Vitamin K antagonists-associated cerebral hemorrhages: what are their characteristics?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The high prevalence of atrial fibrillation in aging populations leads to an increasing incidence of vitamin K antagonists-associated intracerebral hemorrhages (VKAs-ICH). It remains unclear whether VKAs are causes or risk factors for ICH. We aimed at identifying the specificities of VKAs-ICH. METHODS: We compared baseline characteristics of 545 consecutive patients receiving or not receiving VKAs before admission for spontaneous ICH. To determine whether the influence of VKAs depends on the underlying vasculopathy, that is, cerebral amyloid angiopathy in lobar, and deep perforating arteries vasculopathy in deep ICH, we compared characteristics of ICH (including volume) according to the anatomic distribution of ICH in multiple linear regression. RESULTS: VKAs-ICH accounted for 83 patients, that is, 15% (95% confidence intervals, 12-18) of ICH in our cohort. The use of VKAs did not influence anatomic distribution of ICH. The impact of VKAs on ICH volume differed according to ICH location: in nonlobar ICH, VKAs use was associated with significant larger ICH volumes (median volume 25 mL vs 12 mL; P=0.002). In lobar ICH, VKAs use did not influence the volume (median 26 mL vs 30 mL; P=0.507). CONCLUSIONS: A similar anatomic distribution of ICH in patients with or without VKAs suggests that VKAs should not be considered as a cause of ICH because both locations are usually due to different vasculopathies (deep perforating arteries vasculopathy in deep and cerebral amyloid angiopathy in lobar). The different impact of VKAs on ICH volumes according to location suggests a different susceptibility of these vasculopathies to VKAs. This finding may lead to specific therapeutic strategies.

The impact of COVID-19 on acute stroke care in Belgium.

A worldwide decline in stroke hospitalizations during the COVID-19 pandemic has been reported. Information on stroke care during the pandemic in Belgium is lacking. This study aims to analyze the impact of COVID-19 on acute stroke care in eight Belgian stroke centers. This Belgian study is part of an international observational and retrospective study in 70 countries and 457 stroke centers. We compared volumes of COVID-19 and stroke hospitalizations, intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular treatment rates, acute treatment time intervals and functional outcome at 90 days during the first wave of the pandemic to two control intervals (March-May 2019 and December-February 2020). From March 2020 to May 2020, 860 stroke patients were hospitalized. In the same time period, 2850 COVID-19 patients were admitted, of which 37 (1.3%) were diagnosed with a stroke. Compared to the months prior to the pandemic and the same time epoch one year earlier, stroke hospitalizations were reduced (relative difference 15.9% [p = 0.03] and 14.5% [p = 0.05], respectively). Despite a reduction in absolute volumes, there was no difference in the monthly proportion of thrombolysis or endovascular treatment provided to the overall stroke hospitalizations. Acute treatment time metrics did not change between COVID-19 pandemic and control time epochs. We found no difference in 90-day functional outcomes nor in mortality after stroke between patients admitted during the pandemic versus control periods. We found a decline in the volume of stroke hospitalizations during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium. Stroke care quality parameters remained unchanged.

Intravenous thrombolysis in stroke attributable to cervical artery dissection.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) for stroke seems to be beneficial independent of the underlying etiology. Whether this is also true for cervical artery dissection (CAD) is addressed in this study. METHODS: We used the Swiss IVT databank to compare outcome and complications of IVT-treated patients with CAD with IVT-treated patients with other etiologies (non-CAD patients). Main outcome and complication measures were favorable 3-month outcome, intracranial cerebral hemorrhage, and recurrent ischemic stroke. Modified Rankin Scale score

Intra-cerebral haemorrhages: are there any differences in baseline characteristics and intra-hospital mortality between hospitaland population-based registries?

A better understanding of the natural history of intracerebral haemorrhages (ICH) with cohorts representing the whole spectrum of the disease is necessary to improve treatment. Our aim was to identify potential differences in baseline characteristics and short-term outcomes of patients with non-traumatic ICH, included in a hospital- and in a population-based stroke registry. We compared 373 patients recruited in a university hospital and the last 373 ICH patients included in a population-based registry. Both cohorts included consecutive patients with non-traumatic parenchymal haemorrhages. In the hospital cohort, we collected data from all patients admitted in the emergency room, irrespective of the clinical severity and of the specialist in charge of the patient.In the hospital cohort, patients were younger and more often alcoholic, but these differences may be explained by the younger age and a higher prevalence of alcoholism in this area. Patients also had more frequently hypercholesterolemia, and were more often under antiplatelet therapy. Both cohorts did not differ for intra-hospital casefatality rate.The characteristics of patients included in the hospital cohort were very close to those of patients from a population-based registry, and the differences observed are likely to be explained by differences in the characteristics of the populations in the two areas and different periods of recruitment. Recruiting patients in emergency rooms, and not in stroke units, neurological, or neurosurgical departments, has enabled us to build a cohort of ICH patients representative of the whole spectrum of the disease, with minimised recruitment bias and maximised precision of the variables collected. This cohort may, therefore, provide reliable information on the natural history of ICH.