Identification of Six Small Heat Shock Protein Genes in Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Analysis of Their Expression Patterns in Response to Environmental Stressors.

Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) is a major insect pest in maize production that is highly adaptable to the environment. Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) are a class of chaperone proteins that play an important role in insect responses to various environmental stresses. The present study aimed to clarify the responses of six O. furnacalis sHsps to environmental stressors. In particular, we cloned six sHsp genes, namely, OfHsp24.2, OfHsp21.3, OfHsp20.7, OfHsp21.8, OfHsp29.7, and OfHsp19.9, from O. furnacalis. The putative proteins encoded by these genes contained a typical α-crystallin domain. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the differences in the expression of these genes at different developmental stages, in different tissues of male and female adults, and in O. furnacalis under UV-A and extreme temperature stresses. The six OfsHsp genes were expressed at significantly different levels based on the developmental stage and tissue type in male and female adults. Furthermore, all OfsHsp genes were significantly upregulated in both male and female adults under extreme temperature and UV-A stresses. Thus, O. furnacalis OfsHsp genes play important and unique regulatory roles in the developmental stages of the insect and in response to various environmental stressors.

Expression stability of candidate RT-qPCR housekeeping genes in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is commonly used to quantify gene expression. For normalization, the expression of each gene is compared with a reference "housekeeping" gene that is stably expressed under relevant stress. Unfortunately, there have been no reports on the stability of such reference genes under various treatments of the Spodoptera frugiperda. In this study, we used five tools (RefFinder, GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and ΔCt methods) to evaluate the stability of 12 candidate reference genes (RPS18, ß-tubulin, GAPDH, RPS7, RPS15, RPL7, RPL32, Actin-5C, EF1-α, EF1-γ, RPL27, and ACE) in different instars, tissues, and treatments (high and low temperature, UV-A, and emamectin benzoate). Several ribosomal proteins (RPS7, RPS15, RPL32, RPS18, and RPL7), GAPDH, Actin-5C, and ß-tubulin, were relatively stable, suggesting that they are ideal housekeeping genes for various treatments. ACE was extremely unstable under various experimental treatments, rendering it unsuitable as an internal reference. This study identified the reference housekeeping genes stably expressed by S. frugiperda under different treatments, thus setting a foundation for further exploration of the physiological and biochemical mechanisms.

Evaluating the efficacy and safety of oral triple sequential combination therapy for treating patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: A multicenter retrospective study.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of an oral sequential triple combination therapy with selexipag after dual combination therapy with endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA) and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor (PDE5I)/riociguat in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients. A total of 192 PAH patients from 10 centers had received oral sequential selexipag therapy after being on dual-combination therapy with ERA and PDE5i/riociguat for a minimum of 3 months. Clinical data were collected at baseline and after 6 months of treatment. The study analyzed the event-free survival at 6 months and all-cause death over 2 years. At baseline, the distribution of patients among the risk groups was as follows: 22 in the low-risk group, 35 in the intermediate-low-risk group, 91 in the intermediate-high-risk group, and 44 in the high-risk group. After 6 months of treatment, the oral sequential triple combination therapy resulted in reduced NT-proBNP levels (media from 1604 to 678 pg/mL), a decline in the percentage of WHO-FC III/IV (from 79.2% to 60.4%), an increased in the 6MWD (from 325 ± 147 to 378 ± 143 m) and a rise in the percentage of patients with three low-risk criteria (from 5.7% to 13.5%). Among the low-risk group, there was an improvement in the right heart remodeling, marked by a decrease in right atrium area and eccentricity index. The intermediate-low-risk group exhibited significant enhancements in WHO-FC and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion. For those in the intermediate-high and high-risk groups, there were marked improvements in activity tolerance, as reflected by WHO-FC and 6MWD. The event-free survival rate at 6 months stood at 88%. Over the long-term follow-up, the survival rates at 1 and 2 years were 86.5% and 86.0%, respectively. In conclusion, the oral sequential triple combination therapy enhanced both exercise capacity and cardiac remodeling across PAH patients of different risk stratifications.

[Effect of tumor vascular invasion upon cardio-pulmonary exercise functions in patients with lung cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between the tumor vascular invasion and the change of cardio-pulmonary exercise function in patients with lung cancer. METHODS: The cardio-pulmonary exercise test was performed in 405 patients with lung cancer (293 with vascular invasion and 112 without). The peak load indices examined included maximal work power (measured value/predicted value, W%), maximal oxygen uptake per weight (VO(2)/kg), anaerobic threshold (AT), maximal oxygen pulse (measured value/predicted value, VO(2)/HR%), maximal minute ventilation (V(E)), maximal breath reserve (BR), maximal breath frequency (BF) and maximal tidal volume during expiration (VTex). RESULTS: (1) W%, VO(2)/kg, AT, VO(2)/HR% of patients with vascular invasion [(73 +/- 18)%, (17 +/- 5) ml * min(-1) * kg(-1), (51 +/- 14)%, (79 +/- 18)% respectively] decreased than those without vascular invasion [(86 +/- 20)%, (19 +/- 5) ml * min(-1) * kg(-1), (55 +/- 14)%, (88 +/- 20)% respectively, all P < 0.01) while BF increased [(32.1 +/- 6.1)/min vs (30.6 +/- 5.1)/min, P < 0.05). (2) The patients were divided according to TNM stage, number, kind of tumor vascular invasion and its relationship with tumor, W%, VO(2)/HR% decreased in the groups of 1-, 2- and >or= 3-vessel invasion versus the control group (P < 0.01), AT decreased in the groups of 1- and >or= 3-vessel invasion versus the control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), VO(2)/kg decreased in the groups of 2- and >or= 3-vessel invasion versus the control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), VO(2)/kg decreased in the group of >or= 3-vessel invasion versus 1- and 2-vessel invasion (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), VO(2)/HR% decreased in the group of >or= 3-vessel invasion versus 1-vessel invasion (P < 0.01), VTex decreased in the group of >or= 3-vessel invasion versus the control group and 1-vessel invasion (P < 0.05). There was correlation between VO(2)/HR% and the number of tumor invaded vessels (r = 0.220, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The amount of oxygen uptake, exercise ability and cardiac function during exercise decrease in patients of lung cancer with tumor vascular invasion. The main reason is the number of the invaded vessels.

Obesity and hypertension.

The imbalance between energy intake and expenditure is the main cause of excessive overweight and obesity. Technically, obesity is defined as the abnormal accumulation of ≥20% of body fat, over the individual's ideal body weight. The latter constitutes the maximal healthful value for an individual that is calculated based chiefly on the height, age, build and degree of muscular development. However, obesity is diagnosed by measuring the weight in relation to the height of an individual, thereby determining or calculating the body mass index. The National Institutes of Health have defined 30 kg/m2 as the limit over which an individual is qualified as obese. Accordingly, the prevalence of obesity in on the increase in children and adults worldwide, despite World Health Organization warnings. The growth of obesity and the scale of associated health issues induce serious consequences for individuals and governmental health systems. Excessive overweight remains among the most neglected public health issues worldwide, while obesity is associated with increasing risks of disability, illness and death. Cardiovascular diseases, the leading cause of mortality worldwide, particularly hypertension and diabetes, are the main illnesses associated with obesity. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying obesity-associated hypertension or other associated metabolic diseases remains to be adequately investigated. In the present review, we addressed the association between obesity and cardiovascular disease, particularly the biological mechanisms linking obesity and hypertension.