Phylogenetic inferences based on distinct molecular markers reveals a novel Babesia (Babesia pantanalensis nov. sp.) and a Hepatozoon americanum-related genotype in crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous).

Piroplasmids and Hepatozoon spp. Are apicomplexan protozoa that may cause disease in several canid species. The present study aimed to expand the knowledge on the diversity of piroplasmids and Hepatozoon in crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous; n = 12) sampled in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul State, central-western Brazil. PCR assays based on the 18S rRNA were used as screening. Three (25%) and 11 (91.7%) were positive for piroplasmids and Hepatozoon spp., respectively. Co-infection was found in three C. thous. Phylogenetic analyses based on the near-complete 18S rRNA, cox-1 and hsp70 genes evidenced the occurrence of a novel of Babesia spp. (namely Babesia pantanalensis nov. sp.) closely related to Rangelia vitalii and Babesia sp. 'Coco'. This finding was supported by the genetic divergence analysis which showed (i) high divergence, ranging from 4.17 to 5.62% for 18 S rRNA, 6.16% for hps70 and 4.91-9.25% for cox-1 and (ii) the genotype network (which displayed sequences separated from the previously described Piroplasmida species by median vectors and several mutational events). Also, phylogenetic analysis based on the 18S rRNA gene of Hepatozoon spp. positioned the sequences obtained herein in a clade phylogenetically related to Hepatozoon sp. 'Curupira 2', Hepatozoon sp. detected in domestic and wild canids from Uruguay and Hepatozoon americanum. The present study described Babesia pantanalensis nov sp. and Hepatozoon closely related to H. americanum in crab-eating foxes from Brazil. Moreover, the coinfection by piroplasmids and Hepatozoon sp. for the first time in crab-eating foxes strongly suggesting that this wild canid species potentially acts as a bio-accumulate of hemoprotozoan in wild environment.

An economic investigation of the dengue incidence as a result of a tailings dam accident in Brazil.

On November 2015, the Fundão Tailings Dam, located at Mariana municipality in Brazil, failed. Besides the deaths and injuries, economic losses, pollution and health problems associated to heavy metals in the water, Brazilian municipalities near the accident experienced an increase in the incidence of dengue. Since dengue fever is an insect-borne disease and the mosquito develops where there is stored water, there must be a relationship between the dam accident and the incidence of the disease. The purpose of this study is to test whether there is a causal relationship between the dam accident in Mariana and the number of dengue cases, number of hospitalizations due to dengue, and dengue outbreak in the municipalities affected by the accident. We find evidence that the accident had a positive and statistically significant impact on dengue indicators (for example, the probability of a dengue outbreak increased in 19%), what makes us call attention to another negative externality of tailings dam accidents.

Detection of Rangelia vitalii (Piroplasmida: Babesiidae) in asymptomatic free-ranging wild canids from the Pampa biome, Brazil.

Canine rangeliosis is a tick-borne disease caused by the protozoan Rangelia vitalii, which has only been reported in South America. With this knowledge, we hypothesized that neotropical foxes could act as asymptomatic natural carriers of R. vitalii. To test this, we captured 44 free-ranging foxes and investigated the presence of R. vitalii DNA, and whether the infected animals presented any clinical findings or hematological changes. Eight foxes (18%), seven Cerdocyon thous (7/27-25%), and one Lycalopex gymnocercus (1/17-5%) were positive for R. vitalii. All foxes were clinically healthy and showed no hematological abnormalities. Thus, we propose that neotropical canids, particularly C. thous, could be the natural carriers of R. vitalii.

ATLANTIC-CAMTRAPS: a dataset of medium and large terrestrial mammal communities in the Atlantic Forest of South America.

Our understanding of mammal ecology has always been hindered by the difficulties of observing species in closed tropical forests. Camera trapping has become a major advance for monitoring terrestrial mammals in biodiversity rich ecosystems. Here we compiled one of the largest datasets of inventories of terrestrial mammal communities for the Neotropical region based on camera trapping studies. The dataset comprises 170 surveys of medium to large terrestrial mammals using camera traps conducted in 144 areas by 74 studies, covering six vegetation types of tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of South America (Brazil and Argentina), and present data on species composition and richness. The complete dataset comprises 53,438 independent records of 83 species of mammals, includes 10 species of marsupials, 15 rodents, 20 carnivores, eight ungulates and six armadillos. Species richness averaged 13 species (±6.07 SD) per site. Only six species occurred in more than 50% of the sites: the domestic dog Canis familiaris, crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous, tayra Eira barbara, south American coati Nasua nasua, crab-eating raccoon Procyon cancrivorus and the nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus. The information contained in this dataset can be used to understand macroecological patterns of biodiversity, community, and population structure, but also to evaluate the ecological consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and trophic interactions.

Bats in urban areas of Brazil: roosts, food resources and parasites in disturbed environments.

Urbanization is a widespread intense land use that generally results in biodiversity decline. Among the taxa capable to adapt to urban landscapes, bats are particularly ubiquitous. Brazil has one of the world's largest diversity of bat species and one of the highest urbanization rates of the world. Yet, few studies have synthesized the biology of bats in urban environments, especially in Brazil. To fill this gap, we systematically reviewed the published scientific literature on the bat fauna found in urban areas of Brazil. The knowledge of urban bats is still incipient and heterogeneously spatially distributed, mostly concentrated in the southeastern region of the country. The assembled list of 84 urban species, of which nineteen are new species records for urban areas (including one new family), represents 47% of the bat richness registered in the country. Thirty-one bat species (37%) were captured exclusively inside forest fragments. Moreover, we provide information on the resources used within the urban matrix by summarizing the roosting sites for 38 bat species, as well as 31 plants consumed by at least twelve bat species. Regarding parasitological aspects, we listed eleven zoonotic parasites hosted by 27 bat species and discussed their potential to become a public health threat. Likewise, we considered the different features linked to urbanization, including impacts on immunity, body condition and susceptibility to acquiring parasites, as possible bat conservation issues. Finally, we defined an agenda for bat studies in urban areas of Brazil.

Saliva versus peri-implant inflammation: quantification of IL-1ß in partially and totally edentulous patients.

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential use of salivary IL1ß in early-stage diagnostics of peri-implant inflammation in partially and totally edentulous patients rehabilitated with dental implants. Patients were classified according to peri-implant probing depth and bleeding upon probing in groups of healthy individuals or in groups of individuals with peri-implant inflammation. Data on plaque index, clinical attachment loss, suppuration, and mobility were also assessed. Saliva was collected without stimulation, and the levels of IL-1ß were determined by ELISA. Healthy groups demonstrated significantly lower levels of IL-1ß compared with the inflammation groups. No difference in IL-1ß levels was observed between partially edentulous or totally edentulous patients. Salivary IL-1ß may be useful for the diagnosis and monitoring of early peri-implant inflammation, particularly in edentulous patients.

What is the burden of multimorbidity and the factors associated with its occurrence in elderly Brazilians?

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of multimorbidity in elderly people and its association with sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, and anthropometry. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study using data from the National Health Survey, 2019. A total of 22,728 elderly individuals from all 27 Brazilian states were randomly selected. Poisson regression models with robust variance were employed, and a significance level of 5% was adopted. RESULTS: The prevalence of multimorbidity was 51.6% (95% CI: 50.4-52.7), with the highest estimates observed in the South and Southeast. Multimorbidity was associated with being female (aPR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.27-1.39), being 80 years old or older (aPR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.05-1.19), having low education (aPR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.07-1.25), past cigarette use (aPR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.11-1.21), insufficient physical activity (aPR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.06-1.21), and screen use for 3 hours or more per day (aPR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.08-1.18). CONCLUSION: Multimorbidity affects more than half of the elderly population in Brazil and is associated with social, demographic, and behavioral factors.

Protective effect of an ERAP1 haplotype in ankylosing spondylitis: investigating non-MHC genes in HLA-B27-positive individuals.

OBJECTIVE: The association of non-MHC genes with AS has been recently suggested. We aimed to investigate the association of the ERAP1, IL23R and TNFSF15 regions and the susceptibility to and protection from AS in HLA-B27-positive individuals. METHODS: A total of 200 unrelated AS patients and 559 healthy unrelated subjects, all HLA-B27 positive, were tested. Twenty single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were investigated in and near IL23R (nine SNPs), in ERAP1 (five SNPs) and in TNFSF15 (six SNPs). RESULTS: ERAP1 rs30187 [odds ratio (OR) = 1.5, P = 4.7 × 10(-3)] had the strongest association with AS susceptibility. A protective effect was found in three of the ERAP1 SNPs: rs17482078 (OR = 0.7, P = 2.8 × 10(-2)), rs10050860 (OR = 0.7, P = 2.3 × 10(-2)), rs2287987 (OR = 0.6, P = 1.3 × 10(-2)). The ERAP1 haplotype rs17482078/rs10050860/rs30187/rs2287987-CCTT showed an association with AS susceptibility (P = 6.8 × 10(-3)) and a protective effect was identified in rs17482078/rs10050860/rs30187/rs2287987-TTCC (P = 3.1 × 10(-2)). Significant association with AS susceptibility was found in one IL23R marker (rs1004819, P = 4.3 × 10(-2), OR = 1.3). No associations were observed in the TNFSF15 region. CONCLUSION: The identification of a new protection haplotype in ERAP1 and the lack of association of the TNFSF15 region can provide new insights into the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the susceptibility to and protection from AS.

Trypanosoma cruzi TcI and TcII transmission among wild carnivores, small mammals and dogs in a conservation unit and surrounding areas, Brazil.

Aiming to better understand the ecological aspects of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission cycles, wild carnivores, small mammals and dogs were examined for T. cruzi infection in the Serra da Canastra National Park region, Brazil. Isolates were genotyped using mini-exon gene and PCR-RFLP (1f8 and H3) genomic targets. Trypanosoma cruzi transmission was well established in the area and occurred in both wild and peridomestic environments. Dog seroprevalence was 29·4% (63/214) and TcI and TcII genotypes, besides mixed infections were observed. Only TcI was detected in wild mammals. Marsupials displayed lower relative abundance, but a high prevalence of positive haemocultures (4/22), whereas rodents displayed positive haemocultures (9/113) mainly in the abundant Akodon montensis and Cerradomys subflavus species. The felid Leopardus pardalis was the only carnivore to display positive haemoculture and was captured in the same region where the small mammal prevalence of T. cruzi infection was high. Two canid species, Chrysocyon brachyurus and Cerdocyon thous, were serologically positive for T. cruzi infection (4/8 and 8/39, respectively), probably related to their capacity to exploit different ecological niches. Herein, dog infection not only signals T. cruzi transmission but also the genotypes present. Distinct transmission strategies of the T. cruzi genotypes are discussed.

Effects of Human Observer Presence on Pain Assessment Using Facial Expressions in Rabbits.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of a human observer on Rabbit Grimace Scale (RbtGS) scores. The study scored video footage taken of 28 rabbits before and after orthopedic surgery, as follows: 24 h before surgery ( baseline), 1 h after surgery ( pain), 3 h after analgesia administration ( analgesia), and 24 h after surgery ( 24h) in the presence and absence of an observer. Videos were assessed twice in random order by 3 evaluators who were blind to the collection time and the presence or absence of an observer. Responses to pain and analgesia were evaluated by comparing the 4 time points using the Friedman test, followed by the Dunn test. The influence of the presence or absence of the observer at each time point was evaluated using the Wilcoxon test. Intra- and interrater reliabilities were estimated using the intraclass correlation coefficient. The scale was responsive to pain, as the scores increased after surgery and had decreased by 24 h after surgery. The presence of the observer reduced significantly the RbtGS scores (median and range) at pain (present, 0.75, 0 to 1.75; absent, 1, 0 to 2) and increased the scores at baseline (present, 0.2, 0 to 2; absent, 0, 0 to 2) and 24h after surgery (present, 0.33, 0 to 1.75; absent, 0.2, 0 to 1.5). The intrarater reliability was good (0.69) to very good (0.82) and interrater reliability was moderate (0.49) to good (0.67). Thus, the RbtGS appeared to detect pain when scored from video footage of rabbits before and after orthopedic surgery. In the presence of the observer, the pain scores were underestimated at the time considered to be associated with the greatest pain and overestimated at the times of little or no pain.

Comparative evaluation of three laparoscopic cholecystectomy techniques in rabbit's model.

PURPOSE: The aim of this randomized study was to compare the complications and perioperative outcome of three different techniques of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Changes in the liver function test after LC techniques were investigated. Also, we compared the degree of postoperative adhesions and histopathological changes of the liver bed. METHODS: Thirty rabbits were divided into three groups: group A) Fundus-first technique by Hook dissecting instrument and Roeder Slipknot applied for cystic duct (CD) ligation; group B) conventional technique by Maryland dissecting forceps and electrothermal bipolar vessel sealing (EBVS) for CD seal; group C) conventional technique by EBVS for gallbladder (GB) dissection and CD seal. RESULTS: Group A presented a longer GB dissection time than groups B and C. GB perforation and bleeding from tissues adjacent to GB were similar among tested groups. Gamma-glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase levels increased (p ≤ 0.05) on day 3 postoperatively in group A. By the 15th postoperative day, the enzymes returned to the preoperative values. Transient elevation of hepatic transaminases occurred after LC in all groups. Group A had a higher adherence score than groups B and C and was associated with the least predictable technique. CONCLUSIONS: LC can be performed using different techniques, although the use of EBVS is highly recommended.

Validation of the rabbit pain behaviour scale (RPBS) to assess acute postoperative pain in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

Considering the widespread use of rabbits in research that potentially causes pain and discomfort and the limited number of pain assessment validated tools in this species, we aimed to develop and validate a scale of acute postoperative pain in rabbits (RPBS). Footage of 58 rabbits from previous studies were used, recorded at 'baseline' (before orthopaedic and soft tissue surgeries), 'pain' (after surgery), 'analgesia' (after analgesic), and '24h post' (24 hours after surgery). The videos were randomised and assessed twice by four evaluators, within one-month interval between evaluations. After content validation, RBPS was further refined using the criteria from the validation. According to the principal component analysis, RPBS was considered unidimensional. The intra- and inter-observer reliability was excellent (ICC>0.80) for all evaluators. There was a high Spearman's correlation of the RPBS with unidimensional scales (>0.80) and a moderate correlation with the Rabbit Grimace Scale (0.68), confirming criterion validity. According to the mixed linear model, the scale was responsive, shown by the increase in pain scores after surgery. Construct validity was confirmed by known-group approach and internal relationships among items. Adequate item-total correlation (>0.3) was observed for all items, except for the attention to the affected area (0.04). The internal consistency was very good (Cronbach's α coefficient = 0.78; Mcdonald's ω coefficient = 0.83). The cut-off score for rescue analgesia was ≥3, with an area under the curve >0.95, demonstrating a high discriminatory capacity of the instrument. Scores 3 and 4 were within the uncertainty diagnostic zone. Specificity was 87% and sensitivity was 90%. It was concluded that the RPBS presented content, criterion, and construct validities, responsiveness, and reliability to assess acute pain in rabbits submitted to orthopaedic and soft tissue surgeries. The cut-off for rescue analgesia serves as a basis for the administration of analgesics to rabbits submitted to painful procedures.

Socioecological vulnerability and the risk of zoonotic disease emergence in Brazil.

In developing countries, outbreaks of zoonotic diseases (ZDs) result from intertwined ecological, socioeconomic, and demographic processes that shape conditions for (i) increased contact between vulnerable human population and wildlife in areas undergoing environmental degradation and (ii) the rapid geographic spread of infections across socially vulnerable regions. In Brazil, recent increases in environmental and social vulnerabilities, amplified by economic and political crises, are potential triggers for outbreaks. We discuss Brazilian features that favor outbreaks and show a novel quantitative method for zoonotic risk assessment. Using data on nine ZDs from 2001 to 2019, we found that the most significant causal variables were vegetation cover and city remoteness. Furthermore, 8 of 27 states presented low-level risk of ZD outbreaks. Given the ZD-bushmeat connection, we identified central hunted mammals that should be surveilled to prevent spillover events. The current challenge is to coordinate intersectoral collaboration for effective One Health management in megadiverse countries with high social vulnerability and growing environmental degradation like Brazil.

Crithidia mellificae infection in different mammalian species in Brazil.

Crithidia mellificae, a monoxenous trypanosomatid considered restricted to insects, was recently reported to infect a bat. Herein, C. mellificae has been demonstrated to have a wider range of vertebrate hosts and distribution in Brazilian biomes than once thought. Parasites isolated from haemocultures were characterized using V7V8 SSU rDNA and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes. Coatis (Nasua nasua) in the Cerrado; marmosets (Callithrix sp.) and bats (Carollia perspicillata, Myotis lavali, M. izecksohni, Artibeus lituratus) in the Atlantic Forest; crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) and ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) in the Pantanal biomes were infected by trypanosomatids that displayed choanomastigote forms in haemoculture in Giemsa-stained slide smears. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic inference confirmed the infection of C. mellificae in these animals. Moreover, slight differences in C. mellificae sequences were observed. Crithidia mellificae growth curves were counted at 27°C, 36°C and 37°C, and the morphotypes were able to grow and survive for up to 16 days. Serological titers for C. mellificae were observed in nonhuman primates, demonstrating that this parasite is able to induce a humoral immune response in an infected mammal. These results showed that host specificity in trypanosomatids is complex and far from understood.

Social vulnerability associated with the self-reported diagnosis of type II diabetes: a multilevel analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the contextual factors associated with type II diabetes mellitus in Belo Horizonte City. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 5,779 adults living in Belo Horizonte City, participating in the Risk and Protection Factors Surveillance System for Chronic Diseases through Telephone Survey (Vigitel), in 2008, 2009, and 2010. Multilevel regression models were used to test the association between contextual indicators of physical and social environments, and self-reported diagnosis of diabetes, adjusted for individual sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Descriptive analyzes and multilevel logistic regression models were used, considering a 5% significance level. RESULTS: The prevalence of diabetes was 6.2% (95%CI 5.54 - 6.92), and 3.1% of the variability of chance of presenting diabetes were explained by contextual characteristics. Living in areas with high density of private places for physical activity and high income was associated with a lower chance of having diabetes. The areas with high level of social vulnerability were strongly associated with the chance of presenting diabetes, adjusted for individual characteristics. CONCLUSION: Characteristics of physical and social environments were associated with the chance of diabetes occurrence. Urban centers with opportunities to adopt healthy behaviors can help to reduce the occurrence of diabetes and its complications.

Spatial analysis of leisure-time physical activity in an urban area.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the spatial distribution of the prevalence of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in a Brazilian urban area and its association with the characteristics of the physical and social environments. METHODS: A cross-sectional study conducted with data from the Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases from the years 2008-2010, in Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The outcome was the practice of LTPA and the independent variables were residential and population density, the density of places for physical activity, homicide rates, average family income, and health vulnerability index. The spatial scanning technique was employed to identify clusters with a high prevalence of PA at leisure time. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare variables inside and outside the cluster. RESULTS: The sample included 5,779 participants, 33.3% (SE = 0.73) of whom reported sufficient PA during leisure time. We identified a significant cluster of a high prevalence of LTPA. After adjustments, the cluster presented a radius of 3,041.99 meters and 603 individuals, and 293 (48.6%) of them reported sufficient LTPA. The probability of performing sufficient LTPA in the cluster was 27% higher (PR = 1.27; p = 0.002) than in the coverage areas of primary healthcare units outside the cluster. There was a higher density of places for LTPA practice, higher population and residential density, and higher family income in the cluster. CONCLUSION: The results evidenced a cluster of high prevalence of LTPA in a privileged physical and socioeconomic environment in Belo Horizonte, even after adjustments, demonstrating that reducing inequalities can increase LTPA.

Whole exome sequencing of patients with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis and calcium pyrophosphate crystal chondrocalcinosis.

OBJECTIVES: DISH/CC is a poorly understood phenotype characterised by peripheral and axial enthesopathic calcifications, frequently fulfilling the radiological criteria for Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH, MIM 106400), and in some cases associated with Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate (CPPD) Chondrocalcinosis (CC). The concurrence of DISH and CC suggests a shared pathogenic mechanism. In order to identify genetic variants for susceptibility we performed whole exome sequencing in four patients showing this phenotype. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Exome data were filtered in order to find a variant or a group of variants that could be associated with the DISH/CC phenotype. Variants of interest were subsequently confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Selected variants were screened in a cohort of 65 DISH/CC patients vs 118 controls from Azores. The statistical analysis was performed using PLINK V1.07. RESULTS: We identified 21 genetic variants in 17 genes that were directly or indirectly related to mineralization, several are predicted to have a strong effect at a protein level. Phylogenetic analysis of altered amino acids indicates that these are either highly conserved in vertebrates or conserved in mammals. In case-control analyses, variant rs34473884 in PPP2R2D was significantly associated with the DISH/CC phenotype (p=0.028; OR=1.789, 95% CI= 1.060 - 3.021)). CONCLUSION: The results of the present and preceding studies with the DISH/CC families suggests that the phenotype has a polygenic basis. The PPP2R2D gene could be involved in this phenotype in an as yet unknown way.

Postoperative pain behaviours in rabbits following orthopaedic surgery and effect of observer presence.

Rabbits are widely used in studies focusing on pain. However, pain is undertreated in this species and one possible factor to explain this is the lack of evaluation methods. The objective of this study was to identify behaviours related to orthopaedic pain in rabbits and to evaluate the influence of the presence of an observer on these behaviours. Twenty-eight rabbits undergoing orthopaedic surgery and filmed 24 hours before surgery, and 1 hour (before rescue analgesia), 4 hours (3 hours after rescue analgesia), and 24 hours post-recovery were observed in the presence and absence of an observer. The frequency and/or duration of behaviours were compared over time and between the presence and absence of the observer using the Friedman and Wilcoxon tests respectively. Data are expressed as median and interquartile range and a significant difference was considered when p<0.05. At 1 hour post-recovery, the rabbits showed reduced activity, hopping, change posture, position in the cage, explore, and open eyes in both the presence and absence of the observer. In the absence of the observer, quadrupedal posture, interact with pinecone, and eat carrot also decreased, while wince behaviour increased. In the presence of the observer, before surgery, the rabbits were less active (Presence-280; 162-300, Absence-300; 300-300) and presented a lower duration of explore (Presence-3; 0-32, Absence-40; 4-63). Post-recovery the rabbits flinched less (Presence-0; 0-0, Absence-0; 0-1) and suspended the affected limb less (Presence-0; 0-0, Absence-0; 0-65). After rescue analgesia the rabbits put weight on and raised the affected limb less (Presence-0; 0-0, Absence-0; 0-2) and licked the affected area less (Presence-0; 0-0, Absence-0; 0-2). These findings demonstrate that the presence of the observer inhibited pain-free behaviours in the rabbits, leading to a false impression of pain, and after the surgery the rabbits masked some pain signs related to the affected area.

Wild and Domestic Canids and Their Interactions in the Transmission Cycles of Trypanosoma Cruzi and Leishmania spp. in an Area of the Brazilian Cerrado.

Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. are parasites that infect multiple hosts including canids, considered bioaccumulators of parasites. Deforestation in the Cerrado biome has resulted in the exposure of wild canids to anthropized areas, where they may establish ecological and epidemiological relationships with domestic dogs. We evaluated the infection by trypanosomatids in canids from a Cerrado agroecosystem between 2013 and 2017. Samples of wild canids (blood, bone marrow and skin) and dogs (blood) were collected for parasitological, serological and molecular diagnosis. A total of 414 samples from wild (n = 131) and domestic (n = 283) canids were collected, including recaptures. We obtained five positive hemocultures from Lycalopex vetulus (n = 2), Cerdocyon thous (n = 1) and dogs (n = 2), all characterized as T. cruzi TcIII/V (18S rDNA) and TcIII/V/VI (gGAPDH); one positive skin fragment for Leishmania sp. (C. thous), one positive skin culture (Chrysocyon brachyurus) and one positive fresh blood examination from a dog. Infection by T. cruzi and Leishmania spp. was serologically confirmed in 18% and 4% of the canids, respectively. Active transmission was attested by seroconversion events and occurred despite the low rate of positive parasitological assays. Wild and domestic canids infected by both parasites were detected sharing the same areas, pointing to a possible spillover of parasites among them.