The Influence of Warm-Up on Body Temperature and Strength Performance in Brazilian National-Level Paralympic Powerlifting Athletes.

Background and Objectives: The effects of warm-up in athletic success have gained strong attention in recent studies. There is, however, a wide gap in awareness of the warm-up process to be followed, especially in Paralympic powerlifting (PP) athletes. This study aimed to analyze different types of warm-up on the physical performance of PP athletes. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 12 elite Brazilian PP male athletes (age, 24.14 ± 6.21 years; bodyweight, 81.67 ± 17.36 kg). The athletes performed maximum isometric force (MIF), rate of force development (RFD), and speed test (Vmax) in three different methods of warm-up. Tympanic temperature was used to estimate the central body temperature. Results: A significant difference was observed for MIF in the without warm-up (WW) condition in relation to the traditional warm-up (TW) and stretching warm-up (SW) (p = 0.005, η2p = 0.454, high effect). On the contrary, no significant differences were observed in RFD, fatigue index (FI) and time in the different types of warm up (p > 0.05). Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in relation to the maximum repetition (p = 0.121, η2p = 0.275, medium effect) or the maximum speed (p = 0.712, η2p = 0.033, low effect) between the different types of warm up. In relation to temperature, significant differences were found for the TW in relation to the "before" and "after" conditions. In addition, differences were found between WW in the "after" condition and SW. In addition, WW demonstrated a significant difference in relation to TW in the "10 min later" condition (F = 26.87, p = 0.05, η2p = 0.710, high effect). Conclusions: The different types of warm-up methods did not seem to provide significant differences in the force indicators in elite PP athletes.

Comparative study of the pro-atherosclerotic profile of students of medicine and physical education.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have demonstrated a strong association between physical activity, low level of cardiorespiratory fitness and the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. OBJECTIVE: Compare the level of physical activity, level of cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular risk in students of medicine and physical education. METHODS: At the first phase, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to quantify the physical activity level of 126 students from the 7th and 8th semesters of the physical education and medicine courses. At the second phase, 40 students were randomly selected (20 from each course) to undergo cardiovascular risk assessment and cardiorespiratory fitness. The following data were assessed 1) arterial pressure; 2) body mass index (BMI); 3) percentage of fat (electrical bioimpedance); 4) abdominal circumference (AC); 5) laboratory biochemical assessment; and 6) cardiorespiratory fitness (Kline's Test). RESULTS: The comparison of students of medicine and physical education, respectively, showed a higher frequency of individuals presenting: low level of physical activity (55% vs 15.0%; p = 0.008); pre-hypertension measured by SAP (80% vs 25.0%; p = 0.000) and by DAP (45% vs 5.0%; p = 0.003); overweight (50% vs 10.0%; p = 0.006); increased abdominal circumference (25% vs 0.0%; p = 0.017); increased total cholesterol (165 +/- 28 vs 142 +/- 28 mg/dl; p = 0.015); increased LDL-c (99 +/- 27 vs 81 +/- 23 mg/dl; p = 0.026); increased glycemia (81 +/- 8.0 vs 75 +/- 7.0 mg/dl; p = 0.013); lower cardiorespiratory fitness (48 +/- 8.0 vs 56 +/- 7.0 ml/kg/min; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Students of medicine presented lower levels of physical activity practice, lower level of cardiorespiratory fitness and higher frequency of cardiovascular risk factors, when compared to Physical Education students.

Estudo comparativo do perfil pró-aterosclerótico de estudantes de medicina e de educação física / Comparative study of the pro-atherosclerotic profile of students of medicine and physical education

FUNDAMENTO: Estudos recentes indicam forte associação entre inatividade física, baixo nível de condicionamento cardiorrespiratório e presença de fatores de risco cardiovascular. OBJETIVO: Comparar o nível de atividade física, o nível de condicionamento cardiorrespiratório e o risco cardiovascular entre estudantes de medicina e de educação física. MÉTODOS: Em uma primeira etapa aplicou-se o International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) para quantificar a atividade física em 126 alunos dos 7os e 8os períodos dos cursos de educação física e medicina. Em uma segunda etapa, selecionou-se, por intermédio de randomização, 40 alunos, 20 de cada curso, para avaliação de fatores de risco cardiovascular e avaliação do condicionamento cardiorrespiratório. Foram mensurados: 1) pressão arterial; 2) índice de massa corpórea (IMC); 3) percentual de gordura (bioimpedância elétrica); 4) circunferência de cintura (CC); 5) testes bioquímicos laboratoriais; e 6) condicionamento cardiorrespiratório (Teste de Kline). RESULTADOS: Comparando estudantes de medicina a estudantes de educação física, respectivamente, foi observada maior frequência de indivíduos apresentando: baixo nível de atividade física (55 por cento vs 15,0 por cento; p = 0,008); pré-hipertensão pela PAS (80 por cento vs 25,0 por cento; p = 0,000) e pela PAD (45 por cento vs 5,0 por cento; p = 0,003); sobrepeso (50 por cento vs 10,0 por cento; p = 0,006); circunferência de cintura aumentada (25 por cento vs 0,0 por cento; p = 0,017); colesterol total elevado (165 ± 28 vs 142 ± 28 mg/dl; p = 0,015); LDLc elevado (99 ± 27 vs 81 ± 23 mg/dl; p = 0,026); glicemia elevada (81 ± 8,0 vs 75 ± 7,0 mg/dl; p = 0,013); menor condicionamento cardiorrespiratório (48 ± 8,0 vs 56 ± 7,0 ml/kg/min; p = 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Estudantes de medicina apresentam menor quantitativo de prática de atividade física, menor nível de condicionamento cardiorrespiratório e maior frequência dos fatores de risco cardiovascular, ...

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have demonstrated a strong association between physical activity, low level of cardiorespiratory fitness and the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. OBJECTIVE: Compare the level of physical activity, level of cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular risk in students of medicine and physical education. METHODS: At the first phase, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to quantify the physical activity level of 126 students from the 7th and 8th semesters of the physical education and medicine courses. At the second phase, 40 students were randomly selected (20 from each course) to undergo cardiovascular risk assessment and cardiorespiratory fitness. The following data were assessed 1) arterial pressure; 2) body mass index (BMI); 3) percentage of fat (electrical bioimpedance); 4) abdominal circumference (AC); 5) laboratory biochemical assessment; and 6) cardiorespiratory fitness (Kline's Test). RESULTS: The comparison of students of medicine and physical education, respectively, showed a higher frequency of individuals presenting: low level of physical activity (55 percent vs 15.0 percent; p = 0.008); pre-hypertension measured by SAP (80 percent vs 25.0 percent; p = 0.000) and by DAP (45 percent vs 5.0 percent; p = 0.003); overweight (50 percent vs 10.0 percent; p = 0.006); increased abdominal circumference (25 percent vs 0.0 percent; p = 0.017); increased total cholesterol (165 ± 28 vs 142 ± 28 mg/dl; p = 0.015); increased LDL-c (99 ± 27 vs 81 ± 23 mg/dl; p = 0.026); increased glycemia (81 ± 8.0 vs 75 ± 7.0 mg/dl; p = 0.013); lower cardiorespiratory fitness (48 ± 8.0 vs 56 ± 7.0 ml/kg/min; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Students of medicine presented lower levels of physical activity practice, lower level of cardiorespiratory fitness and higher frequency of cardiovascular risk factors, when compared to Physical Education students.

Resposta cardiovascular em obesos sedentários durante o exercício aeróbico agudo / Cardiovascular response in sedentary obese during acute aerobic exercise

Sobrepeso e obesidade associam-se à resposta cardiovascular alterada durante o exercício físico aeróbico agudo. Entretanto, na maioria dos estudos, não há ajuste para o nível de atividade física nos grupos obesidade e controle. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar respostas cardiovasculares e nível de condicionamento físico em obesos e eutróficos durante o exercício aeróbio agudo, ajustando-se para o nível de prática de atividade física. Foram avaliados 20 indivíduos do grupo controle (CO) e 20do grupo sobrepeso/obesidade (SPO), todos normotensos sedentários e realizado teste de esforço para investigar as respostas cardiovasculares. O incremento da frequência cardíaca(ΔFC) foi semelhante entre o grupo CO e o grupo SPO(87,6 ± 20,0 vs. 89,1 ± 19,9 bpm; p = 0,813); já o incremento da pressão arterial sistólica durante o teste (ΔPAST), foi significativamente maior no grupo SPO (47,4 ± 18,6 vs. 67,5 ±20,4 mmHg; p = 0,004). Não foram observadas diferenças nas respostas da pressão arterial diastólica. Apesar de todos serem sedentários, o VO2 max foi significantemente menor no grupo SPO (42,6 ± 7,0 vs. 36,3 ± 7,5 ml/kg/min-1; p = 0,009), assim como o tempo de tolerância ao esforço (19,2 ± 4,8 vs. 15,0 ±5,1 bpm; p = 0,011). O grupo SPO apresentou resposta pressora exacerbada durante o exercício físico aeróbico agudo, menor consumo de oxigênio e menor tempo de tolerância ao esforço.No entanto, a FC comportou-se de forma semelhante nos dois grupos. Os dados sugerem que as alterações observadas são próprias da obesidade e não decorrem de diferenças potenciais no nível de atividade física entre obesos e eutróficos.

Obesity and overweight are associated with disturbances on cardiovascular response during acute aerobic exercise. Nevertheless,in the great majority of studies, the level of physical activity was not adjusted for comparison between obese and normal weight control group. This study aimed to evaluate cardiovascular responses and level of physical fitness in obeseand normal weight sedentary individuals during acute aerobic exercise. Twenty sedentary individuals with normal weight(NW) and 20 individuals with obesity and overweight (O-OW)were evaluated during exercise test to investigate cardiovascular responses. The increase in heart rate (ΔHR) was similar between NW and O-OW groups (87.6 ± 20.0 vs. 89.1 ± 19.9bpm; p = 0.813). Nevertheless, the increase in systolic blood pressure during the test (ΔSBP) was significantly higher inO-OW group (47.4 ± 18.6 vs. 67.5 ± 20.4 mmHg; p = 0.004).No differences were observed in diastolic blood response. Despite the fact that all individuals presented sedentary lifestyle,VO2max was significantly lower in O-OW group (42.6 ± 7.0vs. 36.3 ± 7.5 ml/kg/min-1; p = 0.009). In addition, the time of exercise tolerance was also lower in O-OW group (19.2 ± 4.8vs. 15.0 ± 5.1 bpm; p = 0.011). The O-OW group presented hyperreactive pressor response during acute aerobic exercise, lower oxygen consumption and shorter exercise tolerance. Nevertheless, heart rate response was similar in both groups. Our data suggest that the disturbances observed were peculiar of obesity and cannot be explained by differences in the level of physical activity of obese and normal weight populations.