Multi-Institutional Outcomes of Dorsal Onlay Buccal Mucosal Graft Urethroplasty in Patients With Postprostatectomy, Postradiation Anastomotic Stenosis.

PURPOSE: The treatment of urethral stenosis after a combination of prostatectomy and radiation therapy for prostate cancer is understudied. We evaluate the clinical and patient-related outcomes after dorsal onlay buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty (D-BMGU) in men who underwent prostatectomy and radiation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multi-institutional, retrospective review of men with vesicourethral anastomotic stenosis or bulbomembranous urethral stricture disease after radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy from 8 institutions between 2013 to 2021 was performed. The primary outcomes were stenosis recurrence and development of de novo stress urinary incontinence. Secondary outcomes were surgical complications, changes in voiding, and patient-reported satisfaction. RESULTS: Forty-five men were treated with D-BMGU for stenosis following prostatectomy and radiation. There was a total of 7 recurrences. Median follow-up in patients without recurrence was 21 months (IQR 12-24). There were no incidents of de novo incontinence, 28 patients were incontinent pre- and postoperatively, and of the 6 patients managed with suprapubic catheter preoperatively, 4 were continent after repair. Following repair, men had significant improvement in postvoid residual, uroflow, International Prostate Symptom Score, and International Prostate Symptom Score quality-of-life domain. Overall satisfaction was +2 or better in 86.6% of men on the Global Response Assessment. CONCLUSIONS: D-BMGU is a safe, feasible, and effective technique in patients with urethral stenosis after a combination of prostatectomy and radiation therapy. Although our findings suggest this technique may result in lower rates of de novo urinary incontinence compared to conventional urethral transection and excision techniques, head-to-head comparisons are needed.

The Role of Suprapubic Superficial Fascial System Reconstruction During Repair of Adult-Acquired Buried Penis.

BACKGROUND: Adult-Acquired Buried Penis is a disorder associated with systemic obesity that confers increased risks of malignancy, sexual dysfunction, urinary abnormalities, and psychological distress. Surgical correction improves patient-reported functional and psychological outcomes and often requires collaboration between plastic and urologic surgeons. To improve postoperative cosmetic outcomes and decrease wound complications following adult-acquired buried penis repair, we performed an anatomic and histologic study of the superficial fascial layers providing support to the external male genitalia and describe our approach for fascial reconstruction. METHODS: We characterized the superficial fascial anatomy in three patients undergoing adult-acquired buried penis repair, including two patients with Wisconsin Type II disease and one patient with Wisconsin Type IV disease. Gross specimens were sent from two patients histologic analysis using H&E and elastin-specific stains to characterize the identity of the superficial fibrofatty tissue. RESULTS: In all three patients, the fundiform ligament overlying the suspensory ligament was identified, isolated, and transected for removal with the suprapubic specimen. We found that reapproximation of this ligament following transection at the time of escutcheonectomy provided significant lift to the penis and genitals via improved support of dartos fascia. Histologic analysis of the superficial fibrofatty tissue located beneath the dermis revealed histologic similarities with the superficial fascial system described previously in abdominal and breast tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Reapproximation of the fundiform ligament and superficial fascial tissue following suprapubic/lower abdominal fat pad removal during adult-acquired buried penis may improve postoperative cosmesis by reducing strain on the dermal closure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors http://www.springer.com/00266 .

Surgical Outcomes and Prediction of Complications Following High-complexity Buried Penis Reconstruction.

PURPOSE: With uniform modern approaches to adult acquired buried penis reconstruction, this study provides updated results on surgical outcomes for complex cases while evaluating the relative influence of medical, surgical, and socioeconomic factors on these results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review was conducted of all patients undergoing initial buried penis reconstruction including escutcheonectomy and penile skin grafting at 1 tertiary center from 2015 through 2022. Summary scores for frailty and socioeconomic status were calculated with the Modified Frailty Index and Area Deprivation Index, respectively. RESULTS: The cohort included 103 patients. Median age was 51 years (IQR 44-65), and median BMI was 43 (IQR 38-49). Frail patients (≥2 Modified Frailty Index risk factors) accounted for 27% of the population while socioeconomic disadvantage (≥85th percentile on Area Deprivation Index) affected 33% of patients. Twenty-eight percent of repairs included a panniculectomy. Rate of revision for a poor outcome was 3.9% with median follow-up of 11 months. Complications were frequent (50%) with most being Clavien I or II (41%) and related to wound dehiscence (31%) or infection (30%). Frail patients had a higher rate of complication (71% vs 41%, P = .01) and were 6 times more likely to experience a complication on multivariable logistic regression (OR 6.41, 95% CI: 1.77-23.22, P = .005). CONCLUSIONS: The modern approach to complex buried penis reconstruction results in a low revision rate; however, low-grade complications are frequent. Patient frailty identifies those at highest risk for complication, offering an opportunity for counseling and preoperative preparation.

A multi-institutional critical assessment of dorsal onlay urethroplasty for post-radiation urethral stenosis.

PURPOSE: To critically evaluate a multi-institutional patient cohort undergoing Dorsal-Onlay Buccal Mucosal Graft Urethroplasty (D-BMGU) for recurrent post-radiation posterior urethral stenosis. METHODS: Retrospective multi-institutional review of patients with posterior urethral stenosis from 10 institutions between 2010-2019 was performed. Patients with at least 1-year follow-up were assessed. Patient demographics, stenosis characteristics, peri-operative outcomes, and post-operative clinical and patient-reported outcomes were analyzed. The primary outcomes were stenosis recurrence and de-novo stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Secondary outcomes were changes in voiding, sexual function, and patient-reported satisfaction. RESULTS: Seventy-nine men with post-radiation urethral stenosis treated with D-BMGU met inclusion criteria. Median age and stenosis length were 72 years, (IQR 66-75), and 3.0 cm (IQR 2.5-4 cm), respectively. Radiation modalities included: 36 (45.6%) external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), 13 (16.5%) brachytherapy (BT), 10 (12.7%) combination EBRT/BT, and 20 (25.3%) EBRT/radical prostatectomy. At a median follow-up of 21 months (IQR 13-40), 14 patients (17.7%) had stenosis recurrence. Among 37 preoperatively-continent patients, 3 men (8.1%) developed de-novo SUI following dorsal onlay urethroplasty. Of 29 patients with preoperative SUI all but one remained incontinent post-operatively (96.6%). Following repair, patients experienced significant improvement in PVR (92.5 to 26 cc, p = 0.001) and Uroflow (4.6 to 15.9 cc/s, p = 0.001), and high overall satisfaction, with 91.9% reporting a GRA of + 2 or better). CONCLUSION: Dorsal onlay buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty is a safe and feasible technique in patients with post-radiation posterior urethral stenosis. This non-transecting approach may confer low rates of de-novo SUI. Further research is needed to compare this technique with excisional urethroplasty.

Transurethral ventral buccal mucosa graft inlay for treatment of distal urethral strictures: international multi-institutional experience.

PURPOSE: To critically evaluate a multi-institutional patient cohort undergoing single-stage distal urethral repair using a novel transurethral buccal mucosa graft inlay urethroplasty technique (TBMGI). METHODS: A retrospective multi-institutional review of consecutive patients with fossa navicularis (FN) strictures treated with a single-stage TBMGI technique at 12 institutions from March 2014-March 2018 was performed. Patient demographics, stricture characteristics, clinical and patient-reported outcomes were analyzed. The primary outcomes were stricture recurrence and complications. Secondary outcomes were change in maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), PVR, and changes in IPSS, SHIM and global response assessment (GRA) questionnaire responses. Descriptive statistical analysis was used for evaluation of outcomes. RESULTS: Sixty-eight men met inclusion criteria. Median age and stricture length were 60 years (IQR 48-69) and 2 cm (IQR 2-3), respectively. Most common stricture etiology was lichen sclerosus (34%). Median operative time and EBL were 72 min (IQR 50-120) and 20 mL (IQR 10-43), respectively. Fifty-seven men completed ≥ 12-month follow-up. At a median follow-up of 17 months (IQR 13-22), 54 patients (95%) remained stricture-free. Median Qmax improved from 5 to 18 mL/s (p < 0.0001), PVR 76-21 mL (p < 0.0001), and IPSS 15-5 (p < 0.0001); IPSS-QOL score: 5-1 (p < 0.0001). SHIM score did not significantly change following repair (median 22-21 p = 0.85). On GRA assessment, a majority of men reported "marked" (64%) or "moderate" (28%) overall improvement. No patient developed fistula, glanular dehiscence, graft necrosis or chordee. CONCLUSIONS: This novel minimally invasive transurethral urethroplasty technique is feasible and has demonstrated generalizable outcomes in a multi-institutional cohort with varying etiologies.

Prevalence and surgical management of concurrent adult acquired buried penis and urethral stricture disease.

PURPOSE: To describe the prevalence and surgical management of coexistent adult acquired buried penis (AABP) and urethral stricture disease. AABP patients often have urinary dribbling with resultant chronic local moisture, infection, and inflammation that combine to cause urethral stricture disease. To date, no screening or surgical management algorithms have been described. METHODS: A multi-institutional retrospective study was conducted of the surgical management strategies for patients with concurrent AABP and urethral stricture disease from 2010 to 2017. AABP patient demographics, physical exam findings, and comorbidities were compared between those with and without stricture disease to suggest those that would selectively benefit from screening for stricture disease. RESULTS: Of the 42 patients surgically managed for AABP, 13 had urethral stricture disease (31.0%). Stricture location was universal in the anterior urethra. Sixty-one percent (n = 8) of strictures were 6 cm or longer and managed prior to AABP repair with Kulkarni urethroplasty. Patients with urethral stricture disease were significantly more likely to have clinically diagnosed lichen sclerosus (p = 0.00019). There was no significant difference in BMI, age, or comorbidities between patients with and without urethral stricture disease. CONCLUSIONS: Extensive anterior urethral stricture is common in patients with AABP. Clinical characteristics cannot predict stricture presence except possibly the presence of lichen sclerosus. Definitive stricture surgical options include extensive Johanson Urethroplasty or Kulkarni Urethroplasty. Kulkarni Urethroplasty prior to AABP repair has the benefits of a single-stage repair, good cosmetic outcome with meatal voiding, and dorsal graft placement to allow safe degloving of the penis in the subsequent AABP repair.

Surgical Management of Adult Acquired Buried Penis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Adult acquired buried penis is a morbid condition characterized by complete entrapment of the phallus as a result of morbid obesity, post-surgical cicatrix formation, or primary genital lymphedema. Hygienic voiding is not possible and urinary dribbling is frequent with accompanying inflammation, skin breakdown, and infection from the chronic moisture. The end result is penile skin fibrosis resulting in permanent functional loss. Herein, we describe the etiology of adult acquired buried penis, advances in its surgical management, and quality of life outcomes with treatment. RECENT FINDINGS: Adult acquired buried penis is increasing in incidence as morbid obesity becomes more prevalent. Frequently comorbid conditions affect treatment including those affecting wound healing such a diabetes mellitus. Functional and cosmetic surgical outcomes are being published in greater volume in recent years leading to more refined treatment algorithms. Patient quality of life is greatly improved by definitive surgical management. Adult acquired buried penis is a morbid condition that is increasing in incidence as obesity becomes more commonplace. Surgical management often necessitates surgical lipectomy of the suprapubic fat pad, scrotoplasty, and penile split thickness skin graft. Substantial quality of life improvements have been consistently reported after surgical treatment.

Three-Dimensional Imaging of Urethral Stricture Disease and Urethral Pathology for Operative Planning.

Diagnosing urethral pathology can prove difficult, as clinically, the presentation is often nonspecific and may be suggestive of multiple etiologies. Therefore, detailed and accurate urethral imaging in both males and females is critical. Since the early 1900s, conventional imaging studies including RUG and VCUG, with adjunct cystourethroscopy, have remained the gold standard diagnostic techniques to evaluate urethral pathology. However, limitations of conventional imaging have generated interest in finding alternative imaging modalities with comparable, if not superior, diagnostic accuracy, the goal being a more complete assessment of urethral pathology and anatomy that would allow for appropriate surgical planning. Imaging modalities with three-dimensional (3D) capabilities may provide more comprehensive information regarding urethral diseases through a more detailed illustration of periurethral soft tissue structures. Whether or not these imaging modalities will replace conventional studies is unclear, though there is an increasing body of literature that support their use.

Minimally Invasive Management of Posterior Urethral Stricture/Stenosis with DVIU and Mitomycin C Injection.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate a technique for minimally invasive endoscopic management of posterior urethral strictures, including those at the bladder neck and vesicourethral anastomosis. METHODS: Herein, we have included endoscopic video footage from 3 patients with posterior urethral strictures, including 1 at the bladder neck, 1 at the vesicourethral anastomosis, and 1 in the bulbomembranous urethra. In each patient, we perform a direct visualization internal urethrotomy (DVIU) with incisions at the 5 and 7 o'clock positions to widen the urethral lumen, followed by injection of 2 mg mitomycin C (MMC) in a total volume of 5 mL sterile water. RESULTS: Herein, we describe our technique for the endoscopic management of posterior urethral strictures, including those in the prostatic urethra and bladder neck. MMC injection, in conjunction with traditional DVIU, adds minimally to the complexity and length of the procedure but may substantially improve long-term surgical outcomes. CONCLUSION: Bladder outlet obstruction due to stenosis or stricture of the posterior urethra is a common urologic diagnosis whose etiology can often be traced to prior urethral manipulation or iatrogenic trauma. While Americal Urological Assicuation (AUA) guidelines state that dilation or direct visualization internal urethrotomy (DVIU) should be offered for bulbar strictures measuring less than 2 cm in length, recent evidence suggests that DVIU with or without MMC injection may have utility in the management of bladder neck or vesicourethral anastomotic contractures. We have found that DVIU with subsequent MMC injection is a viable minimally invasive approach for the treatment of posterior urethral strictures. While more data are needed to better understand the long-term success rates of these procedures, this approach should be considered for patients with a bladder outlet obstruction secondary to a short stricture of the posterior urethra, bladder neck, or vesicourethral anastomosis.

No-Opioid Discharge Following Artificial Urinary Sphincter Placement Does Not Significantly Increase Health Care System Burden.

INTRODUCTION: Postoperative opioid prescriptions are associated with an increased risk of opioid dependance. While studies on no-opioid discharge strategies have been assessed following many urologic procedures, the effect of no-opioid discharges on health care utilization following artificial urinary sphincter placement is unknown. We performed a single-surgeon retrospective comparison of health care system interactions following artificial urinary sphincter implantation between patients who received an opioid prescription on discharge to those who did not. METHODS: We identified 101 male patients who underwent 3-piece artificial urinary sphincter placement or revision by 1 provider between 2015 and 2022. All patients were discharged with acetaminophen and ibuprofen; none received intraoperative local anesthetic. Demographic information, preprocedural opioid use, opioid prescriptions following the procedure, postoperative office communications, unplanned office visits, and emergency department (ED) visits were recorded for each patient for 90 days. RESULTS: Forty-five patients (45%) were discharged without an opioid prescription and 56 patients (55%) were discharged with an opioid prescription. No differences in age, race, BMI, operative time, or presence of a preoperative opioid prescription were observed. Discharge without an opioid did not significantly increase the number of office communications (55% vs 40%, P = .11), unplanned office visits (36% vs 23%, P = .19), or ED visits (20 vs 12, P = .41) within 90 days of implantation/revision. CONCLUSIONS: Opioids can be omitted from the discharge analgesic regimen following artificial urinary sphincter placement without increasing burden to surgical office staff or local EDs. Providers should consider no-opioid discharges for patients undergoing uncomplicated sphincter placement to limit risk of opioid-related morbidity.

Patient Interaction With the Health Care System Following a Nonopioid Discharge Strategy for Anterior Urethroplasty.

INTRODUCTION: Continued efforts have been made to minimize postoperative opioids following urologic interventions. Studies show that patient-reported pain outcomes are similar between those patients discharged with and without opioids following anterior urethroplasty, but we do not know what impact this has on health care utilization. We aim to show that a nonopioid discharge following anterior urethroplasty does not increase postoperative health care utilization. METHODS: Five hundred patients who underwent anterior urethroplasty from January 2016 to October 2022 were identified from retrospective chart review. Patient demographic information, surgical characteristics, and postoperative interactions with the health care system were extracted from the electronic medical record. We then compared these outcomes by discharge opioid prescription status. RESULTS: A total of 253 patients were discharged without an opioid prescription. Patients who received an opioid were more likely to have had a perineal incision (73% vs 64%, P = .02), more likely to have had an overnight hospital stay (30% vs 14%, P < .01), and were more likely to have been prescribed an opioid preoperatively (13% vs 7%, P = .03). There were overall low rates of interaction with the health system in both groups with no significant difference in 30-day unplanned office visits, emergency department visits, or office phone calls. Overall, by the end of our study period 97% were discharged without an opioid and 94% of patients were discharged the same day. CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing anterior urethroplasty can safely be discharged home without opioids following surgery without undue postoperative burden on the health care system.

Implementation of a Standardized Process of Coude Catheter Insertion Decreases Traumatic Catheterizations.

OBJECTIVE: To address the issue of traumatic foley catheterization, we developed and implemented a coude catheter education program for operating room nurses as well as standardize the usage of a coude catheter for male patients. Traumatic catheterization leads to patient morbidity and increased healthcare costs. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted to identify all traumatic catherizations over a 6-month period for several surgical services at our institution. A nursing education program was implemented that included basic urological anatomy, coude urethral catheter insertion techniques, and catheter safety. We conducted our trial over a period of 2 months with all catheterizations tracked. Following the trial, the process and outcomes were reviewed and then implemented for all male patients >18 years old requiring indwelling catheter placement in the operating room. RESULTS: On retrospective review, there were 18 traumatic foley catheterizations of patients on the 3 surgical services out of a total 601 catheter placements (3% traumatic placement rate). The total cost of these traumatic catherizations was $27,793 when accounting for additional procedures, supplies, and additional OR time required for each traumatic catheterization. The average cost per patient was $1544. After full implementation of the process across all operating room services in June 2021, there have been 2038 catheterizations performed using a coude catheter kit with 4 traumatic foley placements through May 2022 (0.2% traumatic catheterization rate). CONCLUSION: Implementation of the nursing education program and utilization of the coude catheter for all male catheterizations reduces costs, decreases iatrogenic urethral injury, and improves patient safety.

Transcorporal Artificial Urinary Sphincter Technique Video.

OBJECTIVE: The artificial urethral sphincter (AUS) is the gold standard treatment for male stress urinary incontinence which commonly results from prostatectomy or pelvic radiation for prostate cancer. Patients with prior pelvic radiation history experience increased risk of developing urethral erosion. Transcorporal AUS (TAUS) placement can be used as an alternative for compromised urethras to incorporate a small portion of the corporal bodies for additional support. The inclusion of an additional tissue barrier has been shown to improve outcomes. Patients who undergo this technique require device explanation and AUS revision less often than those with AUS devices placed in the standard fashion. Additionally, TAUS placement has been shown to improve functional urinary outcomes such as postoperative Internal prostate symptom score (IPSS), and postoperative IPSS Quality of Life (QoL) scores. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 67-year-old male with a past medical history of prostate cancer treated with surgery and radiation underwent a TAUS placement which was filmed to demonstrate placement technique and tips. Informed consent was obtained prior to filming this video. RESULTS: This technique can serve as a successful primary or salvage AUS placement technique as seen in this video. CONCLUSION: This video is used to demonstrate the technique of TAUS placement.

Fasciocutaneous Flap Perineal Closure with Testicular Thigh Pouch for Scrotal Defects: Surgical Technique and Initial Experience.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the surgical technique and evaluate the safety, feasibility, and preliminary outcomes of perineal closure with fasciocutaneous flaps as an alternative to scrotoplasty for large genital wounds. METHODS: Cases of perineal closure with fasciocutaneous flaps and thigh pouch creation for patients having undergone scrotectomy from January 2015 until August 2022 were reviewed for operative details and surgical outcomes. RESULTS: Twenty patients were identified undergoing this procedure. Patients had a median age of 64 (Inter-quartile range [IQR] 58-70), body mass index of 34 (IQR 29-40) and Charlson comorbidity index of 5 (IQR 4-8). Median total wound area was 443 cm2 (IQR 225-600). Operative technique in all cases included testicular thigh pouch and fasciocutaneous flap creation for perineal closure; these flaps were raised from the thigh in 18 patients and abdominal wall in 8. This technique resulted in 100% closure rate of the perineum with 3 patients required abdominal split thickness skin grafting (STSG) to complete closure. Complication occurred in 3 patients (15%) with 1 wound infection and 2 episodes of bleeding. Forty percent of patients were discharged home. Median follow-up was 9 months with only 1 patient reporting pain related to thigh pouches and none desiring elective scrotoplasty. CONCLUSIONS: Despite large defects, perineal closure was completed in all patients with minimal use of STSG. Complication rates were comparable to other methods despite significant patient frailty and no patients desired staged scrotoplasty. This method of closure adds an option for the complex perineal reconstruction patient.

Catheter Free Day of Surgery Discharge vs Overnight Observation Following Artificial Urinary Sphincter Placement.

Introduction To confirm the safety and examine outcomes of a day of surgery discharge following artificial urinary sphincter implantation in a population discharged without a catheter. Methods We retrospectively identified 110 patients, 31 of whom were discharged on the day of surgery, from a single surgeon following artificial urinary sphincter implantation. After institutional board review approval, patient charts were reviewed capturing demographics as well as three, thirty, and ninety-day outcomes. Further outcomes specific to urinary retention were obtained. Results Patients who were discharged the same day were older (71 vs. 68), had shorter operative times (92 minutes vs 109 minutes), and were less likely to have been smokers (6% vs 31%). There were no differences in the proportion of patients who underwent prior radiation or prior implant surgery. There was no significant difference in the number of patients who had emergency department visits, urinary retention, office calls, office visits, or unplanned office visits at all time points following surgery. There was no significant difference in overall urinary retention (15% vs 5%), retention presenting after the initial surgical event (6% vs 5%), or need for a suprapubic tube (0% vs 5%). Conclusions Day of surgery discharge is a safe discharge strategy for patients who have undergone artificial urinary sphincter placement. Furthermore, catheter-free days of discharge surgery did not have a significantly greater risk of urinary retention, office calls, emergency department (ED) visits, or office visits compared to our overnight observation population. This approach should be considered for all patients undergoing artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) implantation.

A multicenter prospective cohort study of endoscopic urethral realignment versus suprapubic cystostomy after complete pelvic fracture urethral injury.

BACKGROUND: Pelvic fracture urethral injury (PFUI) occurs in up to 10% of pelvic fractures. There is mixed evidence supporting early endoscopic urethral realignment (EUR) over suprapubic tube (SPT) placement and delayed urethroplasty. Some studies show decreased urethral obstruction with EUR, while others show few differences. We hypothesized that EUR would reduce the rate of urethral obstruction after PFUI. METHODS: Twenty-six US medical centers contributed patients following either an EUR or SPT protocol from 2015 to 2020. If retrograde cystoscopic catheter placement failed, patients were included and underwent either EUR or SPT placement based on their institution's assigned treatment arm. Endoscopic urethral realignment involved simultaneous antegrade/retrograde cystoscopy to place a catheter across the urethral injury. The primary endpoint was development of urethral obstruction. Fisher's exact test was used to analyze the relationship between PFUI management and development of urethral obstruction. RESULTS: There were 106 patients with PFUI; 69 (65%) had complete urethral disruption and failure of catheter placement with retrograde cystoscopy. Of the 69 patients, there were 37 (54%) and 32 (46%) in the EUR and SPT arms, respectively. Mean age was 37.0 years (SD, 16.3 years) years, and mean follow-up was 463 days (SD, 280 days) from injury. In the EUR arm, 36 patients (97%) developed urethral obstruction compared with 30 patients (94%) in the SPT arm ( p = 0.471). Urethroplasty was performed in 31 (87%) and 29 patients (91%) in the EUR and SPT arms, respectively ( p = 0.784). CONCLUSION: In this prospective multi-institutional study of PFUI, EUR was not associated with a lower rate of urethral obstruction or need for urethroplasty when compared with SPT placement. Given the potential risk of EUR worsening injuries, clinicians should consider SPT placement as initial treatment for PFUI when simple retrograde cystoscopy is not successful in placement of a urethral catheter. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic/Care Management; Level III.

Outcomes of Vesicourethral Anastomotic Stenosis and Bladder Neck Contracture With Direct Visual Internal Urethrotomy With Mitomycin-C After Prostate Cancer Treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the use of Direct Visual Internal Urethrotomy with Mitomycin-C (DVIU-MMC) for bladder neck contracture and vesicourethral anastomotic stenosis in men who have undergone treatment for prostate cancer with radical prostatectomy and/or radiation therapy. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of patients at a tertiary care center who underwent DVIU-MMC for recurrent bladder neck contracture/vesicourethral anastomotic stenosis between 2012 and 2020. Patients with complete urethral obliteration, prior bladder neck reconstruction, or less than 3 months of follow-up were excluded. Patients were sorted into three groups based on prostate cancer treatment history: radical prostatectomy (RP), RP with subsequent external beam radiation therapy (RP-EBRT), and radiation therapy (RT). RESULTS: Fifty-one patients with a median follow up of 32 months were included. Twenty-nine percent had pre-operative suprapubic tube (SPT), Foley, or required clean intermittent catheterization. Overall success after initial DVIU-MMC was 45%. In all patients with up to four procedures, cumulative overall success was 84%. There was no significant difference in relative success rates between groups. However, the interval to recurrence after initial DVIU-MMC was shortest for RP-EBRT group (P = .018). Three patients required SPT, all were in the RP-EBRT group. There was no statistical difference in recurrence after any number of procedures between patients in radiation (RP-EBRT and RT) and non-radiation (RP) groups. CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in success rates between patients who had undergone RP-EBRT, RT, or RP. However, our data suggests that RP-EBRT patients experience poorer outcomes given that their interval to recurrence was more rapid and all patients requiring SPT placement were in this group.