Impact of Delusions and Hallucinations on Clinical Insight Dimensions in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders.

INTRODUCTION: Insight in psychosis has been conceptualized as a continuous, dynamic, and multidimensional phenomenon. This study aims to determine the impact of delusions and hallucinations in different dimensions of clinical insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. METHODS: Cross-sectional multicenter study including 516 patients (336 men) diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Based on dichotomized scores of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) items P1 (delusions) and P3 (hallucinations), patients were assigned to four groups according to current clear presence of delusions (scores 4 or above 4 in PANSS item P1) and/or hallucinations (scores 4 or above 4 in PANNS item P3). Insight was assessed using the three main dimensions of the Scale of Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD). RESULTS: Around 40% of patients showed unawareness of illness; 30% unawareness of the need for treatment; and 45% unawareness of the social consequences of the disorder. Patients with current clear presence of delusions had higher overall lack of awareness, regardless of current clear presence of hallucinations. Similarly, the clear presence of delusions showed a greater predictive value on insight than the presence of hallucinations, although the implication of both in the prediction was modest. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm that lack of insight is highly prevalent in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, particularly when patients experience delusions. This study adds insight-related data to the growing symptom-based research, where specific types of psychotic experiences such as hallucinations and delusions could form different psychopathological patterns, linking the phenomenology of delusions to a lack of clinical insight.

A molecular phylogeny of the European nesticid spiders (Nesticidae, Araneae): Implications for their systematics and biogeography.

Nesticidae is a small family of spiders with a worldwide distribution that includes 15 genera and 272 described species. Seven genera and 56 species are known from Europe, distributed from the Iberian Peninsula to the Caucasus and the Ural Mountains. Most of these European species are cave dwellers and many of them are troglobites. In this study we present the first molecular phylogeny of the family Nesticidae in Europe with a wide geographical sampling across the continent. In our analysis the European nesticid fauna is well represented, including six genera and 40 of the 56 currently accepted species including the type species of all sampled genera. We have included in the analysis representatives of the North American and Asian fauna to test the monophyly of the European species and the phylogenetic relationships of European lineages. Phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. As part of our Bayesian analyses, we also dated the phylogeny using two approaches, one based only on fossil calibrations and one that included an additional biogeographical constraint. Our results show paraphyly of the European nesticids with respect to the Asian and North American taxa. We recover four main lineages within Europe. These four European lineages and all European genera have 100% bootstrap support and high posterior probability support in the BEAST2 analysis. The Typhlonesticus lineage is the earliest branching clade present in Europe and includes seven species, the five currently accepted species plus T. parvus from Bosnia and Herzegovina and T. silvestrii from western North America. The Eastern lineage includes the genus Aituaria and is the sister group of the Asian genera Nesticella and Wraios. The Domitius lineage is likely the sister group of the Central European lineage and spreads over the Iberian and Italian peninsulas. Finally, the Central European lineage includes three genera: Kryptonesticus, distributed from the karstic massifs of the Balkan Peninsula to Turkey, Nesticus with a single synanthropic species N. cellulanus and Carpathonesticus, exclusive to the Carpathian Mountains. With the exception of the genus Typhlonesticus, all European genera show an allopatric distribution (except for the two European synanthropic species). The results obtained in this study together with the revision of the original descriptions, redescriptions, and illustrations, lead us to propose 11 nomenclatural changes (new combinations) concerning the genera Typhlonesticus, Nesticus and Carpathonesticus.

Covid-19, hypercoagulability and risk of mortality in schizophrenia.

Covid-19 disease has been linked to a high risk of hyper- coagulability that can severely condition the evolution of this respiratory syndrome in the acute phase; and also due to the possible sequelae of a chronic thrombosis, as is the case of chronic pulmonary thromboembolism; or due to complications associated with anticoagulant treatment such as bleeding.

Exploring the relationship of insight with psychopathology and gender in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders with structural equation modelling.

To model the influence of psychopathology on insight deficits in schizophrenia spectrum patients with a gender-stratified analysis. Five hundred sixteen patients (65.1% men) with schizophrenia spectrum disorders were evaluated in four centres of the metropolitan area of Barcelona (Catalonia). Psychopathological assessment was performed using different PANSS factors. Insight and its three main dimensions were assessed by means of the Scale of Unawareness of Mental Disorder: awareness of the disease (SUMD-1), of the effect of medication (SUMD-2) and of the social consequences of the disease (SUMD-3). Structural equation models (SEMs) were used to fix the model in the total sample and by gender. Additional analyses included age, duration of illness (DOI) and education status (ES). There were no significant differences between men and women in the three main dimensions of insight. The SEMs in the total sample showed a modest fitting capacity. Fitting improved after a gender-stratified analysis (particularly in women). In men, positive and excited symptoms were associated with poorer insight in all SUMD dimensions, whereas depressive symptoms were associated with better insight. ES in men was also associated with better SUMD-2 or SUMD-3. In contrast, in women, symptoms did not have a negative effect on SUMD-1 or SUMD-2. However, positive symptoms were associated with a poorer SUMD-3, whereas depressive symptoms were associated with better SUMD-3. Moreover, education level was also associated with a better SUMD-3. A gender approach improved the comprehension of the model, supporting the relevance of gender analysis in the study of insight.

Local- versus broad-scale environmental drivers of continental ß-diversity patterns in subterranean spider communities across Europe.

Macroecologists seek to identify drivers of community turnover (ß-diversity) through broad spatial scales. However, the influence of local habitat features in driving broad-scale ß-diversity patterns remains largely untested, owing to the objective challenges of associating local-scale variables to continental-framed datasets. We examined the relative contribution of local- versus broad-scale drivers of continental ß-diversity patterns, using a uniquely suited dataset of cave-dwelling spider communities across Europe (35-70° latitude). Generalized dissimilarity modelling showed that geographical distance, mean annual temperature and size of the karst area in which caves occurred drove most of ß-diversity, with differential contributions of each factor according to the level of subterranean specialization. Highly specialized communities were mostly influenced by geographical distance, while less specialized communities were mostly driven by mean annual temperature. Conversely, local-scale habitat features turned out to be meaningless predictors of community change, which emphasizes the idea of caves as the human accessible fraction of the extended network of fissures that more properly represents the elective habitat of the subterranean fauna. To the extent that the effect of local features turned to be inconspicuous, caves emerge as experimental model systems in which to study broad biological patterns without the confounding effect of local habitat features.

Ecological niche and phylogeography elucidate complex biogeographic patterns in Loxosceles rufescens (Araneae, Sicariidae) in the Mediterranean Basin.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the evolutionary history of morphologically cryptic species complexes is difficult, and made even more challenging when geographic distributions have been modified by human-mediated dispersal. This situation is common in the Mediterranean Basin where, aside from the environmental heterogeneity of the region, protracted human presence has obscured the biogeographic processes that shaped current diversity. Loxosceles rufescens (Araneae, Sicariidae) is an ideal example: native to the Mediterranean, the species has dispersed worldwide via cohabitation with humans. A previous study revealed considerable molecular diversity, suggesting cryptic species, but relationships among lineages did not correspond to geographic location. RESULTS: Delimitation analyses on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I identified 11 different evolutionary lineages, presenting two contrasting phylogeographic patterns: (1) lineages with well-structured populations in Morocco and Iberia, and (2) lineages lacking geographic structure across the Mediterranean Basin. Dating analyses placed main diversification events in the Pleistocene, and multiple Pleistocene refugia, identified using ecological niche modeling (ENM), are compatible with allopatric differentiation of lineages. Human-mediated transportation appears to have complicated the current biogeography of this medically important and synanthropic spider. CONCLUSIONS: We integrated ecological niche models with phylogeographic analyses to elucidate the evolutionary history of L. rufescens in the Mediterranean Basin, with emphasis on the origins of mtDNA diversity. We found support for the hypothesis that northern Africa was the center of origin for L. rufescens, and that current genetic diversity originated in allopatry, likely promoted by successive glaciations during the Pleistocene. We corroborated the scenario of multiple refugia within the Mediterranean, principally in northern Africa, combining results from eight atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) with two different refugium-delimitation methodologies. ENM results were useful for providing general views of putative refugia, with fine-scale details depending on the level of stringency applied for agreement among models.

Molecular systematics of the wolf spider genus Lycosa (Araneae: Lycosidae) in the Western Mediterranean Basin.

In this study, we present the first molecular phylogeny of the wolf spider genus Lycosa Latreille, 1804 in the Western Mediterranean Basin. With a wide geographic sampling comprising 90 localities and including more than 180 individuals, we conducted species delimitation analyses with a Maximum Likelihood approach that uses a mixed Yule-coalescent model to detect species boundaries. We estimated molecular phylogenetic relationships employing Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference methods using mitochondrial and nuclear sequences. We conducted divergence time analyses using a relaxed clock model implemented in BEAST. Our results recovered 12 species that form four groups: Lycosa tarantula group comprising L. tarantula the type species of the genus, L. hispanica and L. bedeli; Lycosa oculata group composed of L.oculata, L. suboculata and three putative new species; Lycosa baulnyi group formed by the maghrebian L. baulnyi and L. vachoni and Lycosa fasciiventris group that includes two widespread species, L. fasciiventris and L. munieri. We found that each group of species shows a characteristic burrowing behavior and molecular and morphological diagnostic characters. Molecular clock analyses support the hypothesis of a relatively recent evolutionary origin of diversification of the group (4.96 Mya (3.53-6.45 Mya)). The establishment of the Mediterranean-like climate and the Pleistocenic glacial cycles seem to have been the main factors that promoted the diversification within the group. Finally, the results obtained in this study together with the revision of museum specimens, descriptions, redescriptions and illustrations, lead us to propose 18 nomenclatural changes (synonymies, generic transfers and nomina dubia) concerning the genera Lycosa, Allocosa and Hogna in the Western Mediterranean.

Nesticus dimensis new species, a new troglobitic spider from Turkey (Araneae, Nesticidae), with comments on its phylogenetic relationships.

A new troglobitic spider species, Nesticus dimensis n. sp. (felmale male), inhabiting the Dim Cave of Alanya (Antalya Prov., Turkey) is diagnosed and described. The new species belongs to the Eastern Mediterranean Nesticus Group, which includes N. eremita and N. speluncarum as the most common and widespread species along with N. arenstorffi and N. henderickxi. Evolutionary relationships of the taxa belonging to this group of species are discussed on the basis of morphological and molecular data (using cox1, rrnL and H3 gene sequence data).

A randomized trial of hemithyroidectomy versus Dunhill for the surgical management of asymmetrical multinodular goiter.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the immediate and long-term clinical results of 2 different surgical procedures for the treatment of asymmetrical multinodular goiter (AMG). BACKGROUND: Half of the patients presenting with a single benign thyroid nodule have contralateral subclinical disease. There is a controversy whether these patients should be treated with hemithyroidectomy (HMT) or with a more extensive procedure. METHODS: Adult patients with a benign unilateral dominant nodule and contralateral nodule(s) with a diameter of less than 10 mm detected on neck ultrasonography were randomized to HMT or Dunhill (DUN). Rates of complications, remnant growth, incidental carcinoma, and reoperation were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 118 patients (F/M:110/8, mean age 43 years) were included and randomized: 65 to HMT and 53 to DUN. After randomization, 28 patients were excluded leaving 47 HMT and 43 DUN long-term (55 ± 35 months) evaluable patients. Mean nodule size was 38 and 6 mm for the dominant and contralateral nodules, respectively. No differences were found in operative time, accidental parathyroidectomy, parathyroid autotransplantation, or wound complications. Transient hypocalcemia was more common in DUN (30% vs 8%; P < 0.001). No permanent complications were observed. At the last follow-up visit, thyroid-stimulating hormone was similar in both groups. Remnant growth (20 vs 0%; P < 0.001), appearance of new nodules (55 vs 14%; P < 0.001), and overall reoperation rate (9.2 vs 1.8%, P = 0.2) were more common in HMT, mostly because of undiagnosed cancer requiring completion thyroidectomy. Thirty percent of HMTs developed hypothyroidism and required long-term T4 supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: DUN appears superior to HMT for the treatment of AMG in terms of early reoperation for missed carcinomas and disease progression. Both procedures have a similarly uneventful postoperative course.

The Mediterranean species of genus Loxosceles Heineken amp; Lowe, 1832 (Araneae: Sicariidae): Loxosceles imazighen sp. n. from Morocco and first description of the female of L. mrazig Ribera amp; Planas, 2009 from Tunisia.

The aim of this paper is to describe a new species of the genus Loxosceles Heineken Lowe, 1832 from Morocco, Loxosceles imazighen sp. n., and to describe for the first time a female of Loxoxceles mrazig Ribera Planas, 2009 from Tunisia. Both species live in xeric and desert environments and are located in southern Atlas Range. Molecular phylogenetic analyses, using mitochondrial (cox1, 16S) and nuclear (H3, 28S) markers, revel that these species are closely related and that they constitute a separate evolutionary lineage of L. rufescens (Dufour, 1820) and of the set of endemic species of the Canary Islands. L. imazighen sp. n. differs from L. mrazig, the closest species morphologically and geographically, in the shapes and proportions of the male palpal tibia and the shapes and dispositions of the female seminal receptacles. In addition, L. mrazig females show morphological variability in their genitalia, mainly in the inner and outer lobes. Although that variability cannot be associated with different populations, since it also appears within individual populations, and is not related to genetic or geographic distances.

Diversity of Loxosceles spiders in Northwestern Africa and molecular support for cryptic species in the Loxosceles rufescens lineage.

Until recently, Loxosceles rufescens was the only species known from a geographic range including Northern Africa, Mediterranean Europe and the Middle East. Rich Loxosceles diversity in the New World suggests either that L. rufescens is a young lineage or that its diversity is underappreciated. We use a molecular phylogenetic and morphological approach to examine diversity in L. rufescens and other Loxosceles lineages in Northwestern Africa. Molecular analyses of one nuclear and two mitochondrial genes strongly support a monophyletic clade including L. rufescens, the Northern Brazilian L. amazonica and three other divergent Northwestern African lineages, though relationships among them remain unresolved. A genetically divergent Moroccan individual morphologically consistent with L. rufescens was strongly supported as sister to all other putative L. rufescens, consistent with the presence of at least 2 species in this lineage. COI p-distances and population structuring among remaining putative L. rufescens clades further suggest the absence of gene flow between clades and the possibility that they represent multiple species. Morphological characters of preserved Loxosceles collected in a range of African countries provide additional indication that Loxosceles are more diverse and have a deeper history in Africa than has been previously understood.

Continental data on cave-dwelling spider communities across Europe (Arachnida: Araneae).

BACKGROUND: Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) are widespread in subterranean ecosystems worldwide and represent an important component of subterranean trophic webs. Yet, global-scale diversity patterns of subterranean spiders are still mostly unknown. In the frame of the CAWEB project, a European joint network of cave arachnologists, we collected data on cave-dwelling spider communities across Europe in order to explore their continental diversity patterns. Two main datasets were compiled: one listing all subterranean spider species recorded in numerous subterranean localities across Europe and another with high resolution data about the subterranean habitat in which they were collected. From these two datasets, we further generated a third dataset with individual geo-referenced occurrence records for all these species. NEW INFORMATION: Data from 475 geo-referenced subterranean localities (caves, mines and other artificial subterranean sites, interstitial habitats) are herein made available. For each subterranean locality, information about the composition of the spider community is provided, along with local geomorphological and habitat features. Altogether, these communities account for > 300 unique taxonomic entities and 2,091 unique geo-referenced occurrence records, that are made available via the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (Mammola and Cardoso 2019). This dataset is unique in that it covers both a large geographic extent (from 35° south to 67° north) and contains high-resolution local data on geomorphological and habitat features. Given that this kind of high-resolution data are rarely associated with broad-scale datasets used in macroecology, this dataset has high potential for helping researchers in tackling a range of biogeographical and macroecological questions, not necessarily uniquely related to arachnology or subterranean biology.

Colonization and diversification of the spider genus Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Pholcidae) in the Macaronesian archipelagos: evidence for long-term occupancy yet rapid recent speciation.

Macaronesian archipelagos stand apart from other oceanic islands reputed as laboratories for the study of evolution by their proximity to the mainland, lack of subsidence, and steep ecological gradients. The genus Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805, commonly known as daddy-long-leg spiders, is one of the most speciose arthropod groups in the region, with 25 endemic species. In the present study, we use information from four mitochondrial genes, along with morphological data, to examine the phylogenetic relationships and diversification patterns of the genus in the region. Phylogenetic analyses support monophyly of Macaronesian Pholcus including the Moroccan species Pholcus vachoni and hence a single colonization event in the archipelagos. Madeira colonizers most likely originated from the Canaries, and a back-colonization of the nearby mainland receives further support. Estimated lineage divergence times suggest a long-time presence of Pholcus in the region, but also reveal that most present-day species are the result of recent, and probably rapid, speciation events. Diagnostic characters among Macaronesian Pholcus are confined to structures involved in copulation. Coupled with the extremely high diversification rate, the highest recorded for spiders, these copulatory characters suggest that sexual selection has played a key role in the local diversification of Pholcus in Macaronesia.

A new genus of nesticid spiders from western European Peninsulas (Araneae, Nesticidae).

This paper describes a new genus of Nesticidae based on morphology of the genital characters and supported by molecular data. The new genus, Domitius n. gen., includes a group of seven cave-dweller species spread along western European peninsulas (Iberian and Italian). Molecular phylogenetic analysis shows that these species constitute an independent and highly supported evolutionary lineage being the sister group to Kryptonesticus Pavlek Ribera, 2017, Nesticus Thorell, 1869 and Carpathonesticus Lehtinen Saaristo, 1980 genera. As a result, seven new combinations are here proposed: Domitius baeticus (López-Pancorbo Ribera, 2011) n. comb., Domitius murgis (Ribera De Mas, 2003) n. comb., Domitius lusitanicus (Fage, 1931) n. comb., Domitius luquei (Ribera Guerao, 1995) n. comb., Domitius sbordonii (Brignoli, 1979) n. comb., Domitius menozzii (Caporiacco, 1934) n. comb., Domitius speluncarum (Pavesi, 1873) n. comb.

The Mediterranean as a melting pot: Phylogeography of Loxosceles rufescens (Sicariidae) in the Mediterranean Basin.

The species Loxosceles rufescens is native to the Mediterranean but considered cosmopolitan because it has been dispersed worldwide. A previous study revealed 11 evolutionary lineages across the Mediterranean, grouped into two main clades, without any clear phylogeographic pattern. The high genetic diversity within this species (p-distances of up to 7.8% in some Mediterranean lineages), together with the results obtained with different species delimitation methods (GMYC, TCS) could indicate the existence of cryptic species. Here we compare the mitochondrial and microsatellite diversity to elucidate if the lineages of L. rufescens in the Mediterranean should be considered different species (cryptic species) or populations of the same species. To do so, we analyzed the cox1 diversity of 196 individuals, of which, we genotyped 148, sampled from 19 localities across the Mediterranean. STRUCTURE analyses of microsatellite data identified two genetic clusters of L. rufescens. One cluster included individuals from Western Mediterranean localities (Iberian Peninsula, Morocco, Balearic Islands) and Israel, while the second one grouped individuals from Italian and Greek localities, including Sardinia, Sicily and Tunisia. These patterns suggest that geographic proximity is the more significant factor in the clustering with microsatellite data and shows the existence of gene flow between the nearest geographic areas, even if the individuals belong to different mitochondrial lineages or clades. The lack of correspondence between both genetic markers suggests that the evolutionary lineages found within L. rufescens should not be considered different species. We conclude that these phylogenetic linages and their distribution may be the result of the maternal evolutionary history of the species and human-mediated dispersion.

A DNA barcode-assisted annotated checklist of the spider (Arachnida, Araneae) communities associated to white oak woodlands in Spanish National Parks.

BACKGROUND: A large scale semi-quantitative biodiversity assessment was conducted in white oak woodlands in areas included in the Spanish Network of National Parks, as part of a project aimed at revealing biogeographic patterns and identify biodiversity drivers. The semi-quantitative COBRA sampling protocol was conducted in sixteen 1-ha plots across six national parks using a nested design. All adult specimens were identified to species level based on morphology. Uncertain delimitations and identifications due to either limited information of diagnostic characters or conflicting taxonomy were further investigated using DNA barcode information. NEW INFORMATION: We identified 376 species belonging to 190 genera in 39 families, from the 8,521 adults found amongst the 20,539 collected specimens. Faunistic results include the discovery of 7 new species to the Iberian Peninsula, 3 new species to Spain and 11 putative new species to science. As largely expected by environmental features, the southern parks showed a higher proportion of Iberian and Mediterranean species than the northern parks, where the Palearctic elements were largely dominant. The analysis of approximately 3,200 DNA barcodes generated in the present study, corroborated and provided finer resolution to the morphologically based delimitation and identification of specimens in some taxonomically challenging families. Specifically, molecular data confirmed putative new species with diagnosable morphology, identified overlooked lineages that may constitute new species, confirmed assignment of specimens of unknown sexes to species and identified cases of misidentifications and phenotypic polymorphisms.

Chironomus alchichica sp. n. (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Lake Alchichica, Mexico.

Morphological analysis of all developmental stages (except female), mitochondrial DNA sequences from cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) and cytological analysis of the polytene chromosomes were used to describe a new species of Chironomus found in the littoral and profundal zones of an endorheic, warm-monomictic lake in Mexico. Male imago is distinguished by the shape of superior volsella and by an antennal and bristle ratio lower than two. The pupa is characterized by the spur morphology of abdominal segment VIII. There is also a continuous row of hooklets on abdominal segment II. The larva is distinguished by a combination of antenna, mentum, mandible, and pecten epipharyngis characteristics, and abdominal ventral tubules. Molecular and cytological analysis supported the morphological differences found. The maximum likelihood tree obtained shows that Chironomus alchichica sp. n. clusters together with Chironomus decorus-group sp. 2 Butler et al. (1995) (bootstrap support = 92%), but genetic p-distances within C. alchichica sp. n. (0.004) were lower than the p-distances between other species of the decorus-group (C. decorus-group sp. 2, Chironomus bifurcatus Wülker et al., 2009 and Chironomus maturus Johannsen, 1908) confirming that it is a different species. The new species belongs to thummi cytocomplex, (decorus-group), with chromosome set- 2n = 8 and chromosome arm combinations: AB CD EF G. Karyologically, the species is closest to Chironomus riihimaekiensis Wülker (1973). This species has very compact salivary gland chromosomes with well heterochromatinized centromere regions in chromosomes AB CD G. Several fixed homozygous inversions distinguish arm A of the species from that of C. riihimaekiensis. Arm E differs from that of C. riihimaekiensis by simple fixed homozygous inversion. Some similarities in band sequences of this arm were found with species from the decorus-group as Chironomus blaylocki Wülker et al., 2009 and C. bifurcatus (decorus-group). The position of the key constrictions in chromosome G: Nucleolar organizer (NOR) and Balbiani rings (BRs) is similar to the species of decorus-group. C. alchichica sp. n. has been found in soft sediments rich in organic matter in well mineralized waters (where conductivity >10 mS cm-1) and with a high pH (≥9). The profundal zone is inhabited only during the mixing period, when dissolved oxygen is present.

A deeper view of insight in schizophrenia: Insight dimensions, unawareness and misattribution of particular symptoms and its relation with psychopathological factors.

OBJECTIVE: 1. To describe insight in a large sample of schizophrenia subjects from a multidimensional point of view, including unawareness of general insight dimensions as well as unawareness and misattribution of particular symptoms. 2. To explore the relationship between unawareness and clinical and socio-demographic variables. METHODS: 248 schizophrenia patients were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS, five factor model of Lindenmayer) and the full Scale of Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD). Bivariate associations and multiple linear regression analyses were used to investigate the relationship between unawareness, symptoms and socio-demographic variables. RESULTS: Around 40% of the sample showed unawareness of mental disorder, of the need for medication and of the social consequences. Levels of unawareness and misattribution of particular symptoms varied considerably. General unawareness dimensions showed small significant correlations with positive, cognitive and excitement factors of psychopathology, whereas these symptom factors showed higher correlations with unawareness of particular symptoms. Similarly, regression models showed a small significant predictive value of positive symptoms in the three general unawareness dimensions while a moderate one in the prediction of particular symptoms. Misattribution showed no significant correlations with any symptom factors. CONCLUSIONS: Results confirm that insight in schizophrenia is a multi-phased phenomenon and that unawareness into particular symptoms varies widely. The overlap between unawareness dimensions and psychopathology is small and seems to be restricted to positive and cognitive symptoms, supporting the accounts from cognitive neurosciences that suggest that besides basic cognition poor insight may be in part a failure of self-reflection or strategic metacognition.

Description of three new troglobiontic species of Cybaeodes (Araneae, Liocranidae) endemic to the Iberian Peninsula.

Three new troglobiontic species of the spider genus Cybaeodes Simon endemic to caves in the southeastern Iberian Peninsula are described and illustrated: Cybaeodes indalo sp. n. from Almería, C. dosaguas sp. n. from València and C. magnus sp. n. from Alacant. The new species confirm the presence of Cybaeodes on the Iberian Peninsula and its wide distribution throughout the Western Mediterranean including Algeria, Tunisia, Italy, France, Spain and the islands of Sardinia, Sicily and Mallorca. A record of C. liocraninus (Simon), from an Iberian cave was probably based on misidentified specimens of C. magnus sp. n. C. liocraninus is known only from Algeria and should be removed from lists of the Iberian fauna. In addition, the three new species are clear candidates for protection: they have highly restricted ranges and show a high degree of adaptation to the subterranean environment.