l-borneol promotes neurovascular unit protection in the subacute phase of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion rats: p38-MAPK pathway activation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effect.

Our previous study showed l-borneol reduced cerebral infarction in the acute stage after cerebral ischemia, but there is little about the study of subacute phase. We herein investigated the cerebral protective effects of l-borneol on neurovascular units (NVU) in the subacute phase after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (t-MCAO). The t-MCAO model was prepared by the line embolus method. Zea Longa, mNss, HE, and TTC staining were used to evaluate the effect of l-borneol. We evaluated the mechanisms of l-borneol on inflammation, p38 MAPK pathway, and apoptosis, etc. through various technologies. l-borneol 0.2, 0.1, 0.05 g·kg-1 could significantly reduce cerebral infarction rate, alleviate the pathological injury, and inhibit inflammation reaction. l-borneol could also significantly increase brain blood supply, Nissl bodies, and the expression of GFAP. Additionally, l-borneol activated the p38 MAPK signaling pathway, inhibited cell apoptosis, and maintained BBB integrity. l-borneol had a neuroprotective effect, which was related to activating the p38 MAPK signaling pathway, inhibiting inflammatory response and apoptosis, and improving cerebral blood supply to protect BBB and stabilize and remodel NVU. The study will provide a reference for the use of l-borneol in the treatment of ischemic stroke in the subacute phase.

[Effect and mechanism of Bovis Calculus on ulcerative colitis by inhibiting IL-17/IL-17RA/Act1 signaling pathway].

This study aimed to elucidate the effect and underlying mechanism of Bovis Calculus in the treatment of ulcerative colitis(UC) through network pharmacological prediction and animal experimental verification. Databases such as BATMAN-TCM were used to mine the potential targets of Bovis Calculus against UC, and the pathway enrichment analysis was conducted. Seventy healthy C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into a blank group, a model group, a solvent model(2% polysorbate 80) group, a salazosulfapyridine(SASP, 0.40 g·kg~(-1)) group, and high-, medium-, and low-dose Bovis Calculus Sativus(BCS, 0.20, 0.10, and 0.05 g·kg~(-1)) groups according to the body weight. The UC model was established in mice by drinking 3% dextran sulfate sodium(DSS) solution for 7 days. The mice in the groups with drug intervention received corresponding drugs for 3 days before modeling by gavage, and continued to take drugs for 7 days while modeling(continuous administration for 10 days). During the experiment, the body weight of mice was observed, and the disease activity index(DAI) score was recorded. After 7 days of modeling, the colon length was mea-sured, and the pathological changes in colon tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1ß(IL-1ß), interleukin-6(IL-6), and interleukin-17(IL-17) in colon tissues of mice were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The mRNA expression of IL-17, IL-17RA, Act1, TRAF2, TRAF5, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß, CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL10 was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). The protein expression of IL-17, IL-17RA, Act1, p-p38 MAPK, and p-ERK1/2 was investigated by Western blot. The results of network pharmacological prediction showed that Bovis Calculus might play a therapeutic role through the IL-17 signaling pathway and the TNF signaling pathway. As revealed by the results of animal experiments, on the 10th day of drug administration, compared with the solvent model group, all the BCS groups showed significantly increased body weight, decreased DAI score, increased colon length, improved pathological damage of colon mucosa, and significantly inhibited expression of TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1ß, and IL-17 in colon tissues. The high-dose BCS(0.20 g·kg~(-1)) could significantly reduce the mRNA expression levels of IL-17, Act1, TRAF2, TRAF5, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß, CXCL1, and CXCL2 in colon tissues of UC model mice, tend to down-regulate mRNA expression levels of IL-17RA and CXCL10, significantly inhibit the protein expression of IL-17RA,Act1,and p-ERK1/2, and tend to decrease the protein expression of IL-17 and p-p38 MAPK. This study, for the first time from the whole-organ-tissue-molecular level, reveals that BCS may reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by inhibiting the IL-17/IL-17RA/Act1 signaling pathway, thereby improving the inflammatory injury of colon tissues in DSS-induced UC mice and exerting the effect of clearing heat and removing toxins.

d-Borneol enhances cisplatin sensitivity via p21/p27-mediated S-phase arrest and cell apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells and a murine xenograft model.

BACKGROUND: Cisplatin (CDDP) is commonly used to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but the appearance of drug resistance greatly hinders its efficacy. Borneol may promote drug absorption; however, synergism between borneol and CDDP in suppressing NSCLC is not clearly understood. Hence, we investigated borneol as a novel chemosensitizer to support chemotherapeutic efficacy and reduce side effects. METHODS: We compared viability after exposure to d-borneol, l-borneol, and synthetic borneol in two NSCLC cell lines, A549 and H460, and selected the most sensitive cells. We then assessed synergy between borneol forms and CDDP in cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cells, H460/CDDP. Next, we identified effective concentrations and exposure times. Subsequently, we evaluated cell migration via wound healing and cell proliferation via clone formation assay. Then, we focused on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function, cell cycle, apoptosis, and RNA sequencing to elucidate underlying molecular mechanisms for synergy. Finally, we used an H460/CDDP xenograft tumor model to verify antitumor activity and safety in vivo. Data were examined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for multiple datasets or t-test for comparisons between two variables. RESULTS: d-Borneol was more effective in H460 than A549 cells. d-Borneol combined with CDDP showed greater inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, and clone formation in H460/CDDP cells than CDDP alone. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis identified differentially expressed genes enriched in cell cycle pathways. The impact of d-borneol on CDDP chemosensitivity involved arrest of the cell cycle at S phase via p27/p21-mediated cyclinA2/D3-CDK2/6 signaling and activation of intrinsic apoptosis via p21-mediated Bax/Bcl-2/caspase3 signaling. Further, d-borneol ameliorated drug resistance by suppressing levels and activity of P-gp. Cotreatment with d-borneol and CDDP inhibited tumor growth in vivo and reduced CDDP-caused liver and kidney toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: d-Borneol increased the efficacy of cisplatin and reduced its toxicity. This compound has the potential to become a useful chemosensitizer for drug-resistance NSCLC.

[Mechanism of Huanglian Houpo Decoction in treatment of ulcerative colitis in mice based on brain-gut axis].

Based on the brain-gut axis, the present study investigated the effect of Huanglian Houpo Decoction(HLHPD) in the treatment of ulcerative colitis(UC) and explored the mechanism in the regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT), substance P(SP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP) using modern technologies and molecular docking. Sixty male C57 BL/6 J mice were randomly divided into a blank control group, a model group, a sulfasalazine(SASP) group, and high-(5.00 g·kg~(-1)), medium-(2.50 g·kg~(-1)), and low-dose(1.25 g·kg~(-1)) HLHPD groups. The UC model was induced by oral administration of water containing 3% dextran sulfate sodium salt(DSS) in mice except those in the blank control group. After HLHPD was administered for 10 days, the mice were sacrificed for sample collection. Morphological changes of colon tissues were observed by HE staining. The expression of 5-HT, SP, VIP, tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α), interleukin-6(IL-6), and interleukin-1ß(IL-1ß) in the hypothalamus, serum, and colon was determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 1(TPH1), SP, and VIP in colon tissues was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The expression of brain-gut peptide receptors, such as 5-HT3 A, neurokinin receptor 1(NK-1 R), and VIP receptor 1(VPAC1) in colon tissues was investigated by Western blot. The binding affinity of the brain-gut peptide receptors to the main components of HLHPD was analyzed by molecular docking. After HLHPD intervention, UC mice showed increased body weight, reduced DAI score and occult blood, prolonged colon, down-regulated levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 in colon tissues, and relieved pathological damage in the colon. The VIP levels in the colon were significantly up-regulated in the HLHPD groups. The high-and medium-dose HLHPD could significantly down-regulated SP and 5-HT in colon tissues and 5-HT in the serum, and up-regulated the VIP in the serum. The high-dose HLHPD group could down-regulate 5-HT and up-regulate VIP in the hypothalamus. It is suggested that HLHPD can reverse the levels of brain-gut peptides in UC mice to varying degrees. Correlation analysis results suggested that the expression levels of brain-gut peptides in the hypothalamus, serum, and colon tissues were related to inflammatory factors. Molecular docking results showed that berberine, coptisine, and epiberberine were presumedly the material basis for HLHPD in regulating the levels of 5-HT3 A, NK-1 R, and VPAC1. The main components of HLHPD may reduce colonic inflammation and pathological damage of colon tissues by regulating the activity of brain-gut peptides and their receptors, thereby reducing DSS-induced colitis in mice.

[Research progress of effect of berberine in treatment of ulcerative colitis based on cell signaling pathway].

Berberine is the main extract of Coptis chinensis, and its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects have been confirmed by modern studies. Ulcerative colitis(UC) is a chronic, idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease with unknown etiology. Its causes involve genetics, intestinal microecology and mucosal immune system disorders. In this paper, literatures on relevant pathways and mechanism of berberine on ulcerative colitis in recent years were consulted and summarized to provide me-thods and ideas for developing berberine in the treatment of UC and exploring the mechanisms. The results showed that berberine protects the intestinal mucosal barrier, restores the body's normal immune response, and improves oxidative stress by regulating multiple signaling pathways, such as JAK-STAT, NK-κB, PI3 K-AKT, MAPK, Nrf2, ERS, and MLCK-MLC, so as to treat UC.

l-Borneol and d-Borneol promote transdifferentiation of astrocytes into neurons in rats by regulating Wnt/Notch pathway to exert neuroprotective effect during recovery from cerebral ischaemia.

BACKGROUND: The Chinese medicines Borneolum and l-Borneolum have neuroprotective effects on acute cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) in rats. Research on their effects during recovery from cerebral IR is lacking. Cerebral ischaemia can activate astrocytes for conversion into neurons. Neurogenesis cannot be achieved without nutritional support from an improved brain microenvironment through the blood circulation. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether Borneolum and l-Borneolum can promote transdifferentiation of astrocytes into neurons by regulating the Wnt/Notch pathway to exert neuroprotective effects during recovery from cerebral ischaemia. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A suture crossing the external carotid artery to occlude the middle cerebral artery was used to prepare a model of cerebral IR (Longa et al., 1989). The Longa neurological function score, modified neurological severity score, tape removal test and grid misstep experiment were used to evaluate motor nerve function. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride was used to determine the extent of cerebral infarction. Left/right hemisphere contrast was used to measure brain atrophy. Astrocytes labelled with adeno-associated virus were used to track their fate after transdifferentiation. Laser speckle contrast imaging was used to observe the effects of l-Borneolum and Borneolum on cerebral blood flow. Immunofluorescence and western blotting were used to investigate their mechanisms. RESULTS: l-Borneolum and Borneolum significantly improved neurological function and limb movement in rats with cerebral ischaemia during recovery and increased cerebral blood flow. l-Borneolum improved forelimb motor coordination more effectively than Borneolum and promoted transdifferentiation of astrocytes to GABAergic neurons in the striatal region. The expression of Wnt3a and Notch-1 was downregulated. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was not significantly changed. Borneolum improved forelimb sensitivity and alleviated cerebral infarction and brain atrophy more effectively than l-Borneolum, which promoted transdifferentiation of astrocytes into neurons and nestin expression and neurogenesis in the striatal zone. The expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3ß and ß-catenin was upregulated. l-Borneolum and Borneolum had no significant neuroprotective effect on the cortex and hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS: l-Borneolum and Borneolum exerted neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischaemia during recovery by promoting neurogenesis and blood circulation in the striatal and subventricular zones. Their mechanisms may be related to the Wnt3a and Notch-1 pathways.

Neuroprotective effects of synthetic borneol and natural borneol based on the neurovascular unit against cerebral ischaemic injury.

OBJECTIVES: Natural borneol and synthetic borneol were commonly used to treat ischaemic stroke in clinical practice. This study evaluated their different neuroprotective effects on the remodelling and repair of the neurovascular unit (NVU) after cerebral ischaemia. METHODS: We evaluated the different effects of borneol through neurological test and staining methods in cerebral ischaemia injury. Western blot, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy were used to evaluate the reparative effects of borneol on NVU. KEY FINDINGS: The prevention and treatment of borneol could prolong recovery time, reduce body temperature and cerebral infarction rate and improve pathological conditions. Further investigations revealed that borneol could inhibit the expression of DII4, Hes1, Hes5 and p65 and increase the Nissl body number and microvessel density. They also inhibited the activation of the microglia. It was also observed through an ultramicroelectron microscope that the structural stability of the NVU has also been repaired. Moreover, natural borneol shows better results in most indicators when compared with synthetic borneol. CONCLUSIONS: Natural borneol showed a stronger effectiveness and had better regulation and neuroprotection on the NVU when compared with synthetic borneol, indicating that it may be better to use natural borneol in the prescription of Chinese patent medicine in clinical practice.

Effect of Coptis chinensis franch and Magnolia officinalis on intestinal flora and intestinal barrier in a TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis rats model.

BACKGROUND: In folk medicine Coptis chinensis Franch (Huanglian in Chinese, HL) and Magnoliae officinalis (Houpo, HP) have been used to treat gastrointestinal disorders over hundreds of years, such as ulcers and inflammation. PURPOSE: To investigate the therapeutic effects of HL and HP on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) rats, and investigated its effect on the intestinal flora of UC rats. METHOD: TNBS 40 mg/kg was utilized to establish UC model. Rats were sacrificed after gavage for 7 days. Body weight loss, disease activity index (DAI), colonic mucosal damage index (CMDI) and histopathology were measured. Intestinal content samples were collected, and analyzed by 16 S rRNA sequencing. Western blot, immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to evaluate the regulation mechanism of HL+HP in UC model rats. RESULTS: The results showed that the DAI score, CMDI score and histological score were significantly decreased in each group. The symptoms of diarrhea, hematochezia, colonic mucosal injury and congestion and edema were improved. Sequencing results of intestinal flora showed that the abundance of probiotics such as Akkermansia and Blautia was increased in HL group and HL+HP group, while probiotics such as Allobaculum and Alloprevotella were increased in HP group. The intestinal pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia-Shigella and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 were decreased. In addition, HL+HP could also inhibit the inflammatory response and protect the integrity of the tight junction to play an anti-UC effect. CONCLUSION: Coptis chinensis Franch and Magnolia officinalis might prevent intestinal barrier damage by regulating intestinal flora imbalance and inhibit the inflammatory response.

d-Borneol enhances cisplatin sensitivity via autophagy dependent EMT signaling and NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy.

BACKGROUND: d-Borneol has been widely used as a drug absorption enhancer, but there are few studies on the anti-resistance ability of d-borneol combined with cisplatin in cisplatin-resistant non-small cell lung cancer cells. Ferroptosis, autophagy and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) have been reported to be associated with drug resistance. PURPOSE: To investigate the molecular mechanisms and sensitizing effects of d-borneol combined with cisplatin to against drug cisplatin resistance from the perspective of ferroptosis, autophagy and EMT resistance. METHODS: H460/CDDP xenograft tumor model was established to verify the antitumor activity and safety in vivo. RNA sequencing was used to predict target molecules and signaling pathways. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were used as marker of ferroptosis, and its level was determined by a dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate fluorescent probe and flow cytometry. Levels of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and thioredoxin (Trx) involved in the balance of oxidative stress were measured by an assay kit or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to assess the regulatory mechanism of EMT markers, autophagy, and ferroptosis signaling pathways. RESULTS: d-Borneol in combination with cisplatin reduced tumor volume and weight, enhanced tumor-inhibiting effects, and alleviated cisplatin-induced damage to the liver and kidney in vivo. RNA-sequencing showed that differentially expressed genes were enriched in ferroptosis. d-Borneol in combination with cisplatin promoted ROS accumulation, increased the content of MDA levels, and decreased GSH, SOD, Trx, and heme oxygenase-1 expression to induce oxidative damage. d-Borneol combination with cisplatin induced ferroptosis by promoting nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4)-mediated ferritinophagy and regulating intracellular iron ion transport via upregulating PRNP and downregulating PCBP2. In addition, d-borneol combined with cisplatin promoted autophagy by upregulating expression of LC3II/ATG5/Beclin-1 and inhibited the EMT by increasing the expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin and decreasing mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin and vimentin) and transcription factors (Snail and ZEB1). CONCLUSION: For the first time, our study implies that d-borneol enhanced cisplatin sensitivity by inducing ferroptosis, promoting autophagy and inhibiting EMT progression, thereby enhancing antitumor activity. It suggests that d-borneol could be developed as a novel chemosensitizers.

Neuroprotective Effect for Cerebral Ischemia by Natural Products: A Review.

Natural products have a significant role in the prevention of disease and boosting of health in humans and animals. Stroke is a disease with high prevalence and incidence, the pathogenesis is a complex cascade reaction. In recent years, it's reported that a vast number of natural products have demonstrated beneficial effects on stroke worldwide. Natural products have been discovered to modulate activities with multiple targets and signaling pathways to exert neuroprotection via direct or indirect effects on enzymes, such as kinases, regulatory receptors, and proteins. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the established pharmacological effects and multiple target mechanisms of natural products for cerebral ischemic injury in vitro and in vivo preclinical models, and their potential neuro-therapeutic applications. In addition, the biological activity of natural products is closely related to their structure, and the structure-activity relationship of most natural products in neuroprotection is lacking, which should be further explored in future. Overall, we stress on natural products for their role in neuroprotection, and this wide band of pharmacological or biological activities has made them suitable candidates for the treatment of stroke.

Progress in Borneol Intervention for Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review.

Background: Borneol is a terpene and bicyclic organic compound that can be extracted from plants or chemically synthesized. As an important component of proprietary Chinese medicine for the treatment of stroke, its neuroprotective effects have been confirmed in many experiments. Unfortunately, there is no systematic review of these studies. This study aimed to systematically examine the neuroprotective effects of borneol in the cascade reaction of experimental ischemic stroke at different periods. Methods: Articles on animal experiments and cell-based research on the actions of borneol against ischemic stroke in the past 20°years were collected from Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and other biomedical databases. Meta-analysis was performed on key indicators in vivo experiments. After sorting the articles, we focused on the neuroprotective effects and mechanism of action of borneol at different stages of cerebral ischemia. Results: Borneol is effective in the prevention and treatment of nerve injury in ischemic stroke. Its mechanisms of action include improvement of cerebral blood flow, inhibition of neuronal excitotoxicity, blocking of Ca2+ overload, and resistance to reactive oxygen species injury in the acute ischemic stage. In the subacute ischemic stage, borneol may antagonize blood-brain barrier injury, intervene in inflammatory reactions, and prevent neuron excessive death. In the late stage, borneol promotes neurogenesis and angiogenesis in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Conclusion: Borneol prevents neuronal injury after cerebral ischemia via multiple action mechanisms, and it can mobilize endogenous nutritional factors to hasten repair and regeneration of brain tissue. Because the neuroprotective effects of borneol are mediated by various therapeutic factors, deficiency caused by a single-target drug is avoided. Besides, borneol promotes other drugs to pass through the blood-brain barrier to exert synergistic therapeutic effects.

Application and advantages of zebrafish model in the study of neurovascular unit.

The concept of "Neurovascular Unit" (NVU) was put forward, so that the research goal of Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases gradually transitioned from a single neuron to the structural and functional integrity of the NVU. Zebrafish has the advantages of high homology with human genes, strong reproductive capacity and visualization of neural circuits, so it has become an emerging model organism for NVU research and has been applied to a variety of CNS diseases. Based on CNKI (https://www.cnki.net/) and PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/about/) databases, the author of this article sorted out the relevant literature, analyzed the construction of a zebrafish model of various CNS diseases，and the use of diagrams showed the application of zebrafish in the NVU, revealed its relationship, which would provide new methods and references for the treatment and research of CNS diseases.

Recent Progress on the Synergistic Antitumor Effect of a Borneol-Modified Nanocarrier Drug Delivery System.

Borneol, a traditional Chinese medicine, can enhance therapeutic efficacy by guiding the active ingredients to the target site. Reportedly, borneol improves the penetration capacity of the nasal, cornea, transdermal, intestinal, and blood-brain barriers. Although nanotechnology dramatically changed the face of oncology by targeting tumor sites, the efficiency of nanoparticles delivered to tumor sites is very low, with only 0.7% of the total particles delivered. Thus, based on the penetration ability and the inhibition drug efflux of borneol, it was expected to increase the targeting and detention efficacy of drugs into tumor sites in nanocarriers with borneol modification. Borneol modified nanocarriers used to improve drug-targeting has become a research focus in recent years, but few studies in this area, especially in the antitumor application. Hence, this review summarizes the recent development of nanocarriers with borneol modification. We focus on the updated works of improving therapeutic efficacy, reducing toxicity, inhibiting tumor metastasis, reversing multidrug resistance, and enhancing brain targeting to expand their application and provide a reference for further exploration of targeting drug delivery systems for solid tumor treatment.

Storax, A Promising Botanical Medicine for Treating Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases: A Review.

In recent years, the incidence and mortality of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases have been increasing year by year, which has become global burden and challenge. Based on the holistic thinking of "brain disease affects the heart" and "heart disease affects the brain," as well as the characteristics of multi-target and multi-path effects of Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine is more advantageous in the treatment of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. As a botanical medicine, storax is known for its resuscitation, filth avoidance and pain-relieving effects in the treatment of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. By reviewing and collating the relevant domestic and international literature in the past 10 years, we have sorted out an overview of the medicinal parts, traditional uses and chemical composition of storax. For the first time, based on the idea of "cerebral and cardiac simultaneous treatment," the pharmacological activities and mechanisms of heart and brain protection of storax for treating cardio-cerebrovascular diseases were summarized and analyzed, showing that storax has the pharmacological effects of anti-cerebral ischemia, regulation of blood-brain barrier, bidirectional regulation of the central nervous system, anti-myocardial ischemia, anti-arrhythmia, anti-thrombosis and anti-platelet aggregation. It mainly exerts its protective effects on the brain and heart through mechanisms such as inhibition of inflammatory immune factors, anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis, pro-neovascularization and regulation of NO release. On the basis of the current findings and limitations, the future research strategies and perspectives of storax are proposed, with a view to providing a reference for further application and development of this medicine, as well as contributing new thoughts and visions for the clinical application of "treating brain-heart synchronously".

l-Borneol Exerted the Neuroprotective Effect by Promoting Angiogenesis Coupled With Neurogenesis via Ang1-VEGF-BDNF Pathway.

At present, Stroke is still one of the leading causes of population death worldwide and leads to disability. Traditional Chinese medicine plays an important role in the prevention or treatment of stroke. l-borneol, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been used in China to treat stroke for thousands of years. However, its mechanism of action is unclear. After cerebral ischemia, promoting angiogenesis after cerebral ischemia and providing nutrition for the infarct area is an important strategy to improve the damage in the ischemic area, but it is also essential to promote neurogenesis and replenish new neurons. Here, our research shows that l-borneol can significantly improve the neurological deficits of pMCAO model rats, reduce cerebral infarction, and improve the pathological damage of cerebral ischemia. and significantly increase serum level of Ang-1 and VEGF, and significantly decrease level of ACE and Tie2 to promote angiogenesis. PCR and WB showed the same results. Immunohistochemistry also showed that l-borneol can increase the number of CD34 positive cells, further verifying that l-borneol can play a neuroprotective effect by promoting angiogenesis after cerebral ischemia injury. In addition, l-borneol can significantly promote the expression level of VEGF, BDNF and inhibit the expression levels of TGF-ß1 and MMP9 to promote neurogenesis. The above suggests that l-borneol can promote angiogenesis coupled neurogenesis by regulating Ang1-VEGF-BDNF to play a neuroprotective effect. Molecular docking also shows that l-borneol has a very high binding rate with the above target, which further confirmed the target of l-borneol to improve cerebral ischemic injury. These results provide strong evidence for the treatment of cerebral ischemia with l-borneol and provide reference for future research.

Animal models of cerebral ischemia: A review.

Stroke seriously threatens human health because of its characteristics of high morbidity, disability, recurrence, and mortality, thus representing a heavy financial and mental burden to affected families and society. Many preclinical effective drugs end in clinical-translation failure. Animal models are an important approach for studying diseases and drug effects, and play a central role in biomedical research. Some details about animal models of cerebral ischemia have not been published, such as left-/right-sided lesions or permanent cerebral ischemia/cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. In this review, ischemia in the left- and right-hemisphere in patients with clinical stroke and preclinical studies were compared for the first time, as were the mechanisms of permanent cerebral ischemia and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in different phases of the disease. The results showed that stroke in the left hemisphere was more common in clinical patients, and that most patients with stroke failed to achieve successful recanalization. Significant differences were detected between permanent cerebral ischemia and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion models in the early, subacute, and recovery phases. Therefore, it is recommended that, with the exception of the determined experimental purpose or drug mechanism, left-sided permanent cerebral ischemia animal models should be prioritized, as they would be more in line with the clinical scenario and would promote clinical translation. In addition, other details regarding the preoperative management, surgical procedures, and postoperative care of these animals are provided, to help establish a precise, effective, and reproducible model of cerebral ischemia model and establish a reference for researchers in this field.

Neuroprotection of benzoinum in cerebral ischemia model rats via the ACE-AngI-VEGF pathway.

AIMS: Stroke is a devastating event with a limited choice of intervention. Benzoinum is frequently used to treat stroke in traditional Chinese medicine. Our team has found that the neuroprotection of benzoinum may related to angiogenesis, but the exact biological mechanism is unclear. The objective of this study was to explore its biological mechanism of angiogenesis in cerebral ischemia model rats. MAIN METHODS: First, network pharmacology and molecular docking were performed to predict the possible targets and mechanisms of benzoinum in treating ischemic stroke. The best dose was then selected according to pharmacodynamic indexes such as those for neurological deficit, cerebral infarction rate, and brain histopathology in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model rats. Finally, RT-PCR, Western Blot and immunohistochemical analysis were applied to verify the prediction results from molecular docking. KEY FINDINGS: Network pharmacology and molecular docking demonstrated that the targets of treating cerebral ischemia were PDE4D, ACE and TTR, and the mechanism may be related to the ACE-AngI-VEGF signaling pathway. Experimental verification results suggested that 0.50 g/kg and 1.00 g/kg benzoinum could significantly protect against neurological deficit and reduce cerebral infarction rate in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in MCAO model rats. At an optimal dose, benzoinum could significantly up-regulate VEGF, SHH and ANG-1, yet down-regulate ACE expression in MCAO model rats. SIGNIFICANCE: Balsamic acid is the active ingredient of benzoinum that protects against ischemic stroke and the possible mechanism is related to the promotion of angiogenesis via regulating ACE-AngI-VEGF pathway.