Intraparotid Sentinel Lymph Node Dissection for Melanoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Surgical management of head and neck cutaneous melanoma (HNCM) has evolved tremendously since sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has become the prominent tool of prognosis and staging. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the safety and efficiency of intraparotid SLNB compared with a more extensive surgery of superficial parotidectomy (SP). METHODS: The electronic database of PubMed and Scopus were searched for publications until 10 March 2022. In addition, the study included data of patients from our institution who underwent cherry-picking procedures. Pooled estimates were calculated using the random-effects model. Heterogeneity was calculated using the I2 test. RESULTS: The pooled result regarding the rate of SLNB excision success was 97 % (95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.95-0.99; p < 0.0001), and the pooled probability of a positive SLNB result was 16 % (95 % CI 0.12-0.20; p < 0.0001). Failure of SLNB had pooled results of 4 % (95 % CI 0.02-0.06; p < 0.0009). For SP, no study examining N0 HNCM patients has met the authors' inclusion criteria. Cherry-picking SLNB had temporary and permanent facial nerve paralysis relative risks (RRs) of 0.12 (95 % CI 0.06-0.27; p < 0.0001) and 0.46 (95 % CI 0.17-1.22; p < 0.0001), respectively, compared with historical data from four weighted meta-analyses of SP. CONCLUSIONS: The data from this study suggest that intraparotid SLNB performed for N0 HNCM patients is a safe and reliable procedure, with very low complication rates. Failure of the procedure did not exceed 4 %. Therefore, intraparotid SLNB may be superior to an extensive surgery such as SP and should be examined in future prospective trials.

Flow-cytometry Assessment of DNA content and Immunophenotyping of Immune-cells in Lymph-node-specimens as a Potential Diagnostic Signature of Aggressiveness in B-Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas.

Flow-cytometry (FC) is a powerful tool that can assist in lymphoma diagnosis in lymph node (LN) specimens. Although lymphoma diagnosis and classification are mainly based on tumor cell characteristics, surrounding cells are less employed in this process. We retrospectively investigated alterations in the ploidy status, proliferative cell fraction (PF) and the percentages of surrounding immune cells in 62 consecutive LN specimens with B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (B-NHL) that were submitted for FC evaluation between 2019-2022. Compared with indolent B-NHLs, aggressive B-NHLs show increased DNA aneuploidy and PF, increased monocytes, immature-granulocytes, mature granulocytes, CD8+ T-cells, Double-Negative-T-cells and Double-Positive-T-cells, and decreased total CD45+ cells, total lymphocytes, CD4+ T-cells and CD4/CD8 ratio. Receiver operating characteristic analysis determined PF > 6.8% and immature-granulocytes > 0.9% as optimal cutoffs with highest specificity and sensitivity in differentiating aggressive and indolent B-NHLs. These findings further strength the diagnostic value of DNA content analysis by FC and suggest the utilization of tumor surrounding immune cells in NHL diagnosis and classification.

Rhinoplasty Health Inventory and Nasal Outcomes (RHINO) Scale: Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation for Hebrew-Speaking Patients.

Patient-reported outcomes questionnaires are accepted measurement tools to evaluate procedures results. The Rhinoplasty Health Inventory and Nasal Outcomes (RHINO) scale is an English-language validated and reliable quality-of-life instrument that evaluates both functional and aesthetic outcomes after rhinoplasty, and is not available in Hebrew. We followed the forward-and-back-translation method, defined by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Translation of the RHINO scale and merging it into one version were performed, following back-translation and validation on native Hebrew-speaking patients who underwent rhinoplasty and control healthy group. Lastly, we review and analyzed the results. The translated questionnaire had high reliability measures, demonstrating homogeneity (α value 0.800 in the rhinoplasty group and 0.896 in the control group), test-retest reproducibility with no significant difference (p = 0.5), and high agreement scores represented by the Bland-Altman plot (95% limits of agreement ranged from 8.78 to 9.80). Validity demonstrated by significant differences between the two study groups' mean questionnaire scores (p < 0.001 for rhinoplasty vs. controls, p < 0.001 for preoperative vs. postoperative, and p = 0.002 for postoperative vs. control group) and also between the aesthetic scores and functional scores of the rhinoplasty group before and after the surgery (p < 0.001). There were no reported understanding problems. The Hebrew version of the RHINO scale is a reliable and valid tool for pre- and post-rhinoplasty surgery outcomes measuring among Hebrew-speaking patients, and can improve coordination of expectations, follow-up, and quantify subjective evaluation of the surgery. Level of evidence: IV.

Incidental Laryngeal Findings in Routine Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) refers to the backflow of acidic stomach content into the larynx, pharynx, and upper aerodigestive tract. The diagnosis of LPR is based on the patient's history and findings of the laryngoscopy associated with LPR. Other possible manifestations consistent with LPR symptoms include laryngeal cancer, vocal fold granulomas, Reinke's space edema, and vocal polyps. In this study, we compared the characteristics of patients with LPR symptoms and incidental laryngeal findings (ILF) in the laryngoscopic evaluation to those without ILF (WILF). OBJECTIVES: Determine the characteristics of LPR-symptomatic patients with ILF versus WILF. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we examined 160 medical charts from patients referred to the otolaryngology clinic at Galilee Medical Center for LPR evaluation 2016-2018. The reflux symptoms index (RSI), reflux finding score (RFS), and demographics of the patient were collected. All patients with a positive RSI score for LPR (RSI > 9) were included, and the profiles of patients with versus without ILF on laryngoscopy examination were compared. RESULTS: Of the 160 patients, 20 (12.5%) had ILF during laryngoscopy. Most had vocal cord findings such as leukoplakia (20%), polyps (15%), and nodules (20%). Hoarseness, throat clearing, swallowing difficulty, breathing difficulties, and total RSI score were significantly higher in patients with ILF. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of LPR symptoms may provide otolaryngologists with a tool to identify patients with other findings on fiberoptic laryngoscopy. A laryngoscopic examination should be part of the examination of every patient with LPR to enable diagnosis of incidental findings.

Parathyroid Cystic Adenoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To review diagnostic imaging modalities for parathyroid cystic adenomas (PCA). Since PCAs are a rare (0.5%-1%) subclass of parathyroid adenomas, and due to their cystic component, imaging modalities known to be efficient for diagnosing solid adenomas might fail in localizing them. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review using the PubMed and Cochrane databases for English articles on PCAs published between 1995 and 2020. A meta-analysis of the retrieved data was performed. RESULTS: Overall, 39 studies, reporting on a total of 160 patients, were included in the analysis. Two thirds (68%) of the patients were female, with a mean age of 53.9 years. A single cystic adenoma was detected in 98.1% of cases. The mean blood calcium corrected for albumin level was 12.6 ± 2.7 mg/dL, and the mean parathyroid hormone level was 565.5 ± 523.8 pg/mL. The mean PCA sizes as measured by ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and ex vivo measurement were 4.8 ± 3.6, 5.2 ± 3.2, and 3.5 cm, respectively. The median weight was 8.1 g. PCA was detected in 86% of US examinations; 100% of US-guided fine needle aspiration, 4-dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT), or magnetic resonance imaging examinations; and 61% of 99m-technetium sestamibi scan with single-photon emission computed tomography ((99m)Tc-SPECT). (99m)Tc-SPECT showed a significantly lower diagnostic rate than US (odds ratio, 3.589), US-guided fine needle aspiration, CT combined with 4D-CT, and the combination of US, CT, 4D-CT, and magnetic resonance imaging (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Although US and 4D-CT showed a significantly high rate in diagnosing PCA, (99m)Tc-SPECT showed a lower PCA diagnostic rate. These findings suggest that larger cystic lesions suspected as PCAs should be further evaluated using 4D-CT rather than (99m)Tc-SPECT.

Decline in emergency department visits during the COVID-19 quarantine.

BACKGROUND: Emergency department (ED) visits can be divided into urgent and non-urgent. A delay in seeking medical help, especially in urgent cases, can lead to fatal consequences, along with a higher rate of complications and morbidity. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic spread led to restrictions and eventually quarantines. We investigated the impact of the COVID-19 spread and quarantine on ED visits rates comparing to parallel periods in preceding years (2013-2019). In addition, we compared this decrease to holidays and weekends, times in which a decrease in ED visits is seen. METHODS: This was a descriptive retrospective study. Causes of ED referrals were divided into urgent and non-urgent, then into different subcategories including infectious, cardiac, etc. RESULTS: For the spring COVID-192020 quarantine period, a 56.3% decrease of mean ED visits per day was seen, as compared to preceding years (55.7% and 98.9% respectively). This decrease was also statistically evident when comparing the urgent and non-urgent causes separately and for all sub-categories. This pattern of decrease also showed statistical evidence of fewer ED visits during holidays for most comparisons, in which lower ED visit rates are expected. Significantly lower rates of ED visits were demonstrated during the COVID-19 quarantine period, as compared to preceding years and main holidays and weekends, a decrease that was also demonstrated for urgent life-threatening causes. CONCLUSION: Our findings can be used to inform a wide range of stakeholders, including regional planners, historians, sociologists, and international healthcare organizations. Healthcare providers should understand the reasons for this ED visit decline pattern, attempt to address patients' concerns, and increase awareness regarding alarming symptoms in urgent medical situations.

Revisiting the role of surgery in the treatment of Graves' disease.

Graves' disease (GD) can be managed by antithyroid drugs (ATD), radioactive iodine (RAI) and surgery. Thyroidectomy offers the highest success rates for both primary and persistent disease, yet it is the least recommended or utilized option reaching <1% for primary disease and <25% for persistent disease. Several surveys have found surgery to be the least recommended by endocrinologists worldwide. With the development of remote access thyroidectomies and intraoperative nerve monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, combined with current knowledge of possible risks associated with RAI or failure of ATDs, revaluation of the benefit to harm ratio of surgery in the treatment of GD is warranted. The aim of this review is to discuss possible reasons for the low proportion of surgery in the treatment of GD, emphasizing an evidence-based approach to the clinicians' preferences for surgical referrals, surgical indications and confronting traditional reasons and concerns relating to the low referral rate with up-to-date data.

Validation of Lung EpiCheck, a novel methylation-based blood assay, for the detection of lung cancer in European and Chinese high-risk individuals.

AIM: Lung cancer screening reduces mortality. We aim to validate the performance of Lung EpiCheck, a six-marker panel methylation-based plasma test, in the detection of lung cancer in European and Chinese samples. METHODS: A case-control European training set (n=102 lung cancer cases, n=265 controls) was used to define the panel and algorithm. Two cut-offs were selected, low cut-off (LCO) for high sensitivity and high cut-off (HCO) for high specificity. The performance was validated in case-control European and Chinese validation sets (cases/controls 179/137 and 30/15, respectively). RESULTS: The European and Chinese validation sets achieved AUCs of 0.882 and 0.899, respectively. The sensitivities/specificities with LCO were 87.2%/64.2% and 76.7%/93.3%, and with HCO they were 74.3%/90.5% and 56.7%/100.0%, respectively. Stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) sensitivity in European and Chinese samples with LCO was 78.4% and 70.0% and with HCO was 62.2% and 30.0%, respectively. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) was represented only in the European set and sensitivities with LCO and HCO were 100.0% and 93.3%, respectively. In multivariable analyses of the European validation set, the assay's ability to predict lung cancer was independent of established risk factors (age, smoking, COPD), and overall AUC was 0.942. CONCLUSIONS: Lung EpiCheck demonstrated strong performance in lung cancer prediction in case-control European and Chinese samples, detecting high proportions of early-stage NSCLC and SCLC and significantly improving predictive accuracy when added to established risk factors. Prospective studies are required to confirm these findings. Utilising such a simple and inexpensive blood test has the potential to improve compliance and broaden access to screening for at-risk populations.

National differences in cost analysis of Afirma Genomic sequencing classifier.

CONTEXT: Thyroid nodules of indeterminate cytology can be subjected to molecular testing such as the Afirma Genomic Sequencing Classifier (GSC), thereby minimizing the number of unnecessary diagnostic surgeries. OBJECTIVE: This work aimed to evaluate and compare the cost of routine GSC testing of indeterminate thyroid nodules in different countries. DESIGN, PATIENTS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The cost of diagnostic hemithyroidectomy of indeterminate thyroid nodules was calculated by performing a Monte Carlo simulation cost analysis on a Markov decision-analytic model and then compared to that of GSC testing in the UK, Australia, USA, and Israel. RESULTS: Assuming that patients are treated by surgical resection and routine GSC testing is performed for all nodules of indeterminate significance, we found the GSC test to be more cost effective compared with diagnostic hemithyroidectomy when malignancy rates of thyroid nodules are less than 22.6%-37.1%, depending on the country where the test is performed. Given the cost of a thyroidectomy in the UK, Australia and Israel, performing routine GSC tests on all Bethesda IV nodules is more expensive than routine diagnostic hemithyroidectomy and becomes cost effective for Bethesda III when the GSC cost is below 3,031-3,087 USD. In comparison, in the USA, higher cost of thyroidectomy makes the GSC test cost effective for Bethesda III nodules at its current cost, but not for Bethesda IV nodules where it becomes cost effective under the price of 3,031 USD. CONCLUSIONS: Different molecular testing and surgical costs in different countries should be considered when performing cost analysis. In addition, since different medical centres have different malignancy rates, personalized in-house assessment of cost-effectiveness is warranted.

Community clinic and emergency department physicians' adherence to acute pharyngitis antibiotic treatment guidelines.

BACKGROUND: Antibiotic treatment guidelines for common infectious diseases enable proper diagnosis and treatment and avoid unnecessary antibiotic treatment, preventing both financial expenditure and antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics. METHODS: The aim of our study was to investigate whether community physicians referring patients to the medical centre and whether emergency department (ED) physicians diagnose and treat acute pharyngitis according to these guidelines. We conducted a retrospective study. Data were collected on 99 patients admitted with the diagnosis of acute pharyngitis. The patients were admitted to the medical centre between 2015 and 2014. The physicians' adherence to antibiotic guidelines for indication, type and duration of treatment for acute pharyngitis was examined. RESULTS: The adherence of community physicians regarding the indication for antibiotic treatment was low (16%). The adherence of community and ED physicians regarding the type of treatment was high (96% and 99%, respectively). The adherence of ED physicians regarding the duration of treatment was higher than the adherence among community physicians (58% and 13.3%, respectively, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P < .001). Interns tended to adhere to the guidelines more than seniors (36.4% versus 12.0%, respectively, Fisher's exact test, P = .07). CONCLUSIONS: There is a lack of compliance with the guidelines among community physicians regarding the diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of acute pharyngitis, which is characterized by excessive antibiotic treatment. Therefore, ways to increase awareness and adherence to clinical guidelines, and to allow the conditions in the clinics to fulfil the guidelines should be investigated.

Not All Bethesda 1 Thyroid Nodules Were Created Equal: Different B1 Subgroups.

OBJECTIVE: The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology is a uniform method used worldwide to report thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) outcomes. This study focuses on the Nondiagnostic/Unsatisfactory category, designated as Bethesda1 (B1). The documented risk of malignancy for B1 nodules can vary significantly, implying this category is not homogenous and might be composed of different subtypes. Our hypothesis was that B1 subgroups (blood only, insufficient thyrocytes, cyst content) will vary in their malignancy rate. METHODS: The study design was observational and retrospective. The study population included 154 patients in the Galilee Medical Center who underwent FNA examination of the thyroid gland from 2013-2018 and had a B1 result. We looked at the final diagnosis of malignant or benign for patients who underwent surgery and calculated the malignancy rate for each subgroup. RESULTS: Malignancy rates were higher in the Blood subgroup than in the other subgroups, and higher in the Thyrocytes subgroup than in the Cyst subgroup (P < .05). All malignancies were papillary thyroid carcinomas. There was no significant difference in the malignancy rate when we further divided the B1 samples into 2 groups based on the presence of epithelial cells. Many repeat FNA tests resulted in a different B1 subgroup. CONCLUSION: The different malignancy rates suggest that individual management approaches should be considered for each B1 subgroup.

Translation and cultural adaptation of the Hebrew version of the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire: a prospective, non-randomized control trial.

PURPOSE: Left untreated, obstructive sleep-disordered breathing (OSDB) are associated with adverse effects on growth and development. History and physical examination alone are used for diagnosing children with OSDB, as polysomnography is not always feasible. Our objective was to develop and validate a Hebrew version of the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) to help to diagnose and follow-up children before and after adenotonsillectomy surgery for OSDB. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, nonrandomized, controlled trial in an academic medical center. We enrolled parents of children younger than 5 years of age planned for tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy due to obstructive airway indication. The parents completed the validated Hebrew version of PSQ questionnaire before and after surgery. We translated the questionnaire through forward-backward translation method. Our main outcome measures were reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the Hebrew version of PSQ. RESULTS: Overall, 45 parents of children with OSDB and 34 controls filled out the questionnaires. We found significant differences between the PSQ scores before and after surgery (p < 0.001). The Hebrew version of PSQ results after surgery were similar to those of the control group (p = 0.206), as expected. We found high reliability of the Hebrew version of PSQ before surgery (α = 0.931). The translated PSQ had a high specificity (87.9%) and sensitivity (77.3%) to identify children with OSDB. CONCLUSION: The Hebrew version of the validated PSQ for parents to children with OSDB can be used as a reliable screening and diagnostic tool to identify children suffering from OSDB, when polysomnography is not feasible.

Standardization for oncologic head and neck surgery.

The inherent variability in performing specific surgical procedures for head and neck cancer remains a barrier for accurately assessing treatment outcomes, particularly in clinical trials. While non-surgical modalities for cancer therapeutics have evolved to become far more uniform, there remains the challenge to standardize surgery. The purpose of this review is to identify the barriers in achieving uniformity and to highlight efforts by surgical groups to standardize selected operations and nomenclature. While further improvements in standardization will remain a challenge, we must encourage surgical groups to focus on strategies that provide such a level.

The natural neck crease as an anatomic landmark for thyroid surgery incision.

BACKGROUND: The anatomical relations between the neck skin crease and the thyroid gland isthmus and cricoid cartilage are important for surgical planning. METHODS: Between 2016 and 2018 anatomical measurements were performed on 118 participants during a presurgical ultrasound exam and were verified during surgery. The data were stratified according to age, sex, patient's body mass index (BMI), and height. FINDINGS: The cricoid cartilage was found to be lower than the second skin neck crease by 0.2 ± 0.9 cm on average and the thyroid isthmus lower by 0.9 ± 1 cm from the second neck crease. No correlation was found to subjects' age, BMI, or height. Patient satisfaction, measured by the dermatologic life quality index, was high. CONCLUSIONS: A surgical incision made along the second neck crease will allow for a predicted and proper exposure in thyroid surgeries. The possibility of concealing the surgical scar in the natural neck skin crease can increase patients' aesthetic satisfaction.

Differences in cytopathologist thyroid nodule malignancy rate.

OBJECTIVES: The accuracy of a cytological diagnosis obtained by fine needle aspiration is influenced by several factors including the technique used and the experience of both the aspirator as well as the cytologist. In this project we planned to evaluate the interobserver differences of thyroid nodule cytopathology in our medical centre. METHODS: The study was conducted using retrospective pathology reports from a single academic centre from August 2013 to September 2017. We compared the sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values, malignancy rates, and accuracy of two cytopathologists who evaluated thyroid nodules. RESULTS: We included 287 fine needle aspirations of thyroid nodules in the study. Approximately one fifth (18.5%) of patients had surgery and the rate of malignancy was 40%. There was a similar frequency of use of all thyroid Bethesda system (TBS) categories with the exception of TBS 3 (8.0% and 21.2%, P = .01). As a consequence, the malignancy rate was different in TBS 3 category (40% vs 17%, P = .545). CONCLUSIONS: There are interobserver differences in the evaluation of thyroid nodules. Clinicians should be aware of such differences because they affect the malignancy rate in each TBS category.

Ultrasound guided transcervical drainage of tongue base abscess.

IMPORTANCE: Infected vallecular cysts should first be treated conservatively and if airway is compromised surgical treatment is considered. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility and safety of transcervical aspiration of an infected vallecular cyst. DESIGN: A retrospective review of a novel technique that has been used for drainage of vallecular cyst abscesses for 5 years (2012 to 2017). SETTING: Galilee Medical Center affiliated to Azrieli Faculty of Medicine. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive patients who underwent ultrasound guided percutaneous vallecular cyst drainage. MAIN OUTCOME & MEASURES: Medical records were reviewed to identify patient characteristics, symptoms, and outcomes. RESULTS: During 2012-2017, seven patients underwent transcutaneous ultrasound-guided drainage of a tongue-base abscess as an in-hospital office procedure. In all patients the technique described above was feasible. About a month after the procedure, patients underwent surgical marsupialization of the cyst under general anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Ultrasound guided transcutaneous needle drainage of a base of tongue abscess is possible as it may achieve palliation and obtain material for culture. In this first-described series we show this technique's feasibility. Physicians should be familiar with this technique as it can easily be done under ultrasound guidance in the clinic using local anesthesia, and culture may be obtained, airway obstruction relieved, and recovery facilitated.

Surgical repair of mechanical ventilation induced tracheoesophageal fistula.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes of surgery to repair tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) caused by mechanical ventilation. METHOD: Case series and review of all cases reported in English literature. Only reports of TEF following mechanical ventilation and containing description of surgical repair and outcomes were included. RESULTS: A total of 41 studies comprising 143 patients met the inclusion criteria. Most studies had incomplete information on important variables such as co-morbidity and fistula size. Tracheal resection anastomosis (TRA) was the most common approach, performed in 91 (63.6%) patients (including three newly reported here). Lateral approach repair (LA) was done in 45 (31.5%) patients. The former had a higher incidence of pre-existing tracheal stenosis [53 (89.8%) vs. 7 (35%) cases; p < 0.001]. Flap interposition to augment the repair was done in 49 (53.9%) and 40 (88.9%) cases, respectively (p < 0.001). Successful and durable healing of the fistula were achieved in 90 (98.9%) cases in TRA and 39 (88.6%) cases in LA. CONCLUSION: In carefully selected cases of TEF caused by mechanical ventilation, TRA is the most preferred approach, delivering successful healing in almost all cases. Where TRA is not indicated or preferred, LA appears to be a good alternative. Future studies should explicitly report all of the known co-variables, so that the exact indications for choosing a particular surgical approach could be better elucidated.

Sino-nasal outcome test-22: Cross-cultural adaptation and validation in Russian speaking patients.

BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a relatively common disease, which significantly affects the patient's quality of life (QoL). Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22) is a QoL questionnaire, which allows quantifying patients' complaints. Our aim was to translate and validated the SNOT-22 into the Russian language. METHODS: Translation and validation of SNOT-22 questionnaire was performed through forward-backward translation technique. After proper translation, the translated questionnaire was completed by CRS patients before and after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and by healthy individuals as controls. RESULTS: Thirty-four native Russian-speaking CRS patients completed the Russian version of the SNOT-22 questionnaire before and after ESS. The internal consistency for reliability assessment was very good (mean Cronbach's alpha = 0.816 for CRS patients). Mean scores for the preoperative, postoperative and control groups were 67.6, 18.1 and 9.2, respectively (P < .001), showing validity and responsiveness of the questionnaire. CONCLUSION: The Russian version of the SNOT-22 questionnaire is a valid outcome measure for patients with CRS.

Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy Using Tube Exchanger.

We describe a modified technique for percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy using a 15F tube exchanger or Eschmann catheter. A retrospective review of 1180 procedures using this modified technique demonstrated it to be effective with a failure rate of only 0.25% (3 patients). Moreover, it provides an additional safeguard with the ability to rapidly reintroduce the endotracheal tube into the trachea guided by the exchange catheter in the event of accidental extubation during the procedure. This technique needs no additional special devices or equipment (eg, a bronchoscope). However, a prospective study is needed to better define its complication rate.

Review of a single institution's fine needle aspiration results for thyroid nodules: Initial observations and lessons for the future.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate the disease spectrum of thyroid cytopathology and correlation of the Bethesda reporting system with final histopathology in our medical centre. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted from histopathology reports from Galilee Medical Center between August 2013 and September 2017. RESULTS: A total of 287 thyroid fine needle aspirations were included in the study. The majority (55.1%) of these were benign (B2). Surgery was performed on 53 cases and the total malignancy rate was 39.6%. Our study had a favourable accuracy rate of 70%. A B4 Bethesda category had a higher malignancy rate (50%) than previously reported. CONCLUSION: We found a higher malignancy rate (50%) based on the Bethesda B4 category of the fine needle aspirations in our series, yet it is based on a small sample. The differences in malignancy rates between centres have an important impact on clinical decisions.