[Enteral protection in patients with diffuse peritonitis]. / Enteroprotektsiya v povyshenii effektivnosti lecheniya patsientov s rasprostranennym peritonitom.

OBJECTIVE: To improve treatment outcomes in patients with diffuse peritonitis via enteral protection using intestinal lavage with ozonized solution through an original tube. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed 78 patients with advanced peritonitis. The control group included 39 patients who underwent standard measures after surgery for peritonitis. The main group consisted of 39 patients who underwent early postoperative intestinal lavage with ozonized solutions through original tube for 3 days. RESULTS: Clinical and laboratory parameters, as well as ultrasound data indicated better correction of enteral insufficiency in the main group. Morbidity in the main group was lower by 33.3%, length of hospital-stay - by 3.5 days. CONCLUSION: Early postoperative intestinal lavage with ozonized solutions through original tube accelerates recovery intestinal function and improves treatment outcomes in patients with widespread peritonitis.

[Possible ways to approach the effectiveness of open abdominal interventions to laparoscopic]. / Vozmozhnye puti priblizheniya rezul'tativnosti otkrytykh abdominal'nykh vmeshatel'stv k laparoskopicheskim.

THE PURPOSE OF THE WORK: Based on the determination of the mechanisms of negative manifestations of surgical aggression in open interventions, compared with laparoscopic, to determine ways to optimize the early postoperative period when using them. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The work is based on clinical and laboratory analysis of 147 patients with acute appendicitis complicated by acute peritonitis. In the first group (n=58), patients were operated with traditional laparotomy access. In the second group (n=47) - laparoscopic interventions were used. In the first and second groups, traditional therapy was carried out according to clinical recommendations. In the third group (n=42), patients were operated with traditional laparotomy access, and in the early postoperative period, their therapy included remaxol (intravenous injections of 800.0 ml of the drug in the first two days, then within three days - 400.0 ml). Laboratory and instrumental studies were carried out in patients, including the level of hydrophilic and hydrophobic toxins in the blood, the intensity of peroxidation of membrane lipids and antioxidant enzyme potential, the activity of phospholipase A2. The functional status of the intestine and liver was assessed. RESULTS: It was found that the most important manifestation of the reduction of surgical aggression in the early stages after surgery, which is characteristic of laparoscopic operations, are significantly low phenomena of endogenous intoxication against the background of a significant decrease in the activity of peroxidation of membrane lipids and phospholipase systems - triggers of catabolic phenomena and lesions of various organs and systems, including the intestine and liver. The inclusion of remaxol in complex therapy for patients who have undergone open surgical operations leads to a number of positive clinical and laboratory effects. The most important of them is the reduction of endogenous intoxication. This beneficial effect is associated with the restoration of the functional status of the intestine and liver, as well as a decrease in the severity of catabolic phenomena. The effectiveness of complex therapy with remaxol was marked by reducing the number of postoperative complications and the length of the patient's stay in the hospital. CONCLUSION: The use of remaxol in patients with acute peritonitis complicated by peritonitis who have undergone open surgical interventions, due to the relatively rapid restoration of the functional status of the intestine and liver, reduction of catabolic phenomena, reduces the severity of endogenous intoxication syndrome, which was the basis for a significant improvement in the course of the early postoperative period, bringing it closer to that when using laparoscopic technology.

[Correction of enteral distress syndrome in acute intestinal obstruction]. / Korrektsiya enteral'nogo distress-sindroma pri ostroi kishechnoi neprokhodimosti.

OBJECTIVE: On the basis of a comprehensive assessment of the functional state of the intestine in acute mechanical small bowel obstruction, to justify adequate schemes of its protection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A clinical and laboratory study of 48 patients with acute small bowel obstruction developed against the background of abdominal adhesions, strangulated abdominal hernia was conducted. The first group (n=25) of patients who underwent laparotomy, removal of intestinal obstruction (adhesiolysis and/or herniation, hernial gate plastic surgery), intestinal intubation, standardized therapy after surgery. The second group (n=23) - patients, therapy included Remaxol (Polysan Pharmaceutical Plant, Petersburg): 400.0 enterally intraoperatively through a probe after nasointestinal intubation, evacuation of stagnant contents and intestinal lavage with isotonic saline solution; 400.0 - intravenously for 5 days. A number of indicators of homeostasis (endogenous intoxication, oxidative stress), structural and functional state of the intestine were evaluated. RESULTS: It was found that the inclusion of remaxol in complex therapy (intraoperatively and in the early postoperative period) leads to the optimization of the treatment process of patients with acute intestinal obstruction. The number of complications according to the Clavien-Dindo classification decreased from 17 (first) up to 5 (second group) (χ2=3.988, p=0.046). Hospital stay decreased from 12.8±1.1 to 10.1±0.8 bed days (p<0.05). The effectiveness of the developed scheme is based on its ability to correct the phenomena of enteral distress syndrome relatively quickly, which was confirmed by laboratory and instrumental methods. The most important manifestation of this was a significant decrease in the phenomena of endogenous intoxica tion against the background of a significant decrease in the activity of peroxidation of membrane lipids - triggers of catabolic intestinal lesions. CONCLUSION: Studies document the effectiveness of the developed treatment regimen for patients with acute intestinal obstruction. The inclusion of remaxol parenterally and enterally makes it possible to significantly optimize the course of the early postoperative period. One of the main objects of its implementation was the relatively rapid restoration of intestinal function, reduction of manifestations of enteral distress syndrome. This provided rapid relief of endogenous intoxication and, as a result, prevented the progression of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome, which together determined the optimization of the early postoperative period.

Modification of chirped laser pulses via delayed rotational nonlinearity.

To interpret single-shot measurements of rotational revival patterns in molecular gases excited by an ultrashort laser pulse, an analytical description of the probe pulse modulation by the impulsively excited medium is developed. A femtosecond pump laser pulse prepares a rotational wavepacket in a gas-phase sample, and the resulting periodic revivals are mapped into the frequency domain by using a substantially chirped continuum probe pulse. Since the standard approximate descriptions of probe pulse propagation are inapplicable (such as the slowly varying envelope approximation and the slowly evolving wave approximation), we propose an approach capable of incorporating both the substantial chirp of the pulse and the temporal dispersion of the medium response. Theory is presented for the case where the frequency change of the probe during the probe pulse duration is comparable with the carrier frequency. Analytical expressions are obtained for the probe signal modulation over the pump-probe interaction region and for the resulting heterodyned transient birefringence spectra. The approach is illustrated using the case of nitrogen gas.

Control of spectral interference patterns in broad Rabi sidebands toward quasi-comb structures.

The pattern of spectral interference fringes in broad dynamic Rabi sidebands allows for a considerable degree of control by shaping the picosecond driving pulse. We demonstrate experimental evidence of such control and report an analytic and numerical investigation of possibilities to control the fringe pattern to produce a comb-like optical structure. The temporal phase and amplitude shaping of a picosecond driving pulse influence the spectrum envelope, fringe contrast, and fringe spacing variation in the sideband spectra. The sideband spectrum envelope depends on the sharpness of the driving pulse, that is, on the rate at which the temporal distance between the leading and trailing edges grows away from the pulse maximum. Increasing this parameter reduces the variation of the envelope amplitude across the sideband. The fringe contrast, defined by the maximum-to-minimum difference, depends strongly on the asymmetry of the driving pulse. The imbalance between the leading and trailing edges leads to a decrease of the contrast. The variation of interpeak distance within a sideband was controlled using the temporal shape of the driving pulse. In the particular case of a blue-shifted sideband emitted by excited oxygen atoms driven by a picosecond pulse of 800 nm carrier wavelength and ∼5×10¹° W cm⁻² intensity, a Gaussian pulse shape results in an interpeak distance increasing almost five times over the interval from 1.60 to 1.66 eV, whereas a super-Gaussian shape leads to almost equidistant fringes producing a comb-like spectrum.

[Transfer of mitochondrial DNA to nuclear genome of cells of passaged cell line of Drosophila virilis].

The variability of the chromosomal fragments of the atp6 mitochondrial gene, which is integrated into chromosomal DNA in the lines of flies of different geographic origins and in the passaged cell lines of D. virilis has been analyzed. We did not reveal any nucleotide variability in this DNA marker among the studied fly lines. This result is consistent with the proposition that the D. virilis species is monomorphic. The new fragments of the atp6 gene that are associated with the insertions of the Tv1 retrotransposon and are absent in the fly genome are revealed in the genome of the passaged cell line of D. virilis. This fact is evidence of the activation of the mitochondrial DNA transfer into the nuclear genome of the cells of passaged cell culture.

Ionization-grating-induced nonlinear phase accumulation in spectrally resolved transient birefringence measurements at 400 nm.

We report experimental confirmation of the ionization-grating-induced transient birefringence predicted by Wahlstrand and Milchberg [Opt. Lett. 36, 3822 (2011)] and discuss its impact on the higher-order Kerr effect interpretation by Loriot et al. of pump-probe transient birefringence measurements made at 800 nm [Opt. Express 17, 13429 (2009)]. Measurement of the transient birefringence in air at 400 nm shows a negative contribution to the index of refraction at zero delay for frequencies within the pump bandwidth, the degenerate case, and no negative contribution for frequencies exceeding the pump bandwidth, the nondegenerate case. Our findings suggest that a reevaluation of the higher-order Kerr effect hypothesis of Loriot et al. is necessary.

Spatial-spectral distribution of Rabi radiation generated in plasma.

We report observation and control of the spatial-spectral distributions of coherent, dynamic Rabi sideband radiation. The Rabi sidebands result from the interaction of a shaped picosecond probe laser of intensity 10(10) W cm(-2), with neutral excited atomic oxygen generated in a laser-induced microplasma. The spatial-spectral distribution is measured and compared for picosecond laser pulses having either an asymmetric temporal shape or a Gaussian temporal shape. The resulting spatial-spectral distributions are in quantitative agreement with theoretical predictions that account for the radial intensity distribution of the picosecond probe pulse.

Origin of the spectral coherence in dynamically broadened Rabi sidebands.

We demonstrate the coherent nature of dynamic Rabi-shifted sidebands arising when a picosecond probe laser interacts with a weakly ionized laser-generated microplasma. The coherence is manifested as spectral fringes observed in the sideband spectra. A model is presented that quantitatively predicts both the spectral phase and the spectral interference measured in the sidebands.

Self-shortening dynamics measured along a femtosecond laser filament in air.

The filamentation-induced temporal shortening of a 40 femtosecond pulse propagating in air is traced using impulsive vibrational Raman scattering and measurement of the power spectrum as a function of position along the propagation axis. The N2, O2, and H2O vibrational Raman responses reveal self-shortening of pulse features to 14 fs during the first filamentation cycle and to at least 9 fs in the second cycle. Spectral measurements further demonstrate that the coherent bandwidth generated in the region from 470 to 330 nm during the self-shortening process forms the ∼9 fs pulse.

Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, and Rickettsia symbiotic bacteria in aphids (Aphidoidea).

Aphids are a diverse family of crop pests. Aphids formed a complex relationship with intracellular bacteria. Depending on the region of study, the species composition of both aphids and their facultative endosymbionts varies. The aim of the work was to determine the occurrence and genetic diversity of Wolbachia, Spiroplasma and Rickettsia symbionts in aphids collected in 2018-2019 in Moscow. For these purposes, 578 aphids from 32 collection sites were tested by PCR using specific primers. At least 21 species of aphids from 14 genera and four families were identified by barcoding method, of which 11 species were infected with endosymbionts. Rickettsia was found in six species, Wolbachia in two species, Spiroplasma in one species. The presence of Rickettsia in Impatientinum asiaticum, Myzus cerasi, Hyalopterus pruni, Eucallipterus tiliae, Chaitophorus tremulae and Wolbachia in Aphis pomi and C. tremulae has been described for the first time. A double infection with Rickettsia and Spiroplasma was detected in a half of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) individuals. For the first time was found that six species of aphids are infected with Rickettsia that are genetically different from previously known. It was first discovered that A. pomi is infected with two Wolbachia strains, one of which belongs to supergroup B and is genetically close to Wolbachia from C. tremulae. The second Wolbachia strain from A. pomi belongs to the supergroup M, recently described in aphid species. Spiroplasma, which we observed in A. pisum, is genetically close to male killing Spiroplasma from aphids, ladybirds and moths. Both maternal inheritance and horizontal transmission are the pathways for the distribution of facultative endosymbiotic bacteria in aphids.

[Role of the median forebrain bundle in organizing the electrical activity of the neocortex]. / Rol' medial'nogo puchka perednego mozga v organizatsii élektricheskoi aktivnosti novoi kory.

Bilateral coagulation of the forebrain medial bundle in the lateral hypothalamus enhances the formation of spontaneous spindles and facilitates the recruiting response in the neocortex. This combines with a defect of desynchronizing influences of the posterior hypothalamus and the concurrent dominance of synchronizing effects of the preoptic area (PA). PA stimulation enhances the slow wave and spindle activity in the ECoG of the intact brain. After disruption of PA connections with the bulbar synchronizing apparatus the stimulation effect is manifested only in enhanced spindle activity. It is assumed that in addition to hypnogenic influences which PA shares with the parasolitary apparatus, it maintains a definite level of cortical reactivity after the onset of sleep. Elimination of the orbito-frontal cortex, as well as PA coagulation, does not prevent the appearance of spindles in the ECoG of the preparation with an intersected medial bundle, only limiting them to some extent.

[Factor analysis of the mechanisms of the structure of sleep-wakefulness cycle]. / Vozmozhnye mekhanizmy organizatsii struktury tsikla son-bodrstvovanie po dannym faktornogo analiza.

As a result of factor analysis of the structure of the cat sleep--wakefulness cycle, six factors have been defined, regarded as factors of "paradoxical sleep", "structure of slow-wave sleep", "transitions or delta-sleep", "sleep of medium depth", "stage of sleep spindles" and "delta sleep". Along with the detected certain independence of the apparatuses controlling individual sleep stages it was shown that mechanisms of paradoxical sleep may determine the organization of the entire sleep--wakefulness cycle, representing a peculiar system-forming factor. A considerable part in cessation of the fast sleep, as well as in the sleep general mechanisms is played by the apparatuses responsible for the transitional processes between the stages.

[Participation of the preoptic area in the synchronizing and desynchronizing mechanisms of the brain]. / Uchastie preopticheskoi oblasti v sinkhroniziruiushchikh i desinkhronizi ruiushchikh mekhanizmakh mozga.

The paper deals with spreading of the positive wave (P-wave), appearing in response to stimulation of the basal preoptic area (BPA) in the structures of meso-diencephalic and bulbar levels, predominantly involved into synchronizing and desynchronizing brain systems. It is shown that P-wave is mostly pronounced in the structures situated along the medial fascicle of the forebrain, its bilateral coagulation leading to changes in wave characteristics in the studied structures. Besides, after section of the medial fascicle of the forebrain pronounced inhibitory effects of the posterior hypothalamus on P-wave appearing in response to stimulation of BPA, are considerably weakened.

[Participation of the neocortical and reticulo-hypothalamic apparatuses in the regulation of recurrent inhibition in the thalamic relay nucleus]. / Uchastie neokortikal'nykh i retikulo-gipotalamicheskikh apparatov v reguliatsii vozvratnogo tormozheniia v talamicheskom peredatochnom iadre

In acute experiments on cats a study was made into the development of the field potential of the recurrent inhibition wave (P-wave) in VPL in response to the stimulation of the somatosensory cortex. It has been found that high-frequency stimulation of the posterior medial hypothalamus results in the reduction of the thalamic P-wave brought about antidromically and in a decrease of the number of waves in the series. The effect of stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus on the processes of recurrent inhibition in the relay thalamus is to a great extent mediated through mechanisms of the branstem reticular formation. It has been shown that the dynamics of amplitude characteristics of primary sensory responses in the VPL depends on the phases of development of P-wave in the nucleus. Functional switching off of the cortex by means of loci toxic action reduces the amplitude of P-wave produced by stimulation of a point of the poisoned cortex. Spatial non-coincidence between the topography of foci of maximal activity of primary thalamo-cortical responses and the foci of maximal influences of the stimulated cortex on recurrent inhibition in VPL points to the likely involvement of the neocortical apparatus proper in recurrent thalamic inhibition.

[Effect of arousing and somnogenic effects on the hypothalamus on the space-time organization of the internal connections of the somatosensory cortex]. / Prostranstvenno-vremennaia organizatsiia vnutrennikh sviazei somatosensornoi kory v usloviiakh probuzhdaiushchikh i somnogennykh vozdeistvii gipotalamusa.

Evoked potentials arising in the somatosensory cortex in response to single local stimulation of a forepaw, were recorded in cats in a state of slow-wave sleep and strained alertness elicited by electric activation of the basal preoptic area and posterior hypothalamus. Structure of connections between cortical points was studied by values of responses' amplitudes by means of correlation and factor analyses. It has been found that the organization of functional connections within the somatosensory cortex is determined by several factors, sensitive to hypothalamic influences. The most specific organization for each state is revealed at the stage of completion of the positive-negative complex of the primary response, which combines with the highest plasticity of connection formation.

[Electrophysiologic correlates of interaction between desynchronized and synchronized brain structures during sleep and wakefulness]. / Elektrofiziologicheskie korreliaty vzaimootnoshenii desinkhriniziruiushchikh i sinkhroniziruiushchikh struktur mozga vo vremia sna i bodrstvovaniia.

The relations of the basal preoptic area to mesencephalic RF, center median of the thalamus, hippocampus and posterior hypothalamus were studied in cats with the aid of positive wave (P-wave) evoked by preoptic stimulation during wakefulness and sleep. In light slow wave sleep, the amplitude and duration of P-wave increased for all the structures except hippocampus. Correlation between the P-wave amplitude in hippocampus and the duration of the paradoxical sleep was revealed. In paradoxical sleep, the P-wave of the mesencephalic RF and the center median was reduced as compared to wakefulness. Various functional properties of the P-wave evoked by preoptic stimulation, are discussed.

[Autonomic support of the systemic response under conditions of operator visual-stress activities]. / Vegetativnoe obespechenie sistemnogo otveta v usloviiakh zritel'no-napriazhennoi deiatel'nosti operatora.

The parameters of functioning of muscular, cardiac-respiratory, vegetative and other systems in the organism of healthy persons engaged in the work connected with visual strength have been studied. The optimal limits of system response are determined and thus its realization is shown to be provided with the activation of vegetative regulation apparatus. The structure of the relations between the distinguished parameters is maintained even when new level of functioning is established. Initial activation of vegetative mechanisms is a leading factor of the further rearrangements of visual and somatosensory analyzers with the given kind of activity.

Postionization medium evolution in a laser filament: A uniquely nonplasma response.

Theoretical consideration of the optical response of nascent free electrons in the process of laser filamentation reveals that the initial microscopically inhomogeneous charge distribution causes a transient electromagnetic response of the medium that differs drastically from that of a homogeneous plasma with the same degree of ionization. An analytical model, describing the forced oscillations of virtually isolated and expanding electron clouds, predicts considerable enhancement of these oscillations caused by transient resonance with the laser field. The transient resonance processes should play a role in the currently accepted picture of filament formation dynamics.