee OA, there is evidence of depression subtypes characterized by distinct clusters of depressive symptoms that have differential effects on reports of pain and disability over time. Our findings thus imply that depression interventions could be optimized by targeting the specific symptomology that these subtypes exhibit.

Dynamic Effects of Depressive Symptoms on Osteoarthritis Knee Pain.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the dynamic causal effects of depressive symptoms on osteoarthritis (OA) knee pain. METHODS: Marginal structural models were used to examine dynamic associations between depressive symptoms and pain over 48 months among older adults (n = 2,287) with radiographic knee OA (Kellgren/Lawrence grade 2 or 3) in the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Depressive symptoms at each annual visit were assessed (threshold ≥16) using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. OA knee pain was measured using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain subscale, rescaled to range from 0 to 100. RESULTS: Depressive symptoms at each visit were generally not associated with greater OA knee pain at subsequent time points. Causal mean differences in WOMAC pain score comparing depressed to nondepressed patients ranged from 1.78 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] -0.73, 4.30) to 2.58 (95% CI 0.23, 4.93) within the first and fourth years, and the depressive symptoms by time interaction were not statistically significant (P = 0.94). However, there was a statistically significant dose-response relationship between the persistence of depressive symptoms and OA knee pain severity (P = 0.002). Causal mean differences in WOMAC pain score comparing depressed to nondepressed patients were 0.89 (95% CI -0.17, 1.96) for 1 visit with depressive symptoms, 2.35 (95% CI 0.64, 4.06) for 2 visits with depressive symptoms, and 3.57 (95% CI 0.43, 6.71) for 3 visits with depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: The causal effect of depressive symptoms on OA knee pain does not change over time, but pain severity significantly increases with the persistence of depressed mood.

Depressive symptoms and structural disease progression in knee osteoarthritis: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative.

Depressive symptoms are associated with increases in pain and functional limitations in knee osteoarthritis (OA). The aim was to determine whether depressive symptoms are also associated with greater structural knee OA progression. Four years of annual radiographic and clinical assessments from the Osteoarthritis Initiative were analyzed. The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale was used to identify depressive symptoms (threshold = ≥16) at the baseline visit. Propensity scores were used to match participants with and without baseline depressive symptoms on multiple potential confounders. Assessment of radiographic knee OA was based on changes in individual radiographic features, which included osteophyte (OST) grade and joint space narrowing (JSN) grade. Mixed effect models were used to examine structural progression between depressed and non-depressed participants with definitive radiographic knee OA. Depressive symptoms were significantly associated with a higher risk of OST progression (odds ratio [OR] = 1.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01, 3.00) and a non-significant lower risk of JSN progression (OR = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.14, 1.15) 1 year after baseline. Conversely, there was a non-significant lower risk of OST progression (OR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.28, 1.79) and higher risk of JSN progression (OR = 1.89; 95% CI: 0.71, 5.06) from year 3 to year 4 of follow-up. However, the patterns of OST progression and JSN progression were not significantly different between the depressed and non-depressed (P = 0.25 and 0.15, respectively). The findings provide no evidence that depressive symptoms have a detectable effect on changes in radiographic disease severity in knee OA.

A Prospective Evaluation of the Effects of Prevalent Depressive Symptoms on Disease Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Treated With Biologic Response Modifiers.

PURPOSE: Depressive symptoms are common in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and may affect disease activity and treatment outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine if prevalent depressive symptoms modify biologic treatment response through their effect on RA disease activity. METHODS: RA patients with depressive symptoms, initiating biologic treatment, were identified from a US RA registry sample. Patients with depression were compared with control subjects (ie, those patients with no reports of depressive symptoms at, or before, initiating therapy) in terms of clinical disease activity index (CDAI) remission and low disease activity (LDA), and the changes in the component measures that comprise this scale at 6 and 12 months of follow-up. Inverse probability weighting was used to account for differences in baseline disease severity, concomitant treatment characteristics, and other possible confounders. Logistic and linear regression models estimated differences in response rates and changes in component disease activity measures. FINDINGS: Depressive symptoms were associated with a decreased likelihood of CDAI remission at 6 months (odds ratio, 0.43 [95% CI, 0.19-0.96]) but not at 12 months (odds ratio, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.43-1.60]), and there was no effect on CDAI LDA. Adjusted core component measurement changes showed smaller decreases in global assessment ratings in patients with depressive symptoms; these associations were not statistically significant. IMPLICATIONS: Poorer treatment outcomes among RA patients with depressive symptoms may be a result of higher baseline disease severity. Adjusted estimates indicated symptoms of depression only affected remission at 6 months' follow-up through patient and physician global assessments. Thus, any impact of depressive symptoms during biologic treatment might not be due to a definitive impact on joint swelling and tenderness.

Differences in the trajectory of bone mineral density change measured at the total hip and femoral neck between men and women following hip fracture.

UNLABELLED: Research has not examined changes in bone mineral density (BMD) between men and women following hip fracture. The aim was to evaluate sex differences in BMD following hip fracture. Men experienced significant declines in BMD, while not statistically greater than women, underscoring the necessity for better osteoporosis care in men. INTRODUCTION: Each year in the USA, approximately 260,000 older adults experience a hip fracture. Women experiencing hip fracture have excess decline in BMD in the year following fracture compared to expected decrements due to aging, but few studies have assessed sex differences in the sequelae of hip fracture. Thus, our objective was to examine sex differences in BMD change in the year after hip fracture. METHODS: The sample (n = 286) included persons enrolled in the Baltimore Hip Studies 7th cohort, a study that matched (1:1) men and women experiencing hip fracture. Weighted estimating equations that accounted for missing data and selective survival were used to estimate sex differences in 12-month total hip (TH) and femoral neck (FN) BMD changes. RESULTS: Men had larger average adjusted percent decline in TH and FN BMD. Adjusted 12-month decreases at the FN showed a statistically significant decline of -4.60% (95% confidence interval [CI] -7.76%, -0.20%) in men and an insignificant change of -1.62% (95% CI -4.57%, 1.32%) in women. Yet, the difference in change between men and women was not statistically significant (P = 0.17). The estimated sex differences for TH BMD loss were smaller in magnitude. CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence of significant BMD loss among men at the FN in the year after hip fracture. Although not statistically greater than women, these clinically significant findings highlight the need for improved osteoporosis care among men prior to and after hip fracture.

Effects of Prefracture Depressive Illness and Postfracture Depressive Symptoms on Physical Performance After Hip Fracture.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effect of prefracture depressive illness and postfracture depressive symptoms on changes in physical performance after hip fracture. DESIGN: Longitudinal observational cohort. SETTING: Baltimore metropolitan area. PARTICIPANTS: Older adults with hip fracture (N = 255). MEASUREMENTS: Prefracture depressive illness (from medical records) at baseline and postfracture depressive symptoms at 2 months (using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale) were measured. Physical performance was measured 2, 6, and 12 months after fracture using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), a composite metric of functional status with a score ranging from 0 to 12. Weighted estimating equations were used to assess mean SPPB over time, comparing participants with and without prefracture depressive illness and subjects with and without postfracture depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Participants with prefracture depressive illness had an SPPB increase of 0.4 units (95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.5-1.3) from 2 to 6 months, smaller than the increase of 1.0 SPPB unit (95% CI = 0.4-1.6) in those without prefracture depressive illness. Participants with postfracture depressive symptoms had an SPPB increase of 0.2 units (95% CI = -1.0-1.5) from 2 to 12 months, and those without postfracture depressive symptoms had a larger increase of 1.2 units (95% CI = 0.6-1.8) over the same period. Nevertheless, prefracture depressive illness and postfracture depressive symptoms were not significantly associated with SPPB. CONCLUSIONS: Neither prefracture depressive illness nor postfracture depressive symptoms were significantly associated with changes in physical performance after hip fracture, but the magnitude of estimates suggested possible clinically meaningful effects on functional recovery.