Paediatric and adult congenital cardiology education and training in Europe.

BACKGROUND: Limited data exist on training of European paediatric and adult congenital cardiologists. METHODS: A structured and approved questionnaire was circulated to national delegates of Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology in 33 European countries. RESULTS: Delegates from 30 countries (91%) responded. Paediatric cardiology was not recognised as a distinct speciality by the respective ministry of Health in seven countries (23%). Twenty countries (67%) have formally accredited paediatric cardiology training programmes, seven (23%) have substantial informal (not accredited or certified) training, and three (10%) have very limited or no programme. Twenty-two countries have a curriculum. Twelve countries have a national training director. There was one paediatric cardiology centre per 2.66 million population (range 0.87-9.64 million), one cardiac surgical centre per 4.73 million population (range 1.63-10.72 million), and one training centre per 4.29 million population (range 1.63-10.72 million population). The median number of paediatric cardiology fellows per training programme was 4 (range 1-17), and duration of training was 3 years (range 2-5 years). An exit examination in paediatric cardiology was conducted in 16 countries (53%) and certification provided by 20 countries (67%). Paediatric cardiologist number is affected by gross domestic product (R2 = 0.41). CONCLUSION: Training varies markedly across European countries. Although formal fellowship programmes exist in many countries, several countries have informal training or no training. Only a minority of countries provide both exit examination and certification. Harmonisation of training and standardisation of exit examination and certification could reduce variation in training thereby promoting high-quality care by European congenital cardiologists.

Does high-variation training facilitate transfer of training in paediatric transthoracic echocardiography?

BACKGROUND: Factors that facilitate transfer of training in paediatric echocardiography remain poorly understood. This study assessed whether high-variation training facilitated successful transfer in paediatric echocardiography. METHODS: A mixed-methods study of transfer of technical and interpretive skill application amongst postgraduate trainees. Trainees were randomised to a low or high-variation training group. After a period of 8 weeks intensive echocardiography training, we video-recorded how trainees completed an echocardiogram in a complex cardiac lesion not previously encountered. Blinded quantitative analysis and scoring of trainee performance (echocardiogram performance, report, and technical proficiency) were performed using a validated assessment tool by a blinded cardiologist and senior cardiac physiologist. Qualitative interviews of the trainees were recorded to ascertain trainee experiences during the training and transfer process. RESULTS: Sixteen trainees were enrolled in the study. For the cumulative score for all three components tested (echocardiogram performance, report, and technical proficiency), χ2 = 8.223, p = .016, which showed the high-variation group outperformed the low-variation group. Two common themes which assisted in the transfer emerged from interviews are as follows: (1) use of strategies described in variation theory to describe abnormal hearts, (2) the use of formative live feedback from trainers during hands-on training. CONCLUSION: Training strategies exposing trainees to high-variation training may aid transfer of paediatric echocardiography skills.

Adult congenital heart disease training in Europe: current status, disparities and potential solutions.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the status of training of adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) cardiologists in Europe. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to ACHD cardiologists from 34 European countries. RESULTS: Representatives from 31 of 34 countries (91%) responded. ACHD cardiology was recognised by the respective ministry of Health in two countries (7%) as a subspecialty. Two countries (7%) have formally recognised ACHD training programmes, 15 (48%) have informal (neither accredited nor certified) training and 14 (45%) have very limited or no programme. Twenty-five countries (81%) described training ACHD doctors 'on the job'. The median number of ACHD centres per country was 4 (range 0-28), median number of ACHD surgical centres was 3 (0-26) and the median number of ACHD training centres was 2 (range 0-28). An established exit examination in ACHD was conducted in only one country (3%) and formal certification provided by two countries (7%). ACHD cardiologist number versus gross domestic product Pearson correlation coefficient=0.789 (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Formal or accredited training in ACHD is rare among European countries. Many countries have very limited or no training and resort to 'train people on the job'. Few countries provide either an exit examination or certification. Efforts to harmonise training and establish standards in exit examination and certification may improve training and consequently promote the alignment of high-quality patient care.

RETRACTED: Trends in bromide wet deposition concentrations in the contiguous United States, 2001-2016.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the authors due to the results of a detailed investigation of the data quality conducted by the Central Analytical Laboratory (CAL) after relocation to the University of Wisconsin (UW) ­ Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. Using a subset of the 30 samples with the highest bromide ion (Br-) concentrations, the CAL at UW found 6 samples that could not be verified or were incorrect. Because the extent of the incorrect data is unknown, the NADP Executive Committee voted unanimously in May 2019 to discontinue public access to these data, and they decided to sequester all Br- data prior to June 2018. These issues were not obvious to the authors when the paper was written. The authors apologize for the inconvenience caused.

Oncologist Assisted Spiritual Intervention Study (OASIS): patient acceptability and initial evidence of effects.

PURPOSE: Individuals with serious illness often desire to discuss spiritual concerns with their physician, yet substantial barriers exist to doing so, including limited evidence of value. This study evaluated acceptability, impact on satisfaction with care and on quality of life (QOL) of a brief (5-7 minute) semi-structured exploration of spiritual/religious concerns. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 118 consecutive patients of four oncologist-hematologists (95% recruitment; 55.1% female, 91.5% Caucasian, 81.3% Christian) with mixed diagnoses, duration (51.7% diagnosed within 2 years) and prognosis (54.2% in active treatment) were alternately assigned to receive the intervention or usual care during an office visit. Assessment occurred just prior to the visit, immediately after, and after 3 weeks. Measures included the FACT-G QOL and FACIT-Sp (Spiritual Well-Being) Scales; BSI Depression Scale; the PCAS Interpersonal and Communication scales; and ratings of acceptability. RESULTS: Oncologists rated themselves as comfortable during the inquiry with 85% of patients. Of patients, 76% felt the inquiry was "somewhat" to "very" useful. At 3 weeks, the intervention group had greater reductions in depressive symptoms (F= 7.57,p < .01), more improvement in QOL (F = 4.04, p < .05), and an improved sense of interpersonal caring from their physician (F = 4.79, p < .05) relative to control patients. Effects on QOL remained after adjusting for other variables, including relationship to physician. Improvement on Functional Well-being was accounted for primarily by patients lower on baseline spiritual well-being (beta = .293, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the acceptability of a semi-structured inquiry into spiritual concerns related to coping with cancer; furthermore, the inquiry appears to have a positive impact on perception of care and well-being.