Effects of Traditional and Vascular Restricted Strength Training Program With Equalized Volume on Isometric and Dynamic Strength, Muscle Thickness, Electromyographic Activity, and Endothelial Function Adaptations in Young Adults.

Ramis, TR, Muller, CHdL, Boeno, FP, Teixeira, BC, Rech, A, Pompermayer, MG, Medeiros, NdS, Oliveira, ÁRd, Pinto, RS, and Ribeiro, JL. Effects of traditional and vascular restricted strength training program with equalized volume on isometric and dynamic strength, muscle thickness, electromyographic activity, and endothelial function adaptations in young adults. J Strength Cond Res 34(3): 689-698, 2020-The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the acute and chronic effects of partial vascular occlusion training in young, physically active adults. Neuromuscular, morphological, and endothelial function responses were compared between high-intensity resistance training (HI-RT) and low-intensity resistance training with partial vascular occlusion (LI-BFR), despite the same training volume. The 28 subjects (age, 23.96 ± 2.67 years) were randomly assigned into 2 groups: LI-BFR (n = 15) and HI-RT (n = 13). Both groups performed unilateral exercise of elbow flexion (EF) and knee extension (KE) 3 times per week for 8 weeks. This study was approved by the ethics committee. Flow-mediated dilation showed a significant difference in baseline and post-training in the LI-BFR group (4.44 ± 0.51 vs. 6.35 ± 2.08 mm, respectively). For nitrite/nitrate concentrations only, there was a significant difference when comparing pre- and post-acute exercise in both groups. The torque and rep. Sixty percent 1 repetition maximum had improvements in both groups. There were differences between groups only in isometric delta EF and isokinetic delta KE (EF 3.42 ± 5.09 and 9.61 ± 7.52 N·m; KE 12.78 ± 25.61 and 42.69 ± 35.68 N·m; LI-BFR and HI-RT groups, respectively). There was a significant increase of muscle thickness in both groups. An increase of both isokinetic and isometric electromyography (EMG) of biceps of the HI-RT group was observed. The same was observed for the LI-BFR group regarding isokinetic and isometric EMG of vastus lateralis. Thus, in addition to strength and hypertrophy gains, this study also shows benefits related to vascular function. For practical applications, this study demonstrates a clinical importance of LI-BFR training as an alternative methodology.

Acute effects of strength exercise with blood flow restriction on vascular function of young healthy males.

BACKGROUND: Strength training with blood flow restriction (STBFR) provokes similar neuromuscular adaptations to traditional strength training using low training loads. However, there is a need for better understanding of the repercussions for antioxidant parameters and vascular function. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of a session of low intensity strength training with blood flow restriction, compared with high intensity and low intensity strength training without blood flow restriction, on the levels of nitric oxide products and antioxidant enzyme activity in healthy young men. METHODS: Eleven young men performed three strength exercise sessions: low intensity with blood flow restriction (LIBFR), high intensity (HI), and low intensity (LI). Activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was assessed and metabolites of nitric oxide (NOx) were assayed before and after each session. RESULTS: There were no changes to NOx plasma levels under the different exercise conditions (p > 0.05). However, SOD activity exhibited a significant reduction after the LIBFR condition (p < 0.05), while CAT activity reduced significantly after the LI condition (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that one session of low intensity strength training with blood flow restriction does not reduce bioavailability of nitric oxide or induce redox imbalance in healthy young men.

Effects of L-arginine supplementation on blood flow, oxidative stress status and exercise responses in young adults with uncomplicated type I diabetes.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Vascular disease is the principal cause of death and disability in patients with diabetes, and endothelial dysfunction seems to be the major cause in its pathogenesis. Since L-arginine levels are diminished in conditions such as type 1 and type 2 diabetes, in this work we aimed to verify the effects of L-arginine supplementation (7 g/day) over the endothelial function and oxidative stress markers in young male adults with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes. We also investigated the influences of L-arginine administration on vascular/oxidative stress responses to an acute bout of exercise. METHODS: Ten young adult male subjects with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes and twenty matched controls volunteered for this study. We analysed the influence of L-arginine supplementation (7 g/day during 1 week) over lower limb blood flow (using a venous occlusion plethysmography technique), oxidative stress marker (TBARS, Carbonyls), anti-oxidant parameters (uric acid and TRAP) and total tNOx in rest conditions and after a single bout of submaximal exercise (VO2 at 10 % below the second ventilatory threshold). Data described as mean ± standard error (SE). Alpha level was P < 0.05. RESULTS: Glycaemic control parameters were altered in type 1 diabetic subjects, such as HbA1c (5.5 ± 0.03 vs. 8.3 ± 0.4 %) and fasted glycaemia (94.8 ± 1.4 vs. 183 ± 19 mg/dL). Oxidative stress/damage markers (carbonyls and TBARS) were increased in the diabetic group, while uric acid was decreased. Rest lower limb blood flow was lower in type 1 diabetic subjects than in healthy controls (3.53 ± 0.35 vs. 2.66 ± 0.3 ml 100 ml⁻¹ min⁻¹). L-Arginine supplementation completely recovered basal blood flow to normal levels in type 1 diabetics' subjects (2.66 ± 0.3 to 4.74 ± 0.86 ml 100 ml⁻¹ min⁻¹) but did not interfere in any parameter of redox state or exercise. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the importance of L-arginine for the improvement of vascular function in subjects with diabetes, indicating that L-arginine supplementation could be an essential tool for the treatment for the disease complications, at least in non-complicated diabetes. However, based on our data, it is not possible to draw conclusions regarding the mechanisms by which L-arginine therapy is inducing improvements on cardiovascular function, but this important issue requires further investigations.

Eccentric, but not concentric muscle contraction induce inflammation and impairs fibrinolysis in healthy young men.

Different types of muscle contraction can cause different damage to the musculature and differences in inflammatory responses. Acute increases in circulatory inflammation markers can influence the crosstalk between coagulation and fibrinolysis processes, increasing the risk of thrombus formation and detrimental cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of concentric and eccentric exercise on hemostasis markers, C-reactive protein (CRP), and the relationship between these variables. Eleven healthy subjects with a mean age of 25.4 ± 2.8, non-smokers, with no history of cardiovascular disease and blood type O, randomly performed an isokinetic exercise protocol consisting of 75 concentric (CP) or eccentric (EP) contractions of knee extension, divided into five sets of 15 repetitions combined with 30-s rest. Blood samples for analysis of FVIII, von Willebrand factor, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), and CRP were collected pre, post, 24 h, and 48 h after each protocol. Increased levels of CRP at 48 h in EP versus CP (p = 0.002), increased PAI-1 activity 48 h in EP versus CP (p = 0.044), and a reduction in t-PA at 48 h when compared with post-protocol in both protocols (p = 0.001). A correlation was found between CRP and PAI-1 at 48 h of PE (r2 = 0.69; p = 0.02). This study showed that both EP and CP increase the clotting process, albeit only the exercise performed eccentrically induces inhibition of fibrinolysis. This is possibly due to the increase in PAI-1 48 h after the protocol, which correlates with the increase in inflammation as demonstrated by the CRP levels.

Effects of exercise modalities on decreased blood pressure in patients with hypertension.

This study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of aerobic and resistance exercises on blood pressure and endothelial blood markers. We also correlated post-exercise blood pressure response with baseline cardiovascular parameters in middle-aged patients with hypertension. This cross-sectional study randomized 54 volunteers into the aerobic exercise group (AG, n = 27; 45.6 ± 7.7 years) or dynamic resistance exercise group (RG, n = 27; 45.8 ± 8.4 years). Blood marker evaluation, cardiopulmonary exercise tests, resting blood pressure monitoring, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), flow-mediated dilatation monitoring, and body composition evaluation were carried out. Exercise sessions were performed to evaluate post-exercise hypotension (PEH) and endothelial marker responses, in addition to post-exercise ABPM (ABPMex). This study is an arm of the study which was approved by the local ethics committee (No. 69373217.3.0000.5347) in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03282942). The AG performed walking/running at 60% of the reserve heart rate, while the RG performed 10 exercises with two sets of 15-20 repetitions. The mean 24 h ABPM and ABPMex values showed no significant statistical differences. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure hypotension after aerobic and dynamic resistance were -10.59 ± 5.24/-6.15 ± 6.41 mmHg and -5.56 ± 7.61/-6.20 ± 8.25 mmHg, respectively. For an up-to-7 h assessment of resting pressure, there was a positive effect in the aerobic group. The concentrations of nitrites/nitrates (NOx) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) did not change during hypotension. Moreover, PEH and ABPMex were significantly correlated with baseline health variables. Thus, when middle-aged patients with hypertension perform aerobic or resistance exercise, the NOx/ET-1 pathway does not provide the best explanation for PEH. Finally, we found associations between baseline cardiovascular variables and endothelial vasoconstrictors with PEH.

Effects of grape juice consumption on oxidative stress and inflammation in male volleyball players: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Some foods are also demonstrated benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and ergogenic activity, similar to that of sports supplements. Grape juice has been considered an important source of polyphenols and these compounds could promote positive effects to the sports players. In this sense, the objective was to evaluate the effects of purple grape juice consumption on indicators of oxidative stress, inflammation, muscle damage, global histone H4 acetylation levels, and muscle strength and muscle power in volleyball athletes. METHODS: This is a randomized double-blind clinical trial in which 12 male volleyball players (16 ± 0.6 years old) participated in three different moments with match simulation: control (without beverage) (WB), grape juice (GJ) and placebo (PLA) (400 mL/day of grape juice or placebo (maltodextrin) for 14 days in a cross-over model). Before and immediately after each match, blood collection for analysis of indicators of systemic redox status, systemic concentrations of Interferon-γ (IFN- γ) and Interleukin-4 (IL-4), muscle damage, by Creatine Kinase (CK-NAC) and levels of global histone H4 acetylation were performed, as well as handgrip strength (HG) and lower limb power tests. RESULTS: Consumption of grape juice significantly reduced lipid peroxidation (p = 0.04) and Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) damage (p = 0.01) after the match. IFN-γ levels, IL-4, CK-NAC, and histone H4 acetylation post-match did not alter with the grape juice consumption. Lower limb power improved after acute exercise in WB and GJ conditions (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In this pilot trial, the intake of grape juice for two weeks seems to reduce the protein oxidation and DNA damage by intermittent physical exercise, without epigenetics influence.

Endothelial function and lipid profile of individuals with schizophrenia participating in a supported employment program.

BACKGROUND: The social function of individuals with schizophrenia is usually poor and this population exhibits a sedentary lifestyle. Social participation, inclusion in the world of work in particular, might favorably interfere with the lives of these individuals by reducing sedentarism and improving their state of health. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the lipid profile and endothelial function markers among individuals with schizophrenia enrolled in a supported employment program. METHODS: Quantitative quasi-experimental study conducted with 14 individuals with schizophrenia enrolled in a labor inclusion program. Participants were assessed before enrolment (time-point 1) and one year later (time-point 2). Total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, serum nitrates and nitrites (endothelial function markers) were measured. The data were analyzed with software SPSS 20. RESULTS: The high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels exhibited significant changes one year after inclusion in the labor market. HDL increased from 82.30 to 98.60 mg/dL (p<0.01) and LDL decreased from 54.50 to 44.45 mg/dL (p<0.02). The triglyceride and total cholesterol levels remained stable. The nitrate and nitrite level exhibited significant reduction from 15.20 to 14.48 µMol (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Participation in the supported employment program might have favorably influenced the participants' lipid profile and endothelial function. Nitrites have been described as mediators in the neural inflammatory process, and reduction of their levels is associated with better prognosis of chronic diseases such as schizophrenia.

INTRODUÇÃO: Pessoas com esquizofrenia habitualmente têm um funcionamento social empobrecido e são sedentárias. A participação social, especialmente a inclusão no universo do trabalho, pode interferir positivamente na vida dessas pessoas, reduzindo o sedentarismo e melhorando sua saúde. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o perfil lipídico e os marcadores da função endotelial de pessoas com esquizofrenia participantes de um programa de emprego apoiado. MÉTODO: Pesquisa quantitativa do tipo quase-experimental que avaliou um grupo de 14 sujeitos com esquizofrenia participantes de um programa de inclusão laboral. Os sujeitos foram avaliados antes de ingressarem no programa (momento 1) e um ano depois (momento 2). Foram dosados: colesterol total e frações, triglicerídeos, nitritos e nitratos séricos (marcadores da função endotelial). Os dados foram analisados com o auxílio do software SPSS 20. RESULTADOS: As frações de colesterol high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) e low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) sofreram modificações significativas após o período de um ano de inserção no mercado de trabalho. O HDL aumentou de 82,30 para 98,60 mg/dL (p<0,01). Já o LDL apresentou uma redução de 54,50 para 44,45 mg/dL (p<0,02). Os triglicerídeos e o colesterol total mantiveram-se estáveis. Com relação aos nitritos e nitratos, houve diminuição significativa de 15,20 para 14,48 µmol (p<0,01). DISCUSSÃO: A participação no programa de emprego apoiado pode ter influenciado positivamente no perfil lipídico dos sujeitos e em sua função endotelial. Além disso, os nitritos também têm sido apontados como mediadores do processo inflamatório neural e sua diminuição está associada à melhora no prognóstico de doenças crônicas como a esquizofrenia.

Heart rate and blood lactate responses to changquan and daoshu forms of modern wushu.

The development of specific training designed to enhance physiological aspects of performance relies heavily on the availability of accurate and validity physiological data. In the combat sport of Wushu, katas are used to develop aerobic fitness. It is arguably important to assess and monitor heart rate (HR) and lactate (La) responses when designing effective training programs. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate heart rate and lactate responses to forms execution among Wushu combatants. Male elite modern Wushu athletes (n = 4) from a South Brazilian regional team participated in the study. Athletes were aged 22.5 ± 2.08 years old and had at least eight years of Wushu experience. Athletes carried out the Changquan and Daoshu forms in random order, HR and La were measured pre- and post-exercise. Results indicate that HR was 176 ± 3 and 176 ± 2 bpm and La was 4.38 ± 1.3 and 5.15 ± 1.07 mmol·l(-1) for Changquan and Daoshu forms, respectively. There were no significantly differences in HR and La between the two forms. HR values represent 89.2 ± 1.1 and 89.1 ± 1.8% of age-predicted maximal heart rate and lactate was near of 4 mmol·l(-1) point. In conclusion, training programs to Wushu combatants could target the range of physiological values cited above with no differences between two forms. Key PointsHeart rate and lactate responses are not significantly different between Changquan and Daoshu forms for Wushu combatants.The Wushu katas could be used to develop aerobic fitness.

Acute response of peripheral CCr5 chemoreceptor and NK cells in individuals submitted to a single session of low-intensity strength exercise with blood flow restriction.

The purpose of this study was to compare the peripheral expression of natural killers and CCR5 in a session of low-intensity strength training with vascular occlusion and in high-intensity training. Young males were randomized into session groups of a high-intensity strength training (HI) and a session group of low-intensity strength training with vascular occlusion (LI-BFR). The exercise session consisted in knee extension and bicep curl in 80% 1RM (HI) and 30% 1RM (LI-BFR) with equalized volumes. Blood collection was made before, immediately after and 24 h after each training session. Immunophenotyping was carried out through CD195+ (CCR5) e CD3-CD16+CD56+ (NK) in peripheral blood and analysed by flow cytometry and presented in frequency (%). Peripheral frequency of NK cells showed no significant difference in LI-BFR group in time effect, while a gradual reduction of NK cells was identified in HI group in before-24 h postexercise and after-24 h postexercise comparison. However, significant differences have been found in relative change of NK cells immediately after exercise between sessions. In addition, HI and LI-BFR groups showed a significant reduction in the cells expressed CCR5 during 24 h postsession compared to the postsession, but CCR5 also differed when comparing before-24 h after session in the HI group. No differences were observed amongst the groups. LIO induced CCR5 response similar to the HI session, while the NK cells remained in similar frequency during the studied moments in LI-BFR, but not in HI group, suggesting that local hypoxia created by the blood flow restriction was able to prevent a change in the frequency of peripheral cells and a possible immunosuppression.

Efeito agudo do exercício de força com restrição do fluxo sanguíneo sobre parâmetros antioxidantes em indivíduos jovens saudáveis / Acute effects of strength exercise with blood flow restriction on vascular function of young healthy males

O treinamento de força com restrição do fluxo sanguíneo (TFRFS) promove adaptações neuromusculares semelhantes às do treinamento de força tradicional utilizando pequenas cargas de treinamento. No entanto, sua repercussão sobre parâmetros antioxidantes e sobre a função vascular precisa ser mais bem compreendida. Objetivos: O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito de uma sessão de exercício de força de baixa intensidade com restrição do fluxo sanguíneo, em comparação ao exercício de força de alta intensidade e de baixa intensidade sem restrição do fluxo sanguíneo, sobre os níveis de subprodutos do oxido nítrico e a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes em jovens saudáveis. Métodos: Onze indivíduos jovens realizaram três sessões de exercício de força: baixa intensidade com restrição do fluxo sanguíneo (BIRFS), alta intensidade (AI) ou baixa intensidade (BI). Foram avaliadas a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes catalase (CAT), superóxido dismutase (SOD) e dos metabólitos do óxido nítrico (NOx). Resultados: Não houve modificações nos níveis plasmáticos de NOx nas diferentes condições de exercício (p > 0,05). A atividade da SOD apresentou uma diminuição significativa na condição BIRFS (p < 0,05). A atividade da CAT diminuiu significativamente na condição BI (p < 0.05). Conclusões: A partir do presente estudo sugere-se que uma sessão de treinamento de força de baixa intensidade com restrição do fluxo sanguíneo não reduz a biodisponibilidade do óxido nítrico, bem como não induz desequilíbrio redox em indivíduos jovens saudáveis.

Strength training with blood flow restriction (STBFR) provokes similar neuromuscular adaptations to traditional strength training using low training loads. However, there is a need for better understanding of the repercussions for antioxidant parameters and vascular function. Objectives: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of a session of low intensity strength training with blood flow restriction, compared with high intensity and low intensity strength training without blood flow restriction, on the levels of nitric oxide products and antioxidant enzyme activity in healthy young men. Methods: Eleven young men performed three strength exercise sessions: low intensity with blood flow restriction (LIBFR), high intensity (HI), and low intensity (LI). Activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was assessed and metabolites of nitric oxide (NOx) were assayed before and after each session. Results: There were no changes to NOx plasma levels under the different exercise conditions (p > 0.05). However, SOD activity exhibited a significant reduction after the LIBFR condition (p < 0.05), while CAT activity reduced significantly after the LI condition (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that one session of low intensity strength training with blood flow restriction does not reduce bioavailability of nitric oxide or induce redox imbalance in healthy young men.

Função endotelial e perfil lipídico de pessoas com esquizofrenia participantes de um programa de emprego apoiado / Endothelial function and lipid profile of individuals with schizophrenia participating in a supported employment program

Introdução: Pessoas com esquizofrenia habitualmente têm um funcionamento social empobrecido e são sedentárias. A participação social, especialmente a inclusão no universo do trabalho, pode interferir positivamente na vida dessas pessoas, reduzindo o sedentarismo e melhorando sua saúde. Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil lipídico e os marcadores da função endotelial de pessoas com esquizofrenia participantes de um programa de emprego apoiado. Método: Pesquisa quantitativa do tipo quase-experimental que avaliou um grupo de 14 sujeitos com esquizofrenia participantes de um programa de inclusão laboral. Os sujeitos foram avaliados antes de ingressarem no programa (momento 1) e um ano depois (momento 2). Foram dosados: colesterol total e frações, triglicerídeos, nitritos e nitratos séricos (marcadores da função endotelial). Os dados foram analisados com o auxílio do software SPSS 20. Resultados: As frações de colesterol high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) e low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) sofreram modificações significativas após o período de um ano de inserção no mercado de trabalho. O HDL aumentou de 82,30 para 98,60 mg/dL (p<0,01). Já o LDL apresentou uma redução de 54,50 para 44,45 mg/dL (p<0,02). Os triglicerídeos e o colesterol total mantiveram-se estáveis. Com relação aos nitritos e nitratos, houve diminuição significativa de 15,20 para 14,48 µmol (p<0,01). Discussão: A participação no programa de emprego apoiado pode ter influenciado positivamente no perfil lipídico dos sujeitos e em sua função endotelial. Além disso, os nitritos também têm sido apontados como mediadores do processo inflamatório neural e sua diminuição está associada à melhora no prognóstico de doenças crônicas como a esquizofrenia

Background: The social function of individuals with schizophrenia is usually poor and this population exhibits a sedentary lifestyle. Social participation, inclusion in the world of work in particular, might favorably interfere with the lives of these individuals by reducing sedentarism and improving their state of health. Objective: To analyze the lipid profile and endothelial function markers among individuals with schizophrenia enrolled in a supported employment program. Methods: Quantitative quasi-experimental study conducted with 14 individuals with schizophrenia enrolled in a labor inclusion program. Participants were assessed before enrolment (time-point 1) and one year later (time-point 2). Total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, serum nitrates and nitrites (endothelial function markers) were measured. The data were analyzed with software SPSS 20. Results: The high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels exhibited significant changes one year after inclusion in the labor market. HDL increased from 82.30 to 98.60 mg/dL (p<0.01) and LDL decreased from 54.50 to 44.45 mg/dL (p<0.02). The triglyceride and total cholesterol levels remained stable. The nitrate and nitrite level exhibited significant reduction from 15.20 to 14.48 µMol (p<0.01). Conclusion: Participation in the supported employment program might have favorably influenced the participants' lipid profile and endothelial function. Nitrites have been described as mediators in the neural inflammatory process, and reduction of their levels is associated with better prognosis of chronic diseases such as schizophrenia.

Comparação entre treinamento concorrente e corrida em piscina funda associados à orientação nutricional na perda de peso e composição corporal de indivíduos obesos / Comparison between concurrent training and running in deep water associated with nutritional counseling on weight loss and body composition in obese individuals

Objetivos: Comparar os efeitos de dois programas de exercícios, treinamento concorrente e corrida em piscina funda, associados à orientação nutricional, na perda de peso e composição corporal de obesos.Métodos: Cinquenta indivíduos foram divididos em dois grupos, conforme o tipo de programa de treinamento físico. Um dos grupos, composto por 23 indivíduos, foi submetido a um treinamento concorrente (aeróbico e força); e 27 foram submetidos a corrida em piscina funda (aeróbico). Todos receberam a mesma orientação nutricional. Os participantes foram avaliados quanto ao peso, altura, circunferências, índice de massa corporal e composição corporal (massa gorda e massa magra), antes e após 45 dias do programa. Para análise das variáveis entre os grupos foi aplicado o teste t de Student e para avaliar o efeito da perda de peso nas demais variáveis, a correlação linear de Pearson. O nível de significância adotado foi de menos de 0,05.Resultados: A idade média dos participantes foi 48,1±12 anos, sendo 42 (84%) do gênero feminino. Após 45 dias de intervenção, 42 indivíduosperderam em média 2,96% do peso inicial, com redução significativa em todas as variáveis antropométricas, exceto da massa magra. Não houve diferença significativa na perda de peso e na composição corporal entre os indivíduos que praticaram o treinamento concorrente e os que praticaram corrida em piscina funda.Conclusões: Os dois grupos submetidos a treinamento físico e intervenção nutricional apresentaram perda de peso e alteração positiva na composição corporal, sem predomínio de efeito entre os tipos de exercício.

Aims: To compare the effects of two exercise programs, concurrent training and running in deep water, associated with nutritional counseling,in weight loss and body composition in obese individuals.Methods: Fifty subjects were divided into two groups according to the type of physical training program. One group, composed of 23 individuals, underwent a concurrent training (aerobic and strength); and 27 underwent deep water running (aerobic). All received the same nutritional counseling. Participants were assessed for weight, height, girth, body mass index and body composition (fat mass and lean mass) before and after 45 days of the program. Student?s t test was applied for analysis of variables between groups and Pearson correlation test was used to evaluate the effect of weight loss in the other variables. The significance level was set at less than 0.05.Results: The mean age of participants was 48.1±12 years and 42 (84%) were female. After 45 days of intervention, 42 individuals lost a medium of 2.96% of initial weight, with significant reductions in all anthropometric variables, except the lean mass. There was no significant difference in weight loss and body composition among individuals who practiced concurrent training or practiced running in deep water.Conclusions: Both groups that underwent physical training and nutritional intervention showed weight loss and a positive change in body composition, without predominant effect between the exercise types.

Inflammatory markers, endothelial function and cardiovascular risk / Marcadores inflamatórios, função endotelial e riscos cardiovasculares

The need to study cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has become more and more relevant as their prevalence has increased over the years. An intact endothelial wall is essential to vascular health. Certain factors are responsible for maintaining this tissue intact, including nitric oxide (NO), which provokes dilation of blood vessels in response to shear stress. Expression of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) enzyme, which produces nitric oxide in response to increases in blood flow, is of fundamental importance to maintenance of the vascular system. When this enzyme is inhibited, nitric oxide production is reduced, causing endothelial dysfunction. Since C-reactive protein inhibits production of nitric oxide by the eNOS enzyme, it is one of the causes of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular events. The objective of the present study was to review scientific articles in the literature related to the subject 'inflammatory markers and endothelial function'. A wide-ranging review of the current literature was conducted, using systematic analysis of bibliographic references indexed in PubMed, Scielo, Medline and LILACS database, for the years 1992 to 2013. The studies reviewed show that increases in inflammation causes reductions in NO and increases in cardiovascular events. Increased inflammation is associated with higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases...

A necessidade de estudo das Doenças Cardiovasculares (DCV) vem à tona pelo aumento da sua prevalência ao longo dos anos. Uma parede endotelial íntegra é essencial para a saúde vascular. Alguns fatores são responsáveis pela integridade deste tecido, como o óxido nítrico (NO), que provoca a dilatação do vaso sanguíneo em resposta ao estresse de cisalhamento. A expressão da enzima óxido nítrico sintase endotelial (eNOS), que produz óxido nítrico em resposta ao incremento do fluxo sanguíneo, é fundamental para a manutenção do sistema vascular. Quando há inibição desta enzima, ocorre diminuição da produção de óxido nítrico, causando disfunção endotelial. A PCR inibe a produção de óxido nítrico pela enzima eNOS, sendo então uma causadora de disfunção endotelial e eventos cardiovasculares. O presente artigo tem como objetivo revisar artigos científicos na literatura relacionados ao tema 'marcadores inflamatórios e função endotelial'. Foi realizada uma ampla revisão de literatura atual, utilizando-se análise sistemática das referências bibliográficas nas bases de dados PubMed, Scielo, Medline e Lilacs, no período de 1992 a 2013. Os estudos revisados mostram que o aumento da inflamação causa uma diminuição de NO e aumento de eventos cardiovasculares. O aumento da inflamação está associado ao aumento da incidência de doenças cardiovasculares...

Obesidade e fatores de risco cardiovascular em filhos de obesos: uma revisão / Obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in children of obese parents: a review

Objetivos: Revisar a literatura buscando apurar a influência e possíveis associações entre hereditariedade e estilo de vida de filhos de pais obesos na incidência de obesidade e fatores de risco cardiovascular.Fonte de dados: Foram utilizados artigos científicos originais e de revisão indexados nas bases de dados Google Acadêmico, MedLine/PubMed, SciELO e LILACS.Síntese dos dados: A obesidade é considerada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde como a epidemia do século XXI. Diversas evidências sugerem que a hereditariedade e o estilo de vida dos jovens, influenciados pelo ambiente no qual estão inseridos, explicam o aparecimento da obesidade e de fatores de risco cardiovascular em filhos de obesos. Estudos mostram que adotar um estilo de vida saudável, com alimentação adequada e prática de atividade física, influi positivamente na redução do índice de massa corporal, eleva os níveis de HDL-colesterol e reduz a pressão arterial, o índice glicêmico, os níveis de LDL-colesterol e de triglicerídios e, consequentemente, o risco cardiovascular.Conclusões: As evidências disponíveis sugerem que a hereditariedade e o estilo de vida explicam o aumento na incidência de obesidade em filhos de pais obesos e o consequente risco cardiovascular. É fundamental a modificação de estilo de vida familiar buscando hábitos saudáveis, como prática de atividade física e controle nutricional, no intuito de prevenir a obesidade e suas comorbidades.

Aims: To review the literature seeking to ascertain the influence and possible association between heredity and lifestyle of children of obese parents in the incidence of obesity and cardiovascular risk factors.Source of data: Were used original scientific and review articles indexed in Google Scholar, Medline/PubMed, SciELO and LILACS databases.Summary of findings: Obesity is considered by the World Health Organization as the epidemic of the XXI century. Several evidences suggest that heredity and lifestyle of young people influenced by the environment to which they belong, explain the onset of obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in children of obese parents. Studies show that adopting a healthy lifestyle with proper nutrition and physical activity, have a positive influence on the reduction of body mass index, increases HDL-cholesterol, and reduces blood pressure, glycemic index, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, and therefore cardiovascular risk.Conclusions: The available evidence suggests that heredity and lifestyle may explain the increased incidence of obesity in children of obese parents and subsequent cardiovascular risk. It is essential to change family lifestyle, seeking for healthy habits such as physical activity and nutritional control, in order to prevent obesity and its comorbidities.

Efeitos do consumo agudo de cafeína sobre parâmetros metabólicos e de desempenho em indivíduos do sexo masculino / Effects of caffeine acute consumption on the metabolic and performance parameters in male individuals

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do consumo agudo de cafeína sobre a oxidação de lipídeos e desempenho durante o exercício aeróbico. Foram avaliados 15 indivíduos do sexo masculino, com idade média de 22,3 ± 2,7 anos, que realizaram teste de cargas progressivas em esteira rolante para determinação do consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx) e limiares ventilatórios (LV). Cada voluntário realizou três testes submáximos na intensidade de 10 por cento abaixo do segundo LV, sendo orientados a permanecer em exercício até a exaustão. Trinta minutos antes de cada teste submáximo, foram ingeridos 250ml de uma das bebidas compostas por: café com adoçante (CAD), café com açúcar (CA) e café descafeinado com adoçante (CD). Durante o exercício, os indivíduos foram monitorados pelo ergoespirômetro e frequencímetro. A oxidação de lipídeos foi predita pelo quociente respiratório (QR) durante o teste, e o desempenho foi verificado pelo tempo de exercício. Para comparar os resultados de QR e tempo de exercício entre os grupos, foi utilizado Anova fatorial, e considerou-se significância estatística um valor de p < 0,05. A média de VO2máx foi de 50,18 ± 9,9ml/kg/min. Com a ingestão de CAD, a média do QR foi de 0,98 ± 0,18 e o tempo médio em exercício foi de 24,1 ± 17,04 minutos. Com a ingestão de CA, a média do QR foi de 0,96 ± 0,2 e o tempo médio em exercício foi de 24,4 ± 17,8min. No teste com ingestão de CD, a média do QR foi de 1,01 ± 0,24 e a média do tempo em exercício foi de 20,6 ± 9,7min. Não houve diferença significativa entre os testes nos valores do QR e nem tempo de exercício (p = 0,697 e p = 0,598, respectivamente). A cafeína não aumentou a oxidação de lipídeos nem o desempenho de indivíduos jovens do sexo masculino.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of acute caffeine consumption on lipid oxidation and performance during aerobic exercise. Fifteen healthy male individuals, 22.3 ± 2.7 years old, performed a progressive test on treadmill for determination of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and ventilatory thresholds. Each volunteer performed three submaximal tests at the intensity of 10 percent below the second ventilatory threshold, being guided to remain on exercise until exhaustion. Thirty minutes before each submaximal test, the subjects ingested 250ml of one of following drinks: coffee with sweetener (CSW), coffee with sugar (CS) or decaffeinated coffee with sweetener (CD). During the exercise, the individuals's heart rate was monitored and respiratory gases analyses were done. The lipid oxidation was predicted by the respiratory quotient (RQ) during the test and performance was verified by exercise duration. In order to compare the RQ results and time of exercise among the three groups, factorial Anova was used, and a value of p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The individuals had VO2max of 50.18 ± 9.9 ml/kg/min. CAD ingestion caused RQ average of 0.98 ± 0.18, and the average exercise duration was of 24.1 ± 17.04 min; CA ingestion caused RQ average of 0.96 ± 0.2 and the average exercise duration was 24.4 ± 17.8 min. Finally, CD ingestion caused the RQ average of 1.01 ± 0.24, and the average exercise duration was of 20.6 ± 9.7 min. There were no significant differences in the RQ values or exercise duration among the three interventions (p = 0.697 and p = 0.598, respectively). Caffeine did not increase lipid oxidation or performance of young male individuals.

Oxidative stress after three different intensities of running.

In 8 trained subjects (T) and 9 untrained subjects (UT), lipid peroxidation (LPO), total antioxidant capacity (TRAP), superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were measured in the blood before and after three different intensities of exercise on the treadmill, determined from ventilatory threshold and maximal oxygen uptake data, obtained from a maximal aerobic power test. In plasma, LPO decreased from 3589 +/- 193 to 3274 +/- 223 cps x mg Hb(-1) (p < 0.05), and TRAP increased from 304 +/- 45 to 384 +/- 57 micromol x L(-1) trolox (p < 0.05) after high intensity exercise in T. GPx activity increased in the T group as compared to the UT group, after exercise in moderate (25.90 +/- 3.79 to 15.05 +/- 3.23 nM x min(-1) x mg protein(-1)) and high (21.75 +/- 4.91 to 12.1 +/- 2.46 nM x min(-1) x mg protein(-1)) intensities (p < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity increased after exercise at low (8.35 +/- 0.85 to 9.23 +/- 1.03 U SOD x mg protein(-1)) and moderate (8.89 +/- 0.98 to 10.44 +/- 0.86 U SOD x mg protein(-1)) intensity in UT (p < 0.05). There were no changes in catalase activity. These findings indicate that exercise in this model did not increase lipid peroxidation, probably because of the alterations in TRAP and enzymatic antioxidants.

Método alternativo de determinação de limiar anaeróbio em remadores / Alternative method for determining anaerobic threshold in rowers

No remo, o padrão treinado de respiração dos atletas dificulta e até impossibilita a detecção dos limiares ventilatórios, devido ao acoplamento da respiração com o gesto técnico. Neste sentido, alguns autores têm proposto a determinação do limiar anaeróbio através da razão de trocas respiratórias (R), mas ainda não existe consenso sobre qual o valor da R que pode ser utilizado. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar qual o valor da R que corresponde ao limiar anaeróbio e se este valor pode ser utilizado como um parâmetro independente de determinação de limiar anaeróbio em remadores. A amostra foi composta de 23 remadores, todos do sexo masculino. O VO2máx e as variáveis fisiológicas correspondentes ao limiar anaeróbio foram verificados através de um teste progressivo máximo em remoergômetro, simultaneamente a uma ergoespirometria. O limiar anaeróbio foi verificado através do método Dmáx (maximal distance). As variáveis fisiológicas foram separadas em valores máximos e valores referentes ao limiar anaeróbio. Os remadores possuíam no estágio máximo, VO2 (58,2±4,4 ml.kg-1.min-1), lactato (8,2±2,1 mmol.L-1), potência (384±54,3 W) e R (1,26±0,1). No estágio de limiar anaeróbio, possuíam VO2 (46,9±7,5 ml.kg-1.min-1), lactato (4,6±1,3 mmol.L-1), potência (300± 37,8 W) e R (0,99±0,1). Conclusão - a R pode ser utilizada como um método independente de determinação de limiar anaeróbio para remadores, assumindo o valor de 0,99, no entanto, a R deve apresentar um aumento não linear após ultrapassar este valor.

In rowing, the standard breathing that athletes are trained to use makes it difficult, or even impossible, to detect ventilatory limits, due to the coupling of the breath with the technical movement. For this reason, some authors have proposed determining the anaerobic threshold from the respiratory exchange ratio (RER), but there is not yet consensus on what value of RER should be used. The objective of this study was to test what value of RER corresponds to the anaerobic threshold and whether this value can be used as an independent parameter for determining the anaerobic threshold of rowers. The sample comprised 23 male rowers. They were submitted to a maximal cardiorespiratory test on a rowing ergometer with concurrent ergospirometry in order to determine VO2máx and the physiological variables corresponding to their anaerobic threshold. The anaerobic threshold was determined using the Dmax (maximal distance) method. The physiological variables were classified into maximum values and anaerobic threshold values. The maximal state of these rowers reached VO2 (58.2±4.4 ml.kg-1.min-1), lactate (8.2±2.1 mmol.L-1), power (384±54.3 W) and RER (1.26±0.1). At the anaerobic threshold they reached VO2 (46.9±7.5 ml.kg-1.min-1), lactate (4.6±1.3 mmol.L-1), power (300± 37.8 W) and RER (0.99±0.1). Conclusions - the RER can be used as an independent method for determining the anaerobic threshold of rowers, adopting a value of 0.99, however, RER should exhibit a non-linear increase above this figure.

Treinamento intermitente na reabilitação de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca: revisão sistemática / Intermittent training for rehabilitation of heart failure patients: a systematic review

Diversos estudos investigaram os efeitos do treinamento contínuo moderado em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Por sua vez, o treinamento intermitente(TI) tem se mostrado eficaz no tratamento desses sujeitos,uma vez que permite intensidades mais altas de exercício.No entanto, a intensidade ideal para se obter os melhores benefícios de um programa de treinamento ainda não está estabelecida. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi revisar na literatura estudos que utilizaram oTI em pacientes com IC, resumir os achados desses estudos e identificar áreas para investigações futuras.Foram encontrados e analisados sete ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR), envolvendo 417 pacientes (347homens). Todos os ECR indicaram melhoras em virtude do TI no programa de reabilitação dos pacientes com IC, e nenhum evento cardíaco foi registrado durante arealização dos exercícios. Apesar da grande variação encontrada no modelo de prescrição da intensidade do exercício, o TI parece ser uma estratégia interessante no processo de reabilitação dessa população. Mais investigações são necessárias para padronizar o modelo de prescrição e identificar qual, ou quais as intensidades mais adequadas para a prescrição de programa de treinamento físico ideal para pacientes com IC.

Many studies have investigated the effects of moderate continuous training for patients with heart failure. Intermittent training has also proven effective in the treatment of these subjects, as it allows higher intensity exercise. However, the optimal intensity for obtaining the greatest benefits from a training program has not yet been established. In this context, the purpose of this paperis to review the literature on studies using intermittent training in patients with heart failure, summarizing their findings and identifying areas for future research. Seven randomized controlled trials were found and analyzed,involving 417 patients (347 men). All the trials showed improvements resulting from intermittent training in there habilitation programs of patients with heart failure,with no cardiac events recorded during the exercises. Despite the wide variation in the exercise intensity prescription models in the studies, intermittent training seems to be an interesting strategy for the rehabilitation of this population. Further investigation is needed to standardize the prescription model and identify the most appropriate intensities for physical training programs working with heart failure patients.

Sobretreinamento: teorias, diagnóstico e marcadores / Overtraining: theories, diagnosis and markers

O objetivo do treinamento esportivo é o aumento e a melhora do desempenho físico. Quando a intensidade, a duração e a carga de trabalho diário dos exercícios são apropriadas, adaptações fisiológicas positivas ocorrem. Entretanto, existe uma linha muito tênue entre um ótimo desempenho e uma diminuição do mesmo em função do sobretreinamento. O sobretreinamento pode incluir lesão e fraqueza muscular, ativação das citosinas, mudanças hormonais e hematológicas, alterações no humor, depressão psicológica e problemas nutricionais que podem causar diminuição do apetite e diarréia. Muitos estudos sobre o sobretreinamento foram realizados num esforço de identificar suas causas, seus sintomas, hipóteses e marcadores que pudessem identificá-lo, mas este diagnóstico é muito difícil, pois os sintomas do sobretreinamento se confundem com os do pré-sobretreinamento e com os do treinamento normal, sendo que é difícil dissociá-los. No momento não existe um simples marcador que possa prever o sobretreinamento; dessa forma, a diminuição no desempenho físico ainda é considerada o padrão-ouro. Marcadores hormonais, bioquímicos, imunes, psicológicos e o estresse oxidativo podem dar informações relevantes para um diagnóstico preciso e confiável para o sobretreinamento.

The aim of the sports training is the increase and the improvement of the physical performance. Whenever the intensity, duration and the daily working load are not appropriate, positive physiological adaptations occur. However, there is a fairly subtle delimitation between an outstanding performance and a decrease in it due to overtraining. Overtraining may include: lesion and muscular weakness; cytosine activation; hormonal and hematological alterations; mood swings; psychological depression and nutritional problems which may lead to loss appetite and diarrhea. Several studies about overtraining have been conducted with the effort to identify its causes, symptoms, hypotheses, besides the markers that could identify it. Nevertheless, its diagnosis is very difficult since the overtraining symptoms are similar to the ones from pre-overtraining and to the ones from normal training, making it difficult to dissociate them. Currently, there is not a single marker that could predict overtraining, thus, the decrease in physical performance is still considered the gold-standard. Hormonal, biochemical, immune and psychological markers, besides the oxidative stress, may provide relevant information for an accurate and trustworthy diagnosis on overtraining.

El objetivo del entrenamiento deportivo es el aumento y la mejora del desempeño físico. Cuando la intensidad, la duración y la carga de trabajo diaria de los ejercicios son apropiadas, ocurren adaptaciones fisiológicas positivas. Sin embargo, existe una línea muy tenue entre un desempeño óptimo y una disminución del mismo, en función del sobreentrenamiento. El sobreentrenamiento puede incluir lesión y debilidad muscular, activación de las citosinas, cambios hormonales y hematológicas, alteraciones en el humor, depresión psicológica y problemas nutricionales que pueden causar disminución del apetito y diarrea. Se han realizado muchos estudios sobre el sobreentrenamiento en un esfuerzo de identificar sus causas, sus síntomas, hipótesis y marcadores que pudiesen identificarlo, mas este diagnóstico es muy difícil, pues los síntomas de sobreentrenamiento se confunden con los de pré-sobreentrenamiento y con los de entrenamiento normal, de ahí que es difícil disociarlos. Hasta el momento no existe un simple marcador que pueda prever el sobreentrenamiento, de esta forma, la disminución en el desempeño físico aún es considerada oro padrón. Marcadores hormonales, bioquímicos, inmunes, psicológicos y el estrés oxidativo pueden dar informaciones relevantes para un diagnóstico preciso y confiable para el sobreentrenamiento.