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1.
BMC Vet Res ; 11: 149, 2015 Jul 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26170195

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: This study focused on the descriptive analysis of cattle movements and farm-level parameters derived from cattle movements, which are considered to be generically suitable for risk-based surveillance systems in Switzerland for diseases where animal movements constitute an important risk pathway. METHODS: A framework was developed to select farms for surveillance based on a risk score summarizing 5 parameters. The proposed framework was validated using data from the bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) surveillance programme in 2013. RESULTS: A cumulative score was calculated per farm, including the following parameters; the maximum monthly ingoing contact chain (in 2012), the average number of animals per incoming movement, use of mixed alpine pastures and the number of weeks in 2012 a farm had movements registered. The final score for the farm depended on the distribution of the parameters. Different cut offs; 50, 90, 95 and 99%, were explored. The final scores ranged between 0 and 5. Validation of the scores against results from the BVD surveillance programme 2013 gave promising results for setting the cut off for each of the five selected farm level criteria at the 50th percentile. Restricting testing to farms with a score ≥ 2 would have resulted in the same number of detected BVD positive farms as testing all farms, i.e., the outcome of the 2013 surveillance programme could have been reached with a smaller survey. CONCLUSIONS: The seasonality and time dependency of the activity of single farms in the networks requires a careful assessment of the actual time period included to determine farm level criteria. However, selecting farms in the sample for risk-based surveillance can be optimized with the proposed scoring system. The system was validated using data from the BVD eradication program. The proposed method is a promising framework for the selection of farms according to the risk of infection based on animal movements.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Vigilância da População , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores de Risco , Estações do Ano , Suíça/epidemiologia , Meios de Transporte
2.
BMC Vet Res ; 10: 33, 2014 Jan 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24479844

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: We evaluated Swiss slaughterhouse data for integration in a national syndromic surveillance system for the early detection of emerging diseases in production animals. We analysed meat inspection data for cattle, pigs and small ruminants slaughtered between 2007 and 2012 (including emergency slaughters of sick/injured animals); investigating patterns in the number of animals slaughtered and condemned; the reasons invoked for whole carcass condemnations; reporting biases and regional effects. RESULTS: Whole carcass condemnation rates were fairly uniform (1-2‰) over time and between the different types of production animals. Condemnation rates were much higher and less uniform following emergency slaughters. The number of condemnations peaked in December for both cattle and pigs, a time when individuals of lower quality are sent to slaughter when hay and food are limited and when certain diseases are more prevalent. Each type of production animal was associated with a different profile of condemnation reasons. The most commonly reported one was "severe lesions" for cattle, "abscesses" for pigs and "pronounced weight loss" for small ruminants. These reasons could constitute valuable syndromic indicators as they are unspecific clinical manifestations of a large range of animal diseases (as well as potential indicators of animal welfare). Differences were detected in the rate of carcass condemnation between cantons and between large and small slaughterhouses. A large percentage (>60% for all three animal categories) of slaughterhouses operating never reported a condemnation between 2007 and 2012, a potential indicator of widespread non-reporting bias in our database. CONCLUSIONS: The current system offers simultaneous coverage of cattle, pigs and small ruminants for the whole of Switzerland; and traceability of each condemnation to its farm of origin. The number of condemnations was significantly linked to the number of slaughters, meaning that the former should be always be offset by the later in analyses. Because this denominator is only communicated at the end of the month, condemnations may currently only be monitored on a monthly basis. Coupled with the lack of timeliness (30-60 days delay between condemnation and notification), this limits the use of the data for early-detection.


Assuntos
Matadouros , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/veterinária , Carne/normas , Animais , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estações do Ano , Suíça/epidemiologia , Fatores de Tempo
3.
BMC Vet Res ; 9: 200, 2013 Oct 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24107254

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Prophylactic measures are key components of dairy herd mastitis control programs, but some are only relevant in specific housing systems. To assess the association between management practices and mastitis incidence, data collected in 2011 by a survey among 979 randomly selected Swiss dairy farms, and information from the regular test day recordings from 680 of these farms was analyzed. RESULTS: The median incidence of farmer-reported clinical mastitis (ICM) was 11.6 (mean 14.7) cases per 100 cows per year. The median annual proportion of milk samples with a composite somatic cell count (PSCC) above 200,000 cells/ml was 16.1 (mean 17.3) %. A multivariable negative binomial regression model was fitted for each of the mastitis indicators for farms with tie-stall and free-stall housing systems separately to study the effect of other (than housing system) management practices on the ICM and PSCC events (above 200,000 cells/ml). The results differed substantially by housing system and outcome. In tie-stall systems, clinical mastitis incidence was mainly affected by region (mountainous production zone; incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.73), the dairy herd replacement system (1.27) and farmers age (0.81). The proportion of high SCC was mainly associated with dry cow udder controls (IRR = 0.67), clean bedding material at calving (IRR = 1.72), using total merit values to select bulls (IRR = 1.57) and body condition scoring (IRR = 0.74). In free-stall systems, the IRR for clinical mastitis was mainly associated with stall climate/temperature (IRR = 1.65), comfort mats as resting surface (IRR = 0.75) and when no feed analysis was carried out (IRR = 1.18). The proportion of high SSC was only associated with hand and arm cleaning after calving (IRR = 0.81) and beef producing value to select bulls (IRR = 0.66). CONCLUSIONS: There were substantial differences in identified risk factors in the four models. Some of the factors were in agreement with the reported literature while others were not. This highlights the multifactorial nature of the disease and the differences in the risks for both mastitis manifestations. Attempting to understand these multifactorial associations for mastitis within larger management groups continues to play an important role in mastitis control programs.


Assuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos , Abrigo para Animais , Mastite Bovina/epidemiologia , Animais , Bovinos , Indústria de Laticínios/métodos , Coleta de Dados , Feminino , Incidência , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Suíça
4.
BMC Vet Res ; 7: 49, 2011 Aug 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21843367

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: In order to optimise the cost-effectiveness of active surveillance to substantiate freedom from disease, a new approach using targeted sampling of farms was developed and applied on the example of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL) in Switzerland. Relevant risk factors (RF) for the introduction of IBR and EBL into Swiss cattle farms were identified and their relative risks defined based on literature review and expert opinions. A quantitative model based on the scenario tree method was subsequently used to calculate the required sample size of a targeted sampling approach (TS) for a given sensitivity. We compared the sample size with that of a stratified random sample (sRS) with regard to efficiency. RESULTS: The required sample sizes to substantiate disease freedom were 1,241 farms for IBR and 1,750 farms for EBL to detect 0.2% herd prevalence with 99% sensitivity. Using conventional sRS, the required sample sizes were 2,259 farms for IBR and 2,243 for EBL. Considering the additional administrative expenses required for the planning of TS, the risk-based approach was still more cost-effective than a sRS (40% reduction on the full survey costs for IBR and 8% for EBL) due to the considerable reduction in sample size. CONCLUSIONS: As the model depends on RF selected through literature review and was parameterised with values estimated by experts, it is subject to some degree of uncertainty. Nevertheless, this approach provides the veterinary authorities with a promising tool for future cost-effective sampling designs.


Assuntos
Leucose Enzoótica Bovina/virologia , Herpesvirus Bovino 1/isolamento & purificação , Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina/virologia , Vírus da Leucemia Bovina/isolamento & purificação , Modelos Imunológicos , Animais , Bovinos , Análise Custo-Benefício , Árvores de Decisões , Leucose Enzoótica Bovina/diagnóstico , Leucose Enzoótica Bovina/epidemiologia , Leucose Enzoótica Bovina/imunologia , Herpesvirus Bovino 1/imunologia , Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina/diagnóstico , Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina/epidemiologia , Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina/imunologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Suíça/epidemiologia
5.
Front Vet Sci ; 4: 82, 2017.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28626750

RESUMO

Bovine udder health in Switzerland is of a relatively high level. However, antimicrobial usage (AMU) seems high in comparison to other European countries also. A new udder health and AMU improvement program could improve this situation but it is uncertain whether there is support from the field. This study aimed to quantify preferences of dairy farmers and veterinarians for the start and design characteristics of a new national udder health and AMU improvement program in Switzerland. A total of 478 dairy farmers and 98 veterinarians completed an online questionnaire. Questions on their demographics and their mindset toward AMU were complemented with an adaptive choice-based conjoint interview, a novel conjoint analysis technique to quantify preferences of respondents for characteristics of a product for which multiple trade-off decisions must be made (here a bovine udder health and AMU improvement program). The conjoint analysis was followed by a multivariate multiple regression analysis to identify groups of respondents with different program design preferences. Logistic regression models were used to associate covariates with respondents' preference to start a new udder health and AMU improvement program. Most farmers (55%) and veterinarians (62%) were in favor of starting a new voluntary udder health and AMU improvement program, but the program design preferences agreed moderately between the two stakeholder groups. Farmers preferred an udder health and AMU improvement program that did not contain a penalty system for high AMU, was voluntary for all dairy herds, and aimed to simultaneously improve udder health and reduce AMU. Veterinarians preferred a program that had the veterinary organization and the government taking the lead in program design decision making, did not contain a penalty system for high AMU, and aimed to simultaneously improve udder health and reduce AMU. Differences between groups of farmers and veterinarians concerning their start preference were identified. Also, the magnitude of various program design preferences changed for farmers with different opinions toward AMU. The information obtained from this study may support the decision-making process and the communication to the field afterward, when discussing national strategies to improve udder health and AMU in Switzerland.

6.
Vet Microbiol ; 118(3-4): 267-73, 2006 Dec 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16956735

RESUMO

Results of national serological surveys for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) conducted in Switzerland in 2001 and 2004 were analyzed. In 2001, 41,124 breeding sows from 2,540 herds out of 6,406 were sampled, and in 2004, 7,498 animals were sampled from 1,074 herds out of 5,320. All serum samples were tested for PRRS using an ELISA developed at the Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis (IVI), Switzerland with a sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of 94 and 97%, respectively. Positive samples were re-tested with a commercial ELISA (IDEXX) with Se of 100% and Sp of 99%. Samples positive in the second test were confirmed with the fluorescent antibody test (FAT). A stochastic model using data from the main survey conducted in 2001 was done to verify whether the sampling scheme used could detect at least one infected herd with 99% confidence level if the herd designed prevalence was at 0.1 or 0.2%. Additionally, a Bayesian approach was conducted to calculate the post-survey probability of freedom from PRRS using data from the 2001 and 2004 surveys. A Monte Carlo simulation with 5000 iteration was run for each model. Eleven samples in 2001 and six in 2004, all from different farms, could not be conclusively confirmed as negative by the FAT. All other samples were negative. Truly infected animals and herds were not predicted by a stochastic model at the 99% confidence level and 0.1% herd prevalence using data from the 2001 survey. However, it was demonstrated that the prior probability of freedom from PRRS increased from 89.3 to 99.2% after the 2001 survey. Upon completion of the 2004 survey, the probability of freedom from PRRS reached a value of 99.7%. Based on our results, we could conclude that the pig industry in Switzerland is free of PRRS virus with this level of confidence. Restricted import activities over the last decades are a possible explanation for the continuing absence of PRRS-infection in the Swiss swine population. Import requirements defined by the pig industry minimize the risk of introduction of PRRS-infected animals in the future.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/epidemiologia , Vírus da Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/imunologia , Animais , Teorema de Bayes , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Feminino , Imunofluorescência/métodos , Imunofluorescência/veterinária , Masculino , Método de Monte Carlo , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Processos Estocásticos , Suínos , Suíça/epidemiologia
7.
Vet Parasitol ; 137(3-4): 222-30, 2006 Apr 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16469449

RESUMO

We conducted a longitudinal study to follow-up the anti-Neospora caninum serologic status in 30 initially seropositive and 83 initially seronegative cows during their pregnancy. Study cows were blood-sampled every other month during pregnancy until parturition. Blood serum samples were screened for anti-N. caninum antibodies by ELISA. Cows that seroconverted were re-tested by immunoblot as a confirmation test. Among 30 seropositive cows, 28 cows remained seropositive during the whole pregnancy, whereas 2 cows transiently tested negative at least once during pregnancy. Among 83 seronegative cows, 82 cows remained seronegative and 1 cow tested positive three times during the sixth, eighth and last month of pregnancy. As only 2 out of 30 seropositive animals and 1 out of 83 animals changed their serologic status during pregnancy, the study results indicate that there is only a minor temporal instability of anti-N. caninum antibody reactivity in adult cattle.


Assuntos
Aborto Animal/parasitologia , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Coccidiose/veterinária , Neospora/imunologia , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/veterinária , Animais , Bovinos , Coccidiose/epidemiologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Feminino , Seguimentos , Gravidez , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Suíça/epidemiologia
8.
Prev Vet Med ; 77(3-4): 254-83, 2006 Dec 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16962190

RESUMO

A dynamic deterministic simulation model was developed to assess the impact of different putative control strategies on the seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in female Swiss dairy cattle. The model structure comprised compartments of "susceptible" and "infected" animals (SI-model) and the cattle population was divided into 12 age classes. A reference model (Model 1) was developed to simulate the current (status quo) situation (present seroprevalence in Switzerland 12%), taking into account available demographic and seroprevalence data of Switzerland. Model 1 was modified to represent four putative control strategies: testing and culling of seropositive animals (Model 2), discontinued breeding with offspring from seropositive cows (Model 3), chemotherapeutic treatment of calves from seropositive cows (Model 4), and vaccination of susceptible and infected animals (Model 5). Models 2-4 considered different sub-scenarios with regard to the frequency of diagnostic testing. Multivariable Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis was used to assess the impact of uncertainty in input parameters. A policy of annual testing and culling of all seropositive cattle in the population reduced the seroprevalence effectively and rapidly from 12% to <1% in the first year of simulation. The control strategies with discontinued breeding with offspring from all seropositive cows, chemotherapy of calves and vaccination of all cattle reduced the prevalence more slowly than culling but were still very effective (reduction of prevalence below 2% within 11, 23 and 3 years of simulation, respectively). However, sensitivity analyses revealed that the effectiveness of these strategies depended strongly on the quality of the input parameters used, such as the horizontal and vertical transmission factors, the sensitivity of the diagnostic test and the efficacy of medication and vaccination. Finally, all models confirmed that it was not possible to completely eradicate N. caninum as long as the horizontal transmission process was not interrupted.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Coccidiose/veterinária , Coccidiostáticos/uso terapêutico , Eutanásia Animal , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/veterinária , Vacinação/veterinária , Fatores Etários , Animais , Cruzamento , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/transmissão , Coccidiose/epidemiologia , Coccidiose/prevenção & controle , Coccidiose/transmissão , Simulação por Computador , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa/prevenção & controle , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa/veterinária , Feminino , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/prevenção & controle , Modelos Biológicos , Neospora/patogenicidade , Dinâmica Populacional , Gravidez , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Suíça/epidemiologia , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento
9.
Prev Vet Med ; 77(3-4): 230-53, 2006 Dec 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16982104

RESUMO

The present study was conducted to estimate the direct losses due to Neospora caninum in Swiss dairy cattle and to assess the costs and benefits of different potential control strategies. A Monte Carlo simulation spreadsheet module was developed to estimate the direct costs caused by N. caninum, with and without control strategies, and to estimate the costs of these control strategies in a financial analysis. The control strategies considered were "testing and culling of seropositive female cattle", "discontinued breeding with offspring from seropositive cows", "chemotherapeutical treatment of female offspring" and "vaccination of all female cattle". Each parameter in the module that was considered to be uncertain, was described using probability distributions. The simulations were run with 20,000 iterations over a time period of 25 years. The median annual losses due to N. caninum in the Swiss dairy cow population were estimated to be euro 9.7 million euros. All control strategies that required yearly serological testing of all cattle in the population produced high costs and thus were not financially profitable. Among the other control strategies, two showed benefit-cost ratios (BCR) >1 and positive net present values (NPV): "Discontinued breeding with offspring from seropositive cows" (BCR=1.29, NPV=25 million euros ) and "chemotherapeutical treatment of all female offspring" (BCR=2.95, NPV=59 million euros). In economic terms, the best control strategy currently available would therefore be "discontinued breeding with offspring from seropositive cows".


Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Coccidiose/veterinária , Indústria de Laticínios/economia , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/veterinária , Animais , Cruzamento , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/economia , Doenças dos Bovinos/transmissão , Coccidiose/economia , Coccidiose/prevenção & controle , Coccidiose/transmissão , Coccidiostáticos/economia , Coccidiostáticos/uso terapêutico , Análise Custo-Benefício , Indústria de Laticínios/métodos , Eutanásia Animal , Feminino , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/prevenção & controle , Método de Monte Carlo , Neospora/patogenicidade , Suíça , Vacinação/economia , Vacinação/veterinária
10.
Theriogenology ; 65(3): 517-27, 2006 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15993483

RESUMO

Uterine smooth muscle specimens were collected from euthanatized mares in estrus and diestrus. Longitudinal and circular specimens were mounted in organ baths and the signals transcribed to a Grass polygraph. After equilibration time and 2 g preload, their physiologic isometric contractility was recorded for a continuous 2.0 h. Area under the curve, frequency and time occupied by contractions were studied. Differences between cycle phases, between muscle layers, and over the recorded time periods were statistically evaluated using linear mixed-effect models. In the mare, physiologic contractility of the uterus decreased significantly over time for all variables evaluated (time as covariate on a continuous scale). For area under the curve, there was a significant effect of muscle layer (longitudinal > circular). For frequency, higher values were recorded in estrus for circular smooth muscle layer, whereas higher values were seen in longitudinal smooth muscle layers during diestrus. In longitudinal layer and in diestrus, more time was occupied by contractions than in circular layer, and in estrus. This study is describing physiologic myometrial motility in the organ bath depending on cycle phase.


Assuntos
Diestro/fisiologia , Estro/fisiologia , Cavalos/fisiologia , Miométrio/fisiologia , Contração Uterina/fisiologia , Animais , Área Sob a Curva , Feminino , Técnicas In Vitro , Modelos Lineares , Músculo Liso/fisiologia
11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16898071

RESUMO

ASM 981 has been developed for topical treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. It specifically inhibits the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We measured the skin penetration of ASM 981 in canine skin and compared penetration in living and frozen skin. To make penetration of ASM 981 visible in dog skin, tritium labelled ASM 981 was applied to a living dog and to defrosted skin of the same dog. Using qualitative autoradiography the radioactive molecules were detected in the lumen of the hair follicles until the infundibulum, around the superficial parts of the hair follicles and into a depth of the dermis of 200 to 500 microm. Activity could not be found in deeper parts of the hair follicles, the dermis or in the sebaceous glands. Penetration of ASM 981 is low in canine skin and is only equally spread in the upper third of the dermis 24 hours after application. Penetration in frozen skin takes even longer than in living canine skin but shows the same distribution.


Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/metabolismo , Criopreservação , Absorção Cutânea , Pele/metabolismo , Tacrolimo/análogos & derivados , Administração Cutânea , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/administração & dosagem , Cães , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Pele/anatomia & histologia , Tacrolimo/administração & dosagem , Tacrolimo/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo
12.
Meat Sci ; 101: 48-55, 2015 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25462382

RESUMO

We obtained partial carcass condemnation (PCC) data for cattle (2009-2010) from a Swiss slaughterhouse. Data on whole carcass condemnations (WCC) carried out at the same slaughterhouse over those years were extracted from the national database for meat inspection. We found that given the differences observed in the WCC and PCC time series, it is likely that both indicators respond to different health events in the population and that one cannot be substituted by the other. Because PCC recordings are promising for syndromic surveillance, the meat inspection database should be capable to record both WCC and PCC data in the future. However, a standardised list of reasons for PCC needs to be defined and used nationwide in all slaughterhouses.


Assuntos
Matadouros , Doenças dos Bovinos , Carne/normas , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Suíça
13.
PLoS One ; 10(4): e0122717, 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25901751

RESUMO

We used meat-inspection data collected over a period of three years in Switzerland to evaluate slaughterhouse-level, farm-level and animal-level factors that may be associated with whole carcass condemnation (WCC) in cattle after slaughter. The objective of this study was to identify WCC risk factors so they can be communicated to, and managed by, the slaughter industry and veterinary services. During meat inspection, there were three main important predictors of the risk of WCC; the slaughtered animal's sex, age, and the size of the slaughterhouse it was processed in. WCC for injuries and significant weight loss (visible welfare indicators) were almost exclusive to smaller slaughterhouses. Cattle exhibiting clinical syndromes that were not externally visible (e.g. pneumonia lesions) and that are associated with fattening of cattle, end up in larger slaughterhouses. For this reason, it is important for animal health surveillance to collect data from both types of slaughterhouses. Other important risk factors for WCC were on-farm mortality rate and the number of cattle on the farm of origin. This study highlights the fact that the many risk factors for WCC are as complex as the production system itself, with risk factors interacting with one another in ways which are sometimes difficult to interpret biologically. Risk-based surveillance aimed at farms with reoccurring health problems (e.g. a history of above average condemnation rates) may be more appropriate than the selection, of higher-risk animals arriving at slaughter. In Switzerland, the introduction of a benchmarking system that would provide feedback to the farmer with information on condemnation reasons, and his/her performance compared to the national/regional average could be a first step towards improving herd-management and financial returns for producers.


Assuntos
Matadouros/estatística & dados numéricos , Inspeção de Alimentos/métodos , Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Inspeção de Alimentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Carne Vermelha , Fatores de Risco , Suíça
14.
Prev Vet Med ; 121(1-2): 1-7, 2015 Sep 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26032722

RESUMO

Systems for the identification and registration of cattle have gradually been receiving attention for use in syndromic surveillance, a relatively recent approach for the early detection of infectious disease outbreaks. Real or near real-time monitoring of deaths or stillbirths reported to these systems offer an opportunity to detect temporal or spatial clusters of increased mortality that could be caused by an infectious disease epidemic. In Switzerland, such data are recorded in the "Tierverkehrsdatenbank" (TVD). To investigate the potential of the Swiss TVD for syndromic surveillance, 3 years of data (2009-2011) were assessed in terms of data quality, including timeliness of reporting and completeness of geographic data. Two time-series consisting of reported on-farm deaths and stillbirths were retrospectively analysed to define and quantify the temporal patterns that result from non-health related factors. Geographic data were almost always present in the TVD data; often at different spatial scales. On-farm deaths were reported to the database by farmers in a timely fashion; stillbirths were less timely. Timeliness and geographic coverage are two important features of disease surveillance systems, highlighting the suitability of the TVD for use in a syndromic surveillance system. Both time series exhibited different temporal patterns that were associated with non-health related factors. To avoid false positive signals, these patterns need to be removed from the data or accounted for in some way before applying aberration detection algorithms in real-time. Evaluating mortality data reported to systems for the identification and registration of cattle is of value for comparing national data systems and as a first step towards a European-wide early detection system for emerging and re-emerging cattle diseases.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/mortalidade , Bases de Dados Factuais , Monitoramento Epidemiológico/veterinária , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/etiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Mortalidade , Suíça/epidemiologia , Fatores de Tempo
15.
Front Vet Sci ; 2: 47, 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26664974

RESUMO

The reporting of outputs from health surveillance systems should be done in a near real-time and interactive manner in order to provide decision makers with powerful means to identify, assess, and manage health hazards as early and efficiently as possible. While this is currently rarely the case in veterinary public health surveillance, reporting tools do exist for the visual exploration and interactive interrogation of health data. In this work, we used tools freely available from the Google Maps and Charts library to develop a web application reporting health-related data derived from slaughterhouse surveillance and from a newly established web-based equine surveillance system in Switzerland. Both sets of tools allowed entry-level usage without or with minimal programing skills while being flexible enough to cater for more complex scenarios for users with greater programing skills. In particular, interfaces linking statistical softwares and Google tools provide additional analytical functionality (such as algorithms for the detection of unusually high case occurrences) for inclusion in the reporting process. We show that such powerful approaches could improve timely dissemination and communication of technical information to decision makers and other stakeholders and could foster the early-warning capacity of animal health surveillance systems.

16.
Prev Vet Med ; 120(1): 51-61, 2015 Jun 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25724077

RESUMO

Within the framework of Swiss surveillance for epizootic diseases, dairy cattle are sampled using bulk tank milk while non-dairy cattle are sampled on the farm. The latter method is costly, time-demanding and dangerous for the personnel. However, slaughterhouses could be an alternative sampling point for this population. To assess the cost-effectiveness and sensitivity of such an approach, surveillance using slaughterhouse sampling was modelled with data from the 2012 Swiss animal movement database (AMD). We simulated a cross-sectional study for bluetongue (BT), and surveillance programmes to substantiate freedom from infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL) (combined) to compare the outcome of random on-farm sampling versus slaughterhouse sampling. We found that, under Swiss conditions, slaughterhouse sampling results in low herd-level sensitivities because animals are sent by owners to slaughter individually and not in large groups, restricting the number of samples per herd. This makes slaughterhouse sampling inappropriate for prevalence surveys at the herd-level. However, for prevalence surveys at the animal-level and for substantiation of freedom from disease, slaughterhouse surveillance is equally or more cost-efficient than on-farm sampling.


Assuntos
Matadouros , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Indústria de Laticínios , Matadouros/economia , Matadouros/estatística & dados numéricos , Animais , Bluetongue/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/economia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Estudos Transversais , Indústria de Laticínios/economia , Indústria de Laticínios/estatística & dados numéricos , Leucose Enzoótica Bovina/epidemiologia , Feminino , Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina/epidemiologia , Masculino , Vigilância da População/métodos , Prevalência , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Suíça/epidemiologia
17.
Theriogenology ; 59(8): 1707-23, 2003 Apr 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12566146

RESUMO

This study evaluated the effect of metabolic, endocrine and energy status on onset of ovarian cycle, days open (DO), and conception at first service in 90 multiparous Holstein cows, housed at a research farm. Dry matter intake, milk yield and body weight were measured daily from Week 2 antepartum (a.p.) to Week 20 postpartum (p.p.). Milk composition was determined four times per week and milk acetone was measured weekly. Blood samples for the determination of glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, cholesterol, creatinine, albumin, urea, beta-hydroxybutyrate, leptin, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, growth hormone, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T(3)), and thyroxine (T(4)) were taken 2 weeks a.p., in Weeks 1-16, and 20 p.p. between 7:30 and 9:00 h. The onset of ovarian cycle was specified by weekly gynecological examination and by skim milk progesterone determination by radioimmunoassay (twice per week). Energy balance (EB) traits were calculated and expressed as accumulated negative EB from calving to EB equilibrium, EB nadir (EBN), rate of EB recovery after EBN (EBR), and time from calving to EBN and to EB equilibrium, respectively. The onset of ovarian cycle p.p. was not related to EB. However, a low degree of EBN and a fast EBR were associated with fewer DO, and EB at first service was positively related to conception. High plasma levels of T(3) and T(4) p.p. were associated with an early start of ovarian cycle, and high concentrations of glucose and cholesterol with a short calving to conception interval. Conception at first service was positively related to EB at first service and progesterone concentration 10-13 days after first service. In conclusion, thyroid hormones may play an important role in resumption of ovarian cyclicity p.p., and a good energy status enhances the chance of conception at first service and shortens DO.


Assuntos
Bovinos/fisiologia , Metabolismo Energético , Hormônios/sangue , Período Pós-Parto , Reprodução/fisiologia , Animais , Peso Corporal , Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , Dieta , Feminino , Fertilização , Lactação , Modelos Logísticos , Leite/química , Ovulação , Gravidez , Fatores de Tempo
18.
Am J Vet Res ; 64(2): 188-94, 2003 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12602588

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To use threshold concentrations of acetone and beta-hydroxybutyrate in milk and serum, respectively; identify risk for ketosis and endometritis; and assess analyses of blood and milk samples as predictors of risk for ketosis in high-yielding dairy cows. ANIMALS: 90 multiparous Holstein cows. PROCEDURE: At intervals before and after parturition, blood samples were obtained for determination of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, leptin, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Samples of milk were obtained at similar intervals after parturition for determination of fat content and concentrations of acetone, protein, and lactose. Reproductive examination of each cow was performed weekly. RESULTS: For each cow, threshold concentrations of acetone and beta-hydroxybutyrate were calculated as 75th and 90th percentiles of maximum postpartum concentrations of acetone in milk (0.40 and 0.87 mmol/L) and beta-hydroxybutyrate in serum (2.30 and 3.51 mmol/L). Significant decrease in milk production (442 to 654 kg of energy-corrected milk/305-day period per cow) was associated with acetone or beta-hydroxybutyrate in excess of threshold values. Milk acetone concentrations > 0.40 mmol/L were associated with 3.2 times higher risk for endometritis. Low plasma glucose, high serum beta-hydroxybutyrate, and high milk acetone concentrations during week 1 after parturition were indicators of increased risk for ketosis later during lactation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Determination of milk acetone concentration during the week after parturition may identify cows at risk for ketosis and endometritis; with appropriate interventions, development of disease and production losses may be reduced.


Assuntos
Endometriose/sangue , Endometriose/veterinária , Cetonas/análise , Cetonas/sangue , Cetose/sangue , Cetose/veterinária , Leite/química , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/análise , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/sangue , Acetona/análise , Acetona/sangue , Ração Animal , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Bovinos , Indústria de Laticínios , Feminino , Razão de Chances , Fatores de Risco
19.
Am J Vet Res ; 65(8): 1142-50, 2004 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15334850

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To describe the distribution of mRNA that codes for 9 subtypes of adrenergic receptors in the digestive tract of dairy cows. SAMPLE POPULATION: Fresh full-thickness wall specimens from the abomasum (fundus, corpus, and antrum), ileum, cecum, proximal loop of ascending colon, and 4 locations of the spiral colon collected from 10 healthy cows at slaughter. PROCEDURE: Concentrations of mRNA that code for 9 subtypes of adrenergic receptors in the bovine gastrointestinal tract (alpha1A, alpha1B, alpha1D, alpha2AD, alpha2B, alpha2C beta1, beta2, and beta3) were measured by use of a quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. Results were reported in relation to mRNA expression of the housekeeping gene glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). RESULTS: Mean mRNA contents of adrenergic receptors in the bovine digestive tract were low (range, 0.00006% to 5.04% of GAPDH). Distribution of receptor subtypes was similar in all tissues, with lowest expression of alpha1D receptors, followed by alpha2B, alpha2C, beta3, alpha1B, alpha1A, beta1, and beta2 in the abomasum, whereas alpha2AD and beta2 in the intestines were highest. In comparison with the intestines, relative concentrations of mRNA for receptors beta2 and beta3 were significantly lower in the abomasum. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Relative concentrations of mRNA that code for adrenergic receptors differed among receptor subtypes and among locations in the bovine gastrointestinal tract. Comparison of these values established in healthy cattle with results for cows with motility disorders, such as abomasal displacement and cecal dilatation, may lead to improved therapeutic or prophylactic approaches for these diseases.


Assuntos
Bovinos/metabolismo , Trato Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Receptores Adrenérgicos/metabolismo , Análise de Variância , Animais , Bovinos/genética , DNA Complementar/genética , Feminino , Gliceraldeído-3-Fosfato Desidrogenases/genética , Receptores Adrenérgicos/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa
20.
Am J Vet Res ; 65(8): 1151-8, 2004 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15334851

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To describe the distribution of mRNA that codes for 8 subtypes of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors (5-HTRs) in the digestive tract of dairy cows. SAMPLE POPULATION: Fresh full-thickness wall specimens from the abomasum (fundus, corpus, and antrum), ileum, cecum, proximal loop of ascending colon, and 4 locations of the spiral colon collected from 10 healthy cows at slaughter. PROCEDURE: Concentrations of mRNA that code for 5-HTR subtypes (5-HTR1A. 5-HTR1B, 5-HTR1D, 5-HTR1F, 5-HTR2A, 5-HTR2B, 5-HTR2C, and 5-HTR4) in the bovine digestive tract were measured by use of a quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. Results were reported in relation to mRNA expression of the housekeeping gene glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). RESULTS: Mean relative mRNA concentrations for 5-HTR were low (range, 0% to 1.32% of GAPDH), and mRNA that codes for 5-HTR1A was not detected. In the abomasum, mRNA expression was highest for 5-HTR1B and 5-HTR2B, followed by subtypes 1F 2A, 1D, and 4, whereas 5-HTR2C was not detected. In intestinal samples, concentrations of subtypes 1B, 2B, and 4 were highest, followed by 1D, 1F, 2A, and 2C. Relative concentrations of mRNA that code for 5-HTR2A were significantly higher in the abomasum than the intestines, but lower for 5-HTR2B, 5-HTR2C, and 5-HTR4. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Relative concentrations of mRNA that code for 5-HTRs differ among locations in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle. Understanding differences in the distribution of 5-HTRs in healthy cattle and cattle with gastrointestinal tract disease may lead to improved therapeutic approaches for abomasal and cecal motility disorders.


Assuntos
Bovinos/metabolismo , Trato Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Receptores 5-HT1 de Serotonina/metabolismo , Análise de Variância , Animais , Bovinos/genética , DNA Complementar/genética , Feminino , Gliceraldeído-3-Fosfato Desidrogenases/genética , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Receptores 5-HT1 de Serotonina/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa
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