Ultrasound Combined with Microbubbles Enhances the Effects of Methylprednisolone in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Human Mesangial Cells.

A novel drug delivery system mediated by ultrasound (US) combined with microbubbles (MBs) (US+MB) could improve local drug concentration to enhance its efficacy. To investigate the influence of US+MB on methylprednisolone (MP), the effect of US+MB combined with MP (US+MB+MP) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced human mesangial cells (HMCs) and the underlying mechanism were explored in this study. The results revealed that HMCs treated with LPS underwent significant proliferation and exhibited an increase in nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) and transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) expression and a decrease in cellular apoptosis. This effect was significantly inhibited by MP (30-100 µg/ml), US combined with MBs (3.22 × 107 and 8.05 × 107 bubbles/ml), and US combined with both MBs (1.29 × 107 bubbles/ml) and MP (12 µg/ml) (US+MB1+MP12). The effect of US+MB1+MP12 was better than the effect of 12 µg/ml of MP alone and was similar to the effect of 100 µg/ml of MP. Additionally, the intracellular free MP content was significantly higher in the US+MB1+MP12 group than in the MP12 group. US combined with MBs not only inhibited LPS-induced HMC proliferation and NF-κB and TGF-ß1 expression and increased cellular apoptosis but also synergized with the pharmacologic effect of MP. The mechanism is partially due to the US-assisted MB local drug delivery and the anti-inflammatory effect induced by US combined with MBs.

The ultrasound contrast imaging properties of lipid microbubbles loaded with urokinase in dog livers and their thrombolytic effects when combined with low-frequency ultrasound in vitro.

A new microbubble loaded with urokinase (uPA-MB) was explored in a previous study. However, its zeta potential and ultrasound contrast imaging properties and its thrombolytic effects when combined with low-frequency ultrasound (LFUS) were unclear. The zeta potential and ultrasound contrast imaging property of 5 uPA-MBs loading with 50,000 IU uPA was respectively detected using a Malvern laser particle analyzer and a Logiq 9 digital premium ultrasound system. Its ultrasound contrast imaging property was performed on the livers of two healthy dogs to compare with SonoVue. And the clot mass loss rate, D-dimer concentration and surface morphology of the clot residues were measured to evaluate the thrombolytic effect after treatment with three doses of 5 uPA-MBs combined with LFUS in vitro. The zeta potential of 5 uPA-MBs (-27.0 ± 2.40 mV) was higher than that of normal microbubbles (-36.95 ± 1.77 mV). Contrast-enhanced imaging of the hepatic vessels using 5 uPA-MBs was similar to SonoVue, while the imaging duration of 5 uPA-MBs (10 min) was longer than SonoVue (6 min). The thrombolytic effect of three doses of uPA-MBs combined with LFUS was significantly better than that of the control group and showed dose dependence. The 5 uPA-MBs have a negative charge on their surface and good echogenicity as ultrasound contrast agents. The 5 uPA-MBs combined with LFUS can promote thrombolysis in a dose-dependent manner.

The antitumor effect of a new docetaxel-loaded microbubble combined with low-frequency ultrasound in vitro: preparation and parameter analysis.

PURPOSE: To develop a novel docetaxel (DOC)-loaded lipid microbubbles (MBs) for achieving target therapy and overcoming the poor water-solubility drawback of DOC. METHODS: A novel DOC-loaded microbubble (DOC + MB) was prepared by lyophilization and the physicochemical properties including ultrasound contrast imaging of the liver were measured. The anti-tumor effect of the DOC + MBs combined with low-frequency ultrasound (LFUS; 0.8 Hz, 2.56 W/cm², 50% cycle duty) on the DLD-1 cancer cell line was examined using an MTT assay. RESULTS: The physicochemical properties of the two tested formats of DOC + MBs (1.0 mg and 1.6 mg) was shown: concentration, (6.74 ± 0.02) × 108 bubbles/mL and (8.27 ± 0.15) × 108 bubbles/mL; mean size, 3.296 ± 0.004 µm and 3.387 ± 0.005 µm; pH value, 6.67 ± 0.11 and 6.56 ± 0.05; release rate, 3.41% and 12.50%; Zeta potential, -37.95 ± 7.84 mV and -44.35 ± 8.70 mV; and encapsulation efficiency, 54.9 ± 6.21% and 46.3 ± 5.69%, respectively. Compared with SonoVue, the DOC + MBs similarly enhanced the echo signal of the liver imaging. The anti-tumor effect of the DOC + MBs/LFUS group was significantly better than that of DOC alone and that of the normal MBs/LFUS groups. CONCLUSIONS: The self-made DOC + MBs have potential as a new ultrasound contrast agent and drug-loaded microbubble, and can obviously enhance the antitumor effect of DOC under LFUS exposure.

Uremic anorexia and gastrointestinal motility dysfunction correlate with the changes of ghrelin system in hypothalamus.

AIM: Ghrelin can act as a signal for meal initiation and play a role in the regulation of gastrointestinal (GI) motility via hypothalamic circuit. This study investigated the correlation between changes of hypothalamic ghrelin system and GI motility dysfunction and anorexia in rats with chronic renal failure (CRF). METHODS: Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (male/female 1:1, 180 ± 20 g) were randomly classified into a CRF group and control group (n = 8 per group). 5/6 nephrectomy was used to construct the CRF model. When plasma creatinine concentration (PCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in the CRF group were twice higher than the normal, food intake (g/24 h) and gastrointestinal interdigestive myoelectric complex (IMC) were detected. Then all rats were killed for assessment of the mRNA expression of ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) in hypothalamus using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Analysis of variance, Student-Newman-Keuls-q-test and Correlation Analysis were used to do statistical analysis. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, the CRF group was obviously decreased in the food intake (g/24 h), the phase III duration and amplitude and the ghrelin and GHS-R expression in the hypothalamus (P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between them (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Changes of ghrelin and GHS-R in the hypothalamus correlate with gastrointestinal motility dysfunction and anorexia in rats with CRF.

Thrombolytic effects of a combined therapy with targeted microbubbles and ultrasound in a 6 h cerebral thrombosis rabbit model.

Our previous study has shown that P1 polypeptide-loaded microbubbles (clot-targeted microbubbles, TMB) are effective for thrombolysis and recanalization in a 0.5 h cerebral thrombosis rabbit model when combined with low-frequency ultrasound (LFUS, 0.8 MHz). However, the thrombolytic effects of TMB combined with LFUS are still unclear in a 6 h cerebral thrombosis rabbit model, which closely resembles human embolic stroke. Aiming to extend the 3 h therapeutic window limitation of thrombolytic drugs, a 6 h cerebral thrombosis model of common carotid artery (CCA) occlusion was induced in rabbits, and thrombolysis using TMB by intra-arterial (IA) and intravenous (IV) application combined with LFUS was then compared to untargeted microbubbles (UTMB) and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). The patency score and thrombolysis in brain ischemia (TIBI) in IA TMB combined with LFUS (IA TMB/LFUS) were significantly higher compared to the IA normal saline control with LFUS (IA SC/LFUS) (both P < 0.05) and IA UTMB plus LFUS (IA UTMB/LFUS) (both P < 0.05), respectively. The recanalization rate in the IA TMB/LFUS group (66.67%) was significantly higher compared to the IA SC/LFUS group (12.50%, P < 0.05). The patency score, TIBI and recanalization rate of IA TMB/LFUS were higher than in the IV TMB/LFUS group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups, which was similar to the infarction ratio. TMB/LFUS is an effective and safe therapy for thrombolysis in a 6 h cerebral thrombosis rabbit model, and the IA TMB/LFUS group was slightly better than the IV TMB/LFUS group.

Chronic renal failure impacts the expression of ghrelin and its receptor in hypothalamus and hippocampus.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Ghrelin plays a central role in the regulation of gastrointestinal (GI) motility. This study aimed to investigate the expression of ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) in the central nervous system of rats with chronic renal failure (CRF). METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats (male, 180 ± 20 g, n = 24) were treated by 5/6 nephrectomy to construct CRF model. As their plasma creatinine concentration and blood urea nitrogen were maintained more than double the normal level for 2 weeks, they were killed for assessing the expression of ghrelin and GHSR in hypothalamus and hippocampus using immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The rats (male, 180 ± 20 g, n = 24) treated by Sham operation served as a control. One-way analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Keuls q test were used to analyze group difference and a p-value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: Compared with the controls, the ghrelin and GHSR expression was obviously increased in the hippocampus (p < 0.05) but decreased in the hypothalamus of rats with CRF (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: CRF was found to impact the expression of ghrelin and GHSR in hypothalamus and hippocampus. This might be associated with the CRF-induced GI motility dysfunction.

Developing a system for regulating expression of human hepatocyte growth factor using tetracycline in NRK52E cells.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a target of gene therapy for renal fibrosis. The aim of this study was to establish a human HGF gene expression system that is regulated by tetracycline (Tet) in normal rat kidney tubular epithelial cells (NRK52E cells). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The plasmids pTet-on, pBI-L-HGF and pTK-Hyg were transfected sequentially into NRK52E cells using Lipofectamine 2000. The expression of HGF gene was measured, and the activity of expressed HGF was detected. RESULTS: A clone of pBI-L-HGF/NRK52E cells showing strong reaction to doxycycline (Dox) was selected using a luciferase reporter assay system. The expression of both HGF mRNA and protein was significantly higher (both p < 0.01) in the Dox group than that in the control group. Furthermore, the bioactivity of expressed HGF was confirmed in the assay. CONCLUSIONS: A Tet-regulated human HGF gene expression system in NRK52E cells has been established. This cell line may prove useful for gene therapy against renal fibrosis.

[Podocyte injury and expression of nephrin and VEGF in rat nephrosis model induced by adriamycin].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate podocyte injury and the expression of nephrin and VEGF in rat nephrosis model induced by adriamycin. METHODS: The rat adriamycin induced nephrosis model was established, while the biochemical indicators in blood and urine were measured and the pathological changes of the renal tissue were evaluated by light microscope and electron microscope. The podocyte number was counted, and the expression levels of nephrin, VEGF were examined at different time by means of immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: After second injected with adriamycin,the model group nephrin presented a weak signal in the end of the first week (P < 0.05), and the expression of VEGF started to increase at the end of the eighth week (P < 0.05). The podocyte number decreased at the end of the eighth week (P < 0.05). The expression of nephrin and the number of podocyte were negatively correlated with the 24-hour urine protein, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine; while the expression of VEGF was positively correlated with the 24-hour urine protein, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine. CONCLUSION: The decrease of nephrin expression and the change of its distribution might be the significant factors resulting in considerable proteinuria. VEGF participated in the process of proteinuria and glomerular sclerosis in the development of rat adriamycin nephrosis.

Intranasal Immunization Using Mannatide as a Novel Adjuvant for an Inactivated Influenza Vaccine and Its Adjuvant Effect Compared with MF59.

Intranasal vaccination is more potent than parenteral injection for the prevention of influenza. However, because the poor efficiency of antigen uptake across the nasal mucosa is a key issue, immunostimulatory adjuvants are essential for intranasal vaccines. The immunomodulator mannatide or polyactin (PA) has been used for the clinical treatment of impaired immunity in China, but its adjuvant effect on an inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (ITIV) via intranasal vaccination is unclear. To explore the adjuvant effect of PA, an inactivated trivalent influenza virus with or without PA or MF59 was instilled intranasally once a week in BALB/c mice. Humoral immunity was assessed by both the ELISA and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) methods using antigen-specific antibodies. Splenic lymphocyte proliferation and the IFN-γ level were measured to evaluate cell-mediated immunity. The post-vaccination serum HI antibody geometric mean titers (GMTs) for the H1N1 and H3N2 strains, antigen-specific serum IgG and IgA GMTs, mucosal SIgA GMT, splenic lymphocyte proliferation, and IFN-γ were significantly increased in the high-dose PA-adjuvanted vaccine group. The seroconversion rate and the mucosal response for the H3N2 strain were significantly elevated after high-dose PA administration. These adjuvant effects of high-dose PA for the influenza vaccine were comparable with those of the MF59 adjuvant, and abnormal signs or pathological changes were not found in the evaluated organs. In conclusion, PA is a novel mucosal adjuvant for intranasal vaccination with the ITIV that has safe and effective mucosal adjuvanticity in mice and successfully induces both serum and mucosal antibody responses and a cell-mediated response.

Overexpression of the transcription factor ATF3 with a regulatory molecular signature associates with the pathogenic development of colorectal cancer.

The identification of novel biomarkers of cancer is important for improved diagnosis and prognosis. With an abundant amount of resources in the publicly available database, such as the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, an integrative strategy is used to systematically characterize the aberrant patterns of colorectal cancer (CRC) based on RNA-Seq, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq), tissue microarray (TMA), gene profiling and molecular signatures. The expression of the transcription factor ATF3 was elevated in human CRC specimens in a TMA by immunochemistry analysis compared to the adjacent normal tissues. In addition, ATF3 overexpression associated with a regulatory molecular signature, and its functions are related to the pathogenic development of CRC. Furthermore, putative ATF3 regulatory elements were identified within the promoters of ATF3 target genes and were confirmed by ChIP-Seq. Critically, in higher ATF3 expression cell lines (HCT116 and RKO) with CRISPR/Cas9 mediated ATF3 knock out, we are able to show that ATF3 target genes such as CEACAM1, DUSP14, HDC, HLF and ULBP2, are required for invasion and proliferation, and they are robustly linked with poor prognosis in CRC. Our findings have important implications for CRC tumorigenesis and may be exploited for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

The Effect of Docetaxel-Loaded Micro-Bubbles Combined with Low-Frequency Ultrasound in H22 Hepatocellular Carcinoma-Bearing Mice.

A novel lipid micro-bubble (MB) loaded with docetaxel (DOC-MB) was investigated in a previous study. However, its anti-tumor effects and mechanism of action in combination with low-frequency ultrasound (LFUS) in vivo are still unclear. DOC-MBs containing 5.0 mg of DOC were prepared by lyophilization with modification via ultrasonic emulsification. Then, the effects of DOC-MBs combined with LFUS on tumor growth, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression and cell apoptosis, as well as local DOC delivery, were investigated in H22 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-bearing mice. Compared with the previously prepared DOC-MBs (1.6 mg of DOC loaded), the encapsulation efficiency (81.2% ± 3.89%) and concentration ([7.94 ± 0.04] × 10(9) bubbles/mL) of the DOC-MBs containing 5.0 mg of DOC were higher, but the bubble size (1.368 ± 0.004 µm) was smaller. After treatment with the DOC-MBs and LFUS, the H22 HCC growth inhibition rate was significantly increased, PCNA expression in tumor tissue was significantly inhibited and local release of DOC was induced. In conclusion, new DOC-MBs containing 5.0 mg of DOC were successfully prepared with a high encapsulation efficiency and superior bubble size and concentration, and their combination with LFUS significantly enhanced the anti-tumor effect of DOC in H22 HCC-bearing mice by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and increasing local drug delivery.

Preventive and therapeutic effects of sodium bicarbonate on melamine-induced bladder stones in mice.

The actual preventive and therapeutic effects of alkalinizing urine on melamine-induced bladder stones (cystolith) are not completely known. Using an ideal model, two experiments were conducted in Balb/c mice. The mice were fed a normal diet in controls and a melamine diet in the other groups. The first day was set as experiment-day 1. In "Experiment 1", either low-/mid-/high-dose sodium bicarbonate (SB) or sterile water was administered by intragastric perfusion (once daily) to the mice for 14 days. Relative to the model group, the mean pH of the urine in the SB groups was significantly elevated at 3 h after SB administration, with a significant decrease in cystolith incidence on experiment-day 14. In "Experiment 2", on experiment-day 12, the melamine diet was replaced by a normal diet in 4 groups with melamine withdrawal (MW). Meanwhile, either mid-/high-dose SB or sterile water was administered by intragastric perfusion (once) to the mice in the corresponding groups. On experiment-day 12, after an additional 8 h, the cystolith incidence was significantly reduced in the high-SB, MW + mid-SB and MW + high-SB groups than in the model group. In conclusion, low urinary pH is one of the main determinants of the formation of melamine-associated stones, urinary alkalinization can be achieved by a proper dose of oral SB, and SB acts to prevent and treat melamine-induced cystoliths in mice.

Antithrombotic effect of Z4A5 on coronary thrombosis in a canine model of acute unstable angina.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor is the final common pathway of platelet aggregation, regardless of the agonist, and thus represents an ideal therapeutic target for blocking coronary thrombosis. In this study, the anti-platelet and antithrombotic actions of Z4A5, a new glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor, were evaluated in a canine model of acute unstable angina. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Z4A5 was given i.v. as a bolus followed by 60 min of continuous infusion at doses of 30 µg·kg⁻¹ + 1 µg·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹, 30 µg·kg⁻¹ + 5 µg·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹ or 300 µg·kg⁻¹ + 5 µg·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹. Its antithrombotic effect was evaluated in a model of coronary thrombosis, the injured, stenosed left circumflex coronary artery, in which platelet-dependent cyclic flow reductions (CFRs) were induced by vascular compression and constriction to simulate clinical acute unstable angina. Platelet aggregation and coagulation parameters were determined in platelet-rich plasma and platelet poor plasma respectively. KEY RESULTS: The Z4A5 infusion induced a dose-dependent reduction in CFR frequency, which returned to baseline levels after the termination of the infusion at low doses. At medium dose that inhibited most part of platelet aggregation, it increased tongue bleeding time marginally with no dramatic changes in haemodynamic and coagulation parameters. Furthermore, the inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation and prolonged bleeding time observed during Z4A5 infusion reverted to baseline levels after the termination of the infusion. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Z4A5 is an effective antithrombotic agent for coronary artery thrombosis with a rapid-on and rapid-off pharmacological profile, and could be used as an alternative treatment of coronary artery ischaemic syndromes.

A novel anti-platelet peptide (Z4A5) potential for glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibits platelet aggregation.

INTRODUCTION: Z4A5 is a novel peptide that inhibits platelet aggregation and formation of platelet thrombi, but the mechanism of its anti-platelet effects remains unknown. This study explores the anti-platelet effect and mechanism of Z4A5. METHODS: We investigated the anti-platelet activity of Z4A5 on platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), arachidonic acid (AA) and thrombin (TH) in human platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Fibrinogen and PAC-1 binding to glycoproteinIIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) were measured by flow cytometry. In addition, we investigated the integrin specificity of Z4A5 in attachment and detachment assays using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and assessed the relative cell number using the MTT assay. RESULTS: In vitro, Z4A5 inhibited ADP-, AA- and TH-induced human platelet aggregation with IC(50) values of 0.46 ± 0.05 µM (n = 10), 0.23 ± 0.0 5 µM (n = 10) and 0.21 ± 0.02 µM (n = 10), respectively. Z4A5 inhibited fibrinogen, and PAC-1 bound to platelet GPIIb/IIIa with IC(50) values of 0.48 ± 0.07 µM (n = 8) and 0.63 ± 0.12 µM (n = 6), respectively. Z4A5 failed to inhibit α(V)ß(3) integrin-mediated HUVEC attachment to vitronectin and did not cause any significant detachment of HUVEC monolayer when compared with the controls. CONCLUSIONS: Z4A5 is a potential anti-platelet drug that inhibits fibrinogen binding to GPIIb/IIIa, but does not affect the structurally similar integrin α(V)ß(3).

The natural outcome of melamine-induced bladder stones with bladder epithelial hyperplasia after the withdrawal of melamine in mice.

The natural outcome of melamine-induced bladder stones (cystoliths) with bladder epithelial hyperplasia (BEH) after melamine withdrawn is unclear. Using an ideal dual-model system, three experiments were conducted in BALB/c mice. Each experiment included a control, model 1 and model 2 groups. The mice were fed a regular diet in controls or a 9373 ppm melamine diet in models, and the first day was designated as dosing day 1. The melamine diet was then replaced by the regular diet in the model 2 groups, and the first day was designated as post-dosing day 1. On dosing days 12, 35 and 49, the incidence of cystoliths and diffusely active BEH was 8/8 in the mice of three model 1 groups. On post-dosing days 1, 4 and 8, in the mice of three model 2 groups, the incidence of cystoliths was 2/8, 0/8 and 1/8, respectively, and the progressive regression of BEH was observed. In conclusion, both the stones and BEH have the natural property of rapid development and rapid regression, and melamine withdrawn plays a key role in the stone dissolution-discharge necessary for BEH regression. BEH may be reversible after the discharge of the stones. The conventionally conservative therapy is thus reasonable.

The rapid establishment and implications of a melamine-induced standardized bladder stone model in mice.

The key to establishing a standardized melamine-induced animal bladder stone (cystolith) model is to determine the most appropriate daily dose of dietary melamine, which is unknown. Based on golden section theory that is a well-known preferred proportion (0.618), and the 50% lethal dose (LD50) of mouse oral melamine [4550 mg/kg body weight (bw)], we proposed that the daily dose may be close to the LD50's golden section (i.e., 0.618 × 4550 mg melamine/kg bw). The latter as an average daily dose corresponds to 9373 ppm melamine diet in mice. In repeated experiments, a 100% incidence of cystoliths was observed on modeling day 14 in Balb/c and C57BL/6 mice fed the diet but not in mice fed similar diets containing 9842 (i.e., 9373 × 105%) or 8904 (i.e., 9373 × 95%) ppm melamine; the stones were relatively uniform and the difference in stone incidences between sexes or ages was not found in each 9373 ppm melamine group. In conclusion, 9373 ppm melamine diet is at least near the optimal dose diet or ideal for the rapid and stable establishment of a standardized cystolith model in the mice, and dietary melamine dose neither sex nor age is critical for stone formation.

Antithrombotic activity of Z4A5, a new platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist evaluated in a rabbit arteriovenous shunt thrombosis model.

INTRODUCTION: The antithrombotic effect of the glycopreotein IIb/IIIa (GP IIb/IIIa) receptor antagonist Z4A5, exert alone or combination with heparin, and/or aspirin, was examined in a rabbit arteriovenous shunt thrombosis model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thrombosis was induced by the insertion of a silk thread (thrombogenic substrate) into an extracorporeal shunt. Before and after drug administration (0, 5, and 15 min), ex vivo adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation and coagulation parameters (prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)) were determined in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet poor-plasma (PPP), respectively. RESULTS: Our data demonstrated that, compared to the control, Z4A5 decreased the thrombus weight (31-65%) in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation (47-98%) 5 min after Z4A5 administration (25-100 mg/kg). However, PT and APTT remained stable, even at the highest dose (100 mg/kg). Heparin (100 U/kg) and aspirin (15 mg/kg) also significantly reduced thrombus mass, but this effect was accompanied by an increase of APTT by heparin. Furthermore, the combination of heparin (100 U/kg) and a low dose of Z4A5 (25 mg/kg) failed to produce an additional benefit beyond that provided by heparin or Z4A5 alone, whereas Z4A5 (25 mg/kg) plus aspirin (15 mg/kg) potentiated the antithrombotic effects of both compounds without further increasing the values of coagulation. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that Z4A5 is an effective antithrombotic agent with no significant effects on values of coagulation. Furthermore, Z4A5 can potentiate these antithrombotic effects when prescribed with aspirin.

The preparation of a new self-made microbubble-loading urokinase and its thrombolysis combined with low-frequency ultrasound in vitro.

Urokinase (uPA) is used widely for thrombosis therapy in the clinic. However, ways to minimize its adverse effect of hemorrhage are still being studied. As a new technique for the local delivery of genes and drugs, ultrasound (US) contrast agents, microbubbles (MBs), have been mentioned. The purpose of this study is to explore a more efficacious and safer thrombolytic method by preparing three groups of self-made microbubble-loading uPA (uPA-MBs) (1 uPA-MBs, 5 uPA-MBs and 10 uPA-MBs) using freeze-drying methods and measuring their thrombolysis when combined in vitro with low-frequency US. The results showed the mean concentration, mean diameter, pH value and encapsulation efficiency of uPA of the three groups of uPA-MBs were approximately 2.08-2.82 × 10(8)/mL, ∼3.13 µm, 6.89-6.99 and from (78.08% ± 0.57%) to (57.23% ± 0.94%), respectively. Under US exposure, the loaded uPA demonstrated bioactivity by agarose fibrin plate and in vitro thrombolysis of the three uPA-MBs also showed higher effects than in the group of those who received uPA-MBs alone, the control group or the US group. In conclusion, the physiochemical properties of these self-made uPA-MBs are suitable for intravenous administration but 1 uPA-MB and 5 uPA-MBs are better than 10 uPA-MBs. uPA-MBs combined with US can decrease the in vitro dosage of uPA for thrombolysis.

[Construction and identification of tetracycline-inducible human hepatocyte growth factor eukaryotic expression vector].

OBJECTIVE: To construct a tetracycline-inducible eukaryotic expression vector containing human hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) cDNA. METHODS: Human HGF cDNA fragment was obtained by PCR from pUC-SRalpha/HGF plasmid and inserted into the restriction site between Mlu I and Sal I of the tetracycline-inducible eukaryotic expression vector pBI-L. pBI-L-HGF was constructed by DNA recombination in vitro, and was identified by restriction endonucleases digestion and sequencing. RESULTS: The fragment of pBI-L-HGF digested with restriction endonucleases well corresponded to expectation, and the sequence of inserted HGF cDNA was correct according to the GenBank. CONCLUSION: The tetracycline-inducible eukaryotic expression vector of human HGF pBI-L-HGF has been constructed successfully, which allows further study of HGF gene therapy with much safety and easy manipulation.

[Construction and identification of tetracycline-inducible rat Smad7 eukaryotic expression vector].

OBJECTIVE: To construct a tetracycline-inducible eukaryotic expression vector of rat Smad7. METHODS: The total RNA was extracted from normal rat kidney with Trizol agent. Rat Smad7 cDNA fragment was cloned by RT-PCR, and was inserted into the restriction site between Nhe I and Hind III of the inducible eukaryotic expression vector pBI-L by tetracycline. pBI-L-Smad7 was constructed by digestion and ligation, and detected by restriction endonuclease digestion and sequencing. RESULTS: The recombinant eukaryotic expression vector pBI-L-Smad7 was constructed correctly as confirmed by restriction endonuclease digestion and sequencing. The fragment of pBI-L-Smad7 digested with restriction endonucleases and the sequence of inserted Smad7 cDNA were consistent with the results of theoretical analysis. CONCLUSION: The tetracycline- inducible eukaryotic expression vector of rat Smad7, pBI-L-Smad7, is constructed successfully, which may facilitate further clinical study of Smad7 gene therapy for tissue and organ fibrosis.