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1.
Chirurg ; 50(6): 379-83, 1979 Jun.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-456186

RESUMO

Using autotransplants of an autonomous intestinal muscle segment a sphincter substitute and consequently a continent colostomy can be produced in humans and dogs. The histological study of the intestinal muscle section resected 1--28 weeks after implantation shows, in dogs, a good healing process and vascularization of the transplant muscle, which explains the clinical success. Even after many weeks only slight atrophy and fibrosis can be observed. Only a few of the intramural nerve plexuses perish. Some of the small intestine sphincters remain incontinent. The specimens show a more or less extensive hemorrhagic necrosis of the transplant with high inflammation. The reason for these complications is thought to be the mucosa glands, which were not completely removed from the vulnerable small intestine of the dog before the transplantation.


Assuntos
Intestinos/cirurgia , Músculo Liso/transplante , Animais , Colostomia/métodos , Cães , Intestinos/patologia , Métodos , Transplante Autólogo
2.
Chirurg ; 50(2): 96-100, 1979 Feb.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-369795

RESUMO

The study is concerned with a problem which is to a great extent still surgically unsolved, namely that of the incontinent hollow organ occlusion. We report on our own experiments on animals and on physiologicofunctional studies, which reveal the suitability of the smooth muscles as an ideal material for sphincter replacements. By histologic research it became obvious that autotransplantations of smooth muscles, carried out for the first time by the Department of Surgery of the University of Würzburg, are possible without significant tissue changes. The transplant is soon supplied by vessels which sprout ubiquitously and completely permeate it so that it can take over its function as sphincter. Meanwhile, the experience gained in experiments on animals has been transferred to surgery on humans. Incontinence and incontinence of the preternatural anus were eliminated in the first operations using autologous autotransplanted sphincteroplasties.


Assuntos
Colostomia/métodos , Incontinência Fecal/prevenção & controle , Músculo Liso/transplante , Transplante Autólogo , Animais , Colo , Cães , Humanos , Técnicas de Sutura
3.
Chirurg ; 56(2): 105-8, 1985 Feb.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3987422

RESUMO

A continent colostomy was performed on 15 mongrel dogs by free transplantation of autologous smooth muscle. The myoelectrical observations of this colostomy and of a 3 years old human transplant show a vital and high active sphincter mechanism.


Assuntos
Colostomia , Eletromiografia , Músculo Liso/transplante , Animais , Cães , Feminino , Motilidade Gastrointestinal , Humanos , Contração Muscular , Músculo Liso/fisiopatologia , Neoplasias Retais/cirurgia
6.
Rev Med Chil ; 136(6): 719-24, 2008 Jun.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18769827

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, highly heritable neurobiological disorder of childhood onset, characterized by hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and/or inattentiveness. AIM: To search for possible associations between dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) and dopamine transponder 1 (DATl) polymorphisms and ADHD in Chilean families. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We extended a previous family-based discordant sib pair analysis that included 26 cases diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria and 25 controls (healthy siblings of cases), adding 14 cases and 11 controls. RESULTS: Both loci, individually classified as homozygotes or heterozygotes for the DRD4 7-repeat and DATl 10-repeat alleles, did not exhibit genotype frequency differences between affected children and their healthy siblings. However, the simultaneous presence of both DRD4 7-repeat heterozygosity and DATl 10 allele homozygosity was significantly higher (22.5%) in cases (40), compared with (2.8%) unaffected siblings (36), with an odds-ratio of 10.16. CONCLUSIONS: The genotype combination DRD4/7 heterozygotes and DAT1/10 homozygotes is a high risk factors in Chilean families for ADHD. Increased density of dopamine transporters in ADHD brains, along with abundance of 7-repeat D4 receptors in prefrontal cortex, which is impaired in ADHD patients, make the observed gene-gene interaction worthy of studies to understand the functional basis of ADHD.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/genética , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Dopamina/genética , Família , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Receptores de Dopamina D4/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais , Frequência do Gene , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Humanos , Repetições Minissatélites , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Fatores de Risco
7.
Anaesthesist ; 36(7): 333-9, 1987 Jul.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3310725

RESUMO

UNLABELLED: Minimal Alveolar Concentration (MAC) defines the anesthetic potency of nitrous oxide (N2O) combined with an inhalational anesthetic only for the moment of skin incision. For the complete operation, the proportional action of N2O is unknown. This prospective, randomized study reports the mean intraoperative concentration (MIC) of halothane with and without 70% N2O in combination with premedication, i.v. induction, and muscle relaxation for the duration of operation. METHODS: Forty ASA I-II patients scheduled for hysterectomies gave informed consent. All patients received atropine 0.5 mg, promethazine and pethidine 1 mg/kg i.m. 30-45 min prior to anesthesia, i.v. induction with thiopental, and neuromuscular blockade with alcuronium at the beginning of the operation. Post-induction, patients received randomized halothane in 30% O2/70% N2 (group 1, n = 20) or in 30% O2/70% N2O (group 2, n = 20). In the course of this observation (before induction and up to 15 min after extubation), the following parameters were measured (Table 1): arterial pressure (AP), heart rate (HR), plasma concentrations of growth hormone, prolactin, and cortisol in central venous blood, esophageal temperature, "train-of-four" ratio, and expiratory CO2 concentration. MIC had been computed from the integral of end-expiratory halothane concentration during the course of the operation. RESULTS: Biometric data and concomitant conditions were equivalent within the two groups (Table 2). MIC halothane was 0.72 +/- 0.014 vol% in group 1 (O2/N2) and 0.52 +/- 0.01 vol% in group 2 (O2/N2O).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Assuntos
Anestesia por Inalação , Halotano , Óxido Nitroso , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Temperatura Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Quimioterapia Combinada , Hormônio do Crescimento/sangue , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Óxido Nitroso/farmacologia , Prolactina/sangue , Estudos Prospectivos , Distribuição Aleatória , Respiração/efeitos dos fármacos
8.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9689407

RESUMO

Continuous oxygen supply to the tissues is one of the many important factors in intensive care. However, as a basic requirement for the structure and function of higher developed organisms energy production by oxydative metabolism is of outstanding importance, because there is no significant storage of energy and anaerobic metabolism is insufficient. The determinants of oxygen supply--blood flow and oxygen content--are well known. The system stands out for its extensive ability to compensate imbalances. Nevertheless one has to bear in mind also rather trivial disturbances like insufficient respiration and hypovolemia. Absolute values of global parameters, however, provide no information on the oxygen supply of individual organs that are variably susceptible to hypoxia. Regional perfusion and tissue respiration are influenced by various factors. Together with systemic components the physiologic oxygen transport along the oxygen cascade follows demand. Regardless of their position on the oxygen cascade malfunctions of oxygenation impair first the function and eventually the structure of the tissues. An utilisation block on the cellular level can prevent sufficient energy production despite optimized oxygen supply, the damage of reperfusion can intensify the effects of hypoxia. Typical haemodynamic patterns follow the tissue hypoxia. For maintaining an equilibrium between oxygen demand and supply it is important that oxygen consumption is also influenced by numerous factors. Only when an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand--an oxygen debt--is realized at an early stage, the critically ill patient can be saved from irreversible damage. In the field of intensive care the frequently latent tissue hypoxia is often a result of the chronic oxygen debt of individual, particularly vulnerable organs. Considering those aspects the intestinal mucosa is particularly suited for the monitoring of tissue oxygenation in the critically ill patient.


Assuntos
Cuidados Críticos , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Humanos
9.
Anaesthesist ; 34(4): 208-10, 1985 Apr.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-4003749

RESUMO

In a patient scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting induction of anaesthesia resulted in a life-threatening anaphylactoid reaction with development of an erythema of the neck. Severity and duration of hypotension and tachycardia were such as to require intensive management and postponement of surgery. Skin tests ruled out any other cause except etomidate. Hence for definite surgery exactly the same induction manoeuvre was chosen, but etomidate was omitted. Anaesthesia and surgery proceeded completely uneventfully. There can be no doubt that this anaphylactoid reaction (grade III according to the classification proposed by Lorenz and Doenicke) was caused by etomidate.


Assuntos
Anafilaxia/induzido quimicamente , Anestésicos/efeitos adversos , Etomidato/efeitos adversos , Imidazóis/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade
10.
Fortschr Med ; 102(29-30): 755-6, 1984 Aug 16.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6500444

RESUMO

It is obligatory to control the localization of a central venous catheter. We describe a simple own method for controlling the correct position of a central venous catheter electrocardiographically. The reported method is accurate and inexpensive.


Assuntos
Cateterismo Cardíaco/métodos , Eletrocardiografia , Cardioversão Elétrica , Humanos , Cloreto de Sódio
11.
Anaesthesist ; 52(6): 495-9, 2003 Jun.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12835869

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Atypical cholinesterase prolongs the duration of neuromuscular blocking drugs such as succinylcholine and mivacurium. Measuring the dibucaine number identifies patients who are at risk. This study shows the frequency distribution of dibucaine numbers routinely measured and discusses avoidable clinical problems and economic implications. METHODS: Dibucaine numbers were measured on a Hitachi 917-analyzer and all dibucaine numbers recorded over a period of 4 years were taken into consideration. Repeat observations were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 24,830 dibucaine numbers were analysed and numbers below 30 were found in 0.07% ( n=18) giving an incidence of 1:1,400. Dibucaine numbers from 30 to 70 were found in 1.23% ( n=306). On the basis of identification of the Dibucaine numbers we could avoid the administration of succinylcholine or mivacurium resulting in a cost reduction of 12,280 Euro offset against the total laboratory costs amounting to 10,470 Euro. CONCLUSIONS: An incidence of 1:1,400 of dibucaine numbers below 30 is higher than documented in the literature. Therefore, routine measurement of dibucaine number is a cost-effective method of identifying patients at increased risk of prolonged neuromuscular blockade due to atypical cholinesterase.


Assuntos
Anestesia/efeitos adversos , Anestésicos Locais , Inibidores da Colinesterase/efeitos adversos , Colinesterases/genética , Dibucaína , Isoquinolinas/efeitos adversos , Fármacos Neuromusculares Despolarizantes/efeitos adversos , Fármacos Neuromusculares não Despolarizantes/efeitos adversos , Succinilcolina/efeitos adversos , Anestesia/economia , Técnicas de Laboratório Clínico , Humanos , Isoquinolinas/economia , Mivacúrio , Fármacos Neuromusculares Despolarizantes/economia , Fármacos Neuromusculares não Despolarizantes/economia , Succinilcolina/economia
12.
Anaesthesiol Reanim ; 26(3): 70-4, 2001.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11455866

RESUMO

This prospective randomized study compares the effects of rocuronium (R) and vecuronium (V) on the early postoperative period in infants. Forty-eight infants between the ages of three and six, scheduled for elective ENT procedures, were studied after prior approval of local ethics committee and informed parental consent. All children were premedicated with chlorprotixene and belladonna. Anaesthesia was induced with 5 mg/kg thiopentone and 1 vol.-% halothane. Subsequently, 0.4 mg/kg rocuronium or 0.075 mg/kg vecuronium were administered, respectively. Anaesthesia and post-operative care were conducted by independent anaesthetists, who were unaware of the drug used and of the relaxometric data obtained. All children were monitored in the recovery room by pulse oximetry until they reached a Steward Score of 6. Demographic data did not differ between the groups. No differences were recorded between the non-depolarizing relaxants regarding intubation time (R: 24.1 +/- 4.2 min, V: 25.8 +/- 6.8 min) and the time interval from end extubation to leaving the operating theatre (R: 2.3 +/- 0.8 min, V: 2.6 +/- 1.2 min), respectively. Similarly, no differences in SaO2 were noted during the recovery period in the recovery room. Significant differences between the non-depolarizing relaxants were found in the TOF-ratios at extubation (R: 0.73 +/- 0.31 min, V: 0.48 +/- 0.34 min) and arrival in the recovery room (R: 0.88 +/- 0.21 min, V: 0.69 +/- 0.26 min). 0.4 mg/kg Rocuronium and 0.075 mg/kg vecuronium can be used for intubation during short operations on pre-school children. Rocuronium may be the better alternative, due to its faster neuromuscular recovery properties.


Assuntos
Adenoidectomia , Androstanóis , Anestesia Geral , Intubação Intratraqueal , Ventilação da Orelha Média , Tonsilectomia , Brometo de Vecurônio , Período de Recuperação da Anestesia , Anestesia por Inalação , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Oxigênio/sangue , Estudos Prospectivos , Rocurônio , Estudos de Tempo e Movimento
13.
Anaesthesist ; 30(12): 619-22, 1981 Dec.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7332089

RESUMO

Tramadol-HCl was used clinically in the form of a continuous infusion as the analgesic component of a balanced anaesthetic technique. In over 90% of the anaesthetics a further injection of barbiturate and/or supplementary muscle relaxant was necessary because the patients did not tolerate the operative procedure. Although a higher dosage of Tramadol reduces significantly the supplementary barbiturate dosage per kilogram bodyweight per minute which is required, it has no effect on the incidence of reflex movements, nor does it prevent the marked intraoperative rise of diastolic blood pressure. The balanced anaesthetic with Tramadol-HCl is characterized by prompt awakening, total amnesia, good post-operative analgesia and minimal side effects (occasional nausea). In particular, there was no case in which there was noticeable respiratory depression. As insufficient analgesia and hypnosis is provided by Tramadol-HCl, making the administration of muscle relaxants and barbiturates obligatory, there is no significant advance in our technique of using Tramadol-HCl, despite the advantages which have been outlined.


Assuntos
Anestesia Geral , Cicloexanóis , Tramadol , Adulto , Analgesia , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Cicloexanóis/administração & dosagem , Combinação de Medicamentos , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Injeções Intravenosas , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Período Pós-Operatório , Reflexo/efeitos dos fármacos , Succinilcolina/administração & dosagem , Tiopental/administração & dosagem , Tramadol/administração & dosagem
14.
Anaesthesist ; 35(1): 24-9, 1986 Jan.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3516001

RESUMO

In five patients with acute respiratory insufficiency the changes in tracheal pressure (P), lung volume (V) and transthoracic electric impedance TEI (Z) were measured during delayed expiration all over the inspiratory capacity (IC) from TLC to FRC. The quasi-static V/Z- and Z/P-curves were two-dimensionally displayed, and the Z/P-curve was volume-calibrated on the Y-axis (Z) using the linear V/Z-relationship. During high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV, 200/min), the Z- and P-excursions were displayed on the "frozen" Z/P-curve as flat discs. By well-aimed increase in driving pressure and I/E-ratio the unknown FRC was enhanced in 4 stages (I-IV) by 0.33 IC, 0.5 IC, 0.66 IC and 0.75 IC, to measure haemodynamic reactions 10 minutes later (Swan-Ganz catheter). The pulmonary vascular resistance remained unchanged between stage I and II. It changed moderately in stage III (+14%) and was found to be markedly increased in stage IV (+45%). The increase in PVR was well parabolically correlated (r = 0.88) to the fraction of IC by which FRC was expanded. In a previous study a very similar function could be documented by us for the end-inspiratory lung volume during conventional PEEP ventilation. Concomitant to the increase in PVR the CI fell linearilly (r = 0.95). We conclude from our results: 1. TEI may be of value in monitoring HFJV. It offers the possibility to measure the increase in lung volume ("PEEP effect") and to titrate it deliberately within the usable volume range IC. 2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Assuntos
Medidas de Volume Pulmonar , Respiração com Pressão Positiva/efeitos adversos , Insuficiência Respiratória/terapia , Cardiografia de Impedância , Humanos , Monitorização Fisiológica/métodos , Respiração com Pressão Positiva/métodos , Insuficiência Respiratória/fisiopatologia
15.
Eur Surg Res ; 15(2): 103-9, 1983.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6852074

RESUMO

Experiments on bastard dogs have shown that cardia reconstruction using an omega sling is effective. This sling is a pedicled, extramucosally excised, longitudinal muscle flap from the ventral aspect of the greater gastric curvature, which is prestretched at least 100%, wrapped around the cardia twice and sutured to the posterior gastric wall. A physiological pressure gradient is created with the help of intraoperative manometry. Perfusion manometry, radiology, histology and microangiographs demonstrate the competence of the omega sling.


Assuntos
Cárdia/cirurgia , Animais , Cárdia/patologia , Cárdia/fisiologia , Cães , Feminino , Hipertrofia , Masculino , Manometria , Métodos , Pressão
16.
Anaesthesist ; 32(3): 111-6, 1983 Mar.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6859494

RESUMO

Intestinal dysfunction is well known after narcotic analgesics and anaesthetics. The site and extent of this action is not really known in man. We investigated the direct effect of morphine, thiopentone and droperidol on human taenia libera in vitro. The spontaneous motility of strips of fresh resected human taenia libera induced by a suitable preload was observed by isometric measurement of developed tension. Cumulative doses of morphine 1 X 10(-8) - 3.89 X 10(-6) g/ml, thiopentone 2.5 X 10(-6) - 9.75 X 10(-5) g/ml or droperidol 2.5 X 10(-8) - 9.72 X 10(-6) g/ml were added to the bath solution. The following parameters were analysed: amplitude, frequency and performance (Montevideo Units MU) of the spontaneous contractions and also the basal tone between contractions. Morphine showed no effects. Thiopentone reduced basal tone to 45.5% of the initial value and frequency to zero. The amplitude of contractions and the MU decreased with thiopentone more than 22.5 X 10(-6) g/ml. All effects are reversible. Droperidol has no significant effects with the exception of a light increase of frequency in high doses. The well known in vivo effect of morphine is therefore not induced by direct action on the smooth muscle of human intestine. Thiopentone in high dose can reduced intestinal motility by direct action on the smooth muscle. Droperidol in the dose used is probably without clinical relevance.


Assuntos
Droperidol/farmacologia , Motilidade Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Morfina/farmacologia , Tiopental/farmacologia , Colo/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Contração Muscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Tono Muscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Liso/efeitos dos fármacos
17.
Anaesthesist ; 30(9): 472-5, 1981 Sep.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7283114

RESUMO

Isolated human taenia libera shows spontaneous motility in the organ bath. The active basal tone, force development and frequency of spontaneous contractions and total power parameter "Montevideo Units" were first analysed under control conditions. Halothane lowered the active basal tone, frequency and the total power of the muscle strip in a dose-dependent manner. The amplitude and force of contraction of human taenia libera first began to increase under halothane, attaining its maximum at 1.0 vol.%. Halothane concentrations above 1.5 vol.% at first caused a depression and finally abolished spontaneous motility. The changes in the spontaneous motility pattern brought about by halothane were completely reversible. Possible causes for the halothane effect were considered as to the possible relevance to the in vivo situation.


Assuntos
Motilidade Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Halotano/farmacologia , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Intestino Grosso/efeitos dos fármacos , Contração Muscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Liso/efeitos dos fármacos
18.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9689414

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Monitoring tissue oxygenation in the splanchnic region could be helpful for critically ill patients. In this study the postoperative course of gastric mucosal CO2 (prCO2) in 40 patients is shown. METHODS: Following approval of the ethics committee, 24 patients schedulded for surgery with an expected large fluid turnover and 16 multiple injured patients were monitored with a gas tonometry device in addition to standard monitoring (ECG, pulse oximetry, capnometry, CVP, arterial pressure). Normoventilated patients with prCO2 > 50 for more than 30 minutes were treated with fluid therapy, followed by catecholamine therapy, followed by transfusion (fig. 1). All patients were admitted to the SICU post-operatively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The variation of prCO2-values was greater in multiple injured patients. Their prCO2-values began in a lower range compared to patients with scheduled operation, became higher at the end of the first SICU-day and remained higher thereafter. They had a higher fluid turnover and needed more catecholamines. Multiple injured patients with an arterio-intestinal CO2-Difference (CO2-Gap) > 10 had a higher ISS-Score, were longer mechanically ventilated, had a longer SICU-stay and a higher incidence of complications in comparison to patients with aCO2-Gap < 10. Perhaps a CO2-Gap > 10 could be predictive for a more severe course in intensive care patients.


Assuntos
Cuidados Críticos , Mucosa Gástrica/metabolismo , Oxigênio/sangue , Tonometria Ocular , Adulto , Gasometria , Dióxido de Carbono/sangue , Feminino , Mucosa Gástrica/química , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Monitorização Fisiológica , Traumatismo Múltiplo/sangue , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia
19.
Eur Surg Res ; 12(4): 233-41, 1980.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7250153

RESUMO

2 years of experience with the sphincteroplasty in colostomy as well as intensive histological studies have shown that gastrointestinal smooth muscle can be autotransplanted without loosing functional or histological integrity. The following conclusions are based on experimental studies in dogs: (1) the sphincteroplasty technique can be successfully applied in ileostomy, and (2) the sphincteroplasty must, however, be combined with a pre-sphincter valve and an omega loop with Braun's anastomosis. The first clinical results confirm this concept.


Assuntos
Ileostomia/métodos , Animais , Cães , Íleo/fisiologia , Manometria
20.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 136(6): 719-724, jun. 2008. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-490756

RESUMO

Background: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, highly heritable neurobiological disorder of childhood onset, characterized by hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and/or inattentiveness. Aún: To search forpossible associations between dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) and dopamine transponer 1 (DATl) polymorphisms and ADHD in Chilean families. Material and methods: We extended a previous family-based discordant sib pair analysis that included 26 cases diagnosed according to DSM-IV entena and 25 controls (healthy siblings of cases), adding 14 cases and 11 controls. Results: Both loci, individually classified as homozygotes or heterozygotes for the DRD4 7-repeat and DATl 10-repeat alleles, did not exhibit genotype frequency differences between affected children and their healthy siblings. However, the simultaneous presence of both DRD4 7-repeat heterozygosity and DATl 10 allele homozygosity was significantly higher (22.5 percent) in cases (40), compared with (2.8 percent) unaffected siblings (36), with an odds-ratio of 10.16. Conclusions: The genotype combination DRD4/7 heterozygotes and DAT1/10 homozygotes is a high risk factors in Chilean families for ADHD. Increased density of dopamine transporters in ADHD brains, along with abundance of 7-repeat D4 receptors in prefrontal cortex, which is impaired in ADHD patients, make the observed gene-gene interaction worthy of studies to understand the functional basis ofADHD.


Assuntos
Criança , Humanos , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/genética , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Dopamina/genética , Família , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , /genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais , Frequência do Gene , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Repetições Minissatélites , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Fatores de Risco
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