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Introduction One-third to one-half of females with primary dysmenorrhea are missing school or work at least once per cycle, and more frequently 5% to 14% of them. Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecologic disorders among young girls and is the major cause of activity restriction and college absence. A direct link between primary menstrual abnormalities and chronic conditions such as obesity has been established, though the exact pathology behind it is yet unknown. Method A total of 420 female students between 18 and 25 years of age from various professional colleges in a metro city were included in the study. Semi-structured questionnaire was used. Students were examined for height and weight. Results History of dysmenorrhea was given by 82.6% students. Out of these, 30% had severe pain and required medication. Only 20% took professional help for the same. There was a high prevalence of dysmenorrhea in participants who ate food outside frequently. Prevalence of irregular menstruation was more (41.94%) in girls having junk food three to four times a week. Conclusion The prevalence of dysmenorrhea and premenstrual symptoms were much higher as compared to the other menstrual abnormalities. The study revealed a direct association between consumption of junk food and an increase in dysmenorrhea.
RESUMO
Background: Diagnosing and treating oral cavity lesions is a challenging task for most of the clinicians due to similar symptoms and clinical appearances. Frequently, histopathology and immunohistochemistry aid in making the diagnosis. Objectives: The objectives were to describe the clinical features, and histopathological features and systemic association in patients with oral mucosal lesions (OML). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was undertaken at a tertiary care centre in patients with OML. A total of 369 cases with OML were included in the study. Results: Males constituted 61.78% of the cases. History of habits such as tobacco, gutka chewing, smoking, and alcohol was given by 32.25%, 29.81%, 26.56%, and 11.38% of cases, respectively. Common symptoms were soreness, burning sensation, oral pain and ulcers. Both oral and cutaneous involvement was seen in 17.89% of cases. Oral lichen planus (oral LP) constituted largest group of patients (21.96%) wherein reticulate type was the most frequent type and buccal mucosa was the commonest site. Oral carcinomas constituted 20.33% of cases followed by infective etiology (11.92%), vesiculobullous group of diseases (10.30%), aphthous stomatitis (8.94%), premalignant lesions (7.05%) such as leukoplakia (3.80%) and submucous fibrosis (2.44%). Histopathology was done in 209 cases. Clinico-histopathological correlation was seen in oral LP (90.27%), oral pemphigus (82.35%), and malignancies (98.66%). Conclusion: Oral LP formed the largest group of cases followed by Oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Several rare conditions, such as Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome and blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome were also a part of the study. Thorough clinical and histopathological examination in this diverse group of diseases clinches the diagnosis.