Positive peritoneal swab in SARS-CoV-2 patients undergoing abdominal emergency surgery: effect or cause?

PURPOSE: The presence of the SARS-CoV-2 in the peritoneal fluid is a matter of debate in the COVID-19 literature. The study aimed to report the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the peritoneal fluid of patients with nasopharyngeal swab tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 undergoing emergency surgery and review the literature. METHODS: The present study was conducted between March 2020 and June 2021. Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 positivity was confirmed by preoperative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: Eighteen patients with positive nasopharyngeal swabs were operated in emergency in two third-level Italian hospitals. In 13 of these patients (72%), a peritoneal swab was analyzed: SARS-CoV-2 RNA was found in the abdominal fluid of two patients (15%). Neither of them had visceral perforation and one patient died. In ten patients with negative peritoneal swabs, visceral perforation and mortality rates were 30% and 20%, respectively. CONCLUSION: SARS-CoV-2 peritoneal positivity is rare. Abdominal surgery can, therefore, be safely performed in patients with COVID-19 using standard precautions. The correlation with a visceral perforation is not evaluable. The clinical outcomes seem uninfluenced by the viral colonization of the peritoneum. Assessment in large series to provide definitive answers about the involvement of the SARS-CoV-2 in the peritoneum will be challenging to coordinate.

A Presurgical Study of Curcumin Combined with Anthocyanin Supplements in Patients with Colorectal Adenomatous Polyps.

Adenomatous polyps are precancerous lesions associated with a higher risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Curcumin and anthocyanins have shown promising CRC-preventive activity in preclinical and epidemiological studies. The objective of this window-of-opportunity, proof-of principle trial was to evaluate the effect of curcumin combined with anthocyanin supplements on tissue biomarkers of colorectal adenomatous polyps. Eligible patients received either anthocyanin and curcumin supplementation or related matching placebo for 4-6 weeks before polyp removal. Adenomatous polyps and adjacent tissue biopsies were collected at baseline and after supplementation for immunohistochemical assessment of ß-catenin, NF-kappa B (NF-κB), Ki-67, P53, and dysplasia. No differences were observed in baseline biomarker expression between normal and dysplastic tissues. The combination of anthocyanins and curcumin resulted in a significant borderline reduction of NF-κB immunohistochemistry (IHC) expression in adenoma tissue (geometric mean ratio (GMR): 0.72; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.51-1.00; p-value: 0.05) and a trend to a reduction of Ki-67 (GMR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.50-1.08; p-value: 0.11). No significant modulation of biomarkers in normal adjacent mucosa was observed. We concluded that the combined supplementation of anthocyanins and curcumin seems to lead to a potentially favorable modulation of tissue biomarkers of inflammation and proliferation in colon adenomas.

Aromatase Inhibitors as Adjuvant Treatment for ER/PgR Positive Stage I Endometrial Carcinoma: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: Although endometrial cancer (EC) is a hormone dependent neoplasm, there are no recommendations for the determination of steroid hormone receptors in the tumor tissue and no hormone therapy has ever been assessed in the adjuvant setting. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of adjuvant aromatase inhibitors (AIs) on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with early stage and steroid receptors-positive EC. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed clinical and pathological factors in 73 patients with high-risk (49.3%) or low-risk (50.7%) stage I (n = 71) or II (n = 2) endometrial cancer who received by their preference after counseling either no treatment (reference group) or AI. Prognostic factors were well balanced between groups. Expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), and Ki-67 index was correlated with clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional regression analyses, adjusted for age, grade, stage, depth of myometrial invasion, lymphovascular space invasion, BMI, ER, PgR and Ki-67 labeling index levels, showed that PFS and OS had a trend to be longer in patients receiving AI than in the reference group HR= 0.23 (95% CI; 0.04-1.27) for PFS and HR= 0.11 (95% CI; 0.01-1.36) for OS. CONCLUSION: Compared with no treatment, AI exhibited a trend toward a benefit on PFS and OS in patients with early stage hormone receptor-positive EC. Given the exploratory nature of our study, randomized clinical trials for ER/PgR positive EC patients are warranted to assess the clinical benefit of AI and the potential predictive role of steroid receptors and Ki-67.

Facial Artery Arteriovenous Malformation Endovascular and Surgical Treatment: Liquid Embolic Device an Advantage for Both Technique.

Facial ArterioVenous Malformations (AVM) are rare lesions and present great difficulty in their diagnosis and treatment. We report a case of a 24-year-old male who has been diagnosed a right facial AVM that underwent endovascular embolization with a liquid embolic device and consequently surgical resection. The type of liquid embolic device used has given advantage for both treatment techniques.

Prognostic value of chromosomal imbalances, gene mutations, and BAP1 expression in uveal melanoma.

Uveal melanoma (UM) exhibits recurring chromosomal abnormalities and gene driver mutations, which are related to tumor evolution/progression. Almost half of the patients with UM develop distant metastases, predominantly to the liver, and so far there are no effective adjuvant therapies. An accurate UM genetic profile could assess the individual patient's metastatic risk, and provide the basis to determine an individualized targeted therapeutic strategy for each UM patient. To investigate the presence of specific chromosomal and gene alterations, BAP1 protein expression, and their relationship with distant progression free survival (DPFS), we analyzed tumor samples from 63 UM patients (40 men and 23 women, with a median age of 64 years), who underwent eye enucleation by a single cancer ophthalmologist from December 2005 to June 2016. UM samples were screened for the presence of losses/gains in chromosomes 1p, 3, 6p, and 8q, and for mutations in GNAQ, GNA11, BAP1, SF3B1, and EIF1AX. BAP1 protein expression was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of monosomy 3, 8q gain, and loss of BAP1 protein were significantly associated to DPFS, while BAP1 gene mutation was not, mainly due to the presence of metastatic UM cases with negative BAP1 IHC and no BAP1 mutation detected by Sanger sequencing. Loss of BAP1 protein expression and monosomy 3 represent the strongest predictors of metastases, and may have important implications for implementation of patient surveillance, properly designed clinical trials enrollment, and adjuvant therapy.

A case report of mucocutaneous tuberculosis after orthotopic liver transplantation: a challenging diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for high morbidity and mortality in immune-compromised hosts. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a rare case of cutaneous tuberculosis after orthotopic liver transplantation without involvement of any other organs. CONCLUSION: TB risk-factors assessment, careful LTBI screening and treatment according to national guidelines, as well as a reduction in missed opportunity for prevention are necessary to avoid MTB related disease in fragile patients.

Catastrophic ACTH-secreting pheochromocytoma: an uncommon and challenging entity with multifaceted presentation.

Summary: Cushing's syndrome due to ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion (EAS) by a pheochromocytoma is a challenging condition. A woman with hypertension and an anamnestic report of a 'non-secreting' left adrenal mass developed uncontrolled blood pressure (BP), hyperglycaemia and severe hypokalaemia. ACTH-dependent severe hypercortisolism was ascertained in the absence of Cushingoid features, and a psycho-organic syndrome developed. Brain imaging revealed a splenial lesion of the corpus callosum and a pituitary microadenoma. The adrenal mass displayed high uptake on both 18F-FDG PET/CT and 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT; urinary metanephrine levels were greatly increased. The combination of antihypertensive drugs, high-dose potassium infusion, insulin and steroidogenesis inhibitor normalized BP, metabolic parameters and cortisol levels; laparoscopic left adrenalectomy under intravenous hydrocortisone infusion was performed. On combined histology and immunohistochemistry, an ACTH-secreting pheochromocytoma was diagnosed. The patient's clinical condition improved and remission of both hypercortisolism and catecholamine hypersecretion ensued. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed a reduction of the splenial lesion. Off-therapy BP and metabolic parameters remained normal. The patient was discharged on cortisone replacement therapy for post-surgical hypocortisolism. EAS due to pheochromocytoma displays multifaceted clinical features and requires prompt diagnosis and multidisciplinary management in order to overcome the related severe clinical derangements. Learning points: A small but significant number of cases of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent Cushing's syndrome are caused by ectopic ACTH secretion by neuroendocrine tumours, which is usually associated with severe hypercortisolism causing severe clinical and metabolic derangements. Ectopic ACTH secretion by a pheochromocytoma is exceedingly rare but can be life-threatening, owing to the simultaneous excess of both cortisol and catecholamines. The combination of biochemical and hormonal testing and imaging procedures is mandatory for the diagnosis of ectopic ACTH secretion, and in the presence of an adrenal mass, the possibility of an ACTH-secreting pheochromocytoma should be taken into account. Immediate-acting steroidogenesis inhibitors are required for the treatment of hypercortisolism, and catecholamine excess should also be appropriately managed before surgical removal of the tumour. A multidisciplinary approach is required for the treatment of this challenging entity.

Case report: Variable response to immunotherapy in ovarian cancer: Our experience within the current state of the art.

Despite recent advances in ovarian cancer (OC) treatment, including the introduction of bevacizumab and PARP-inhibitors, OC remains a lethal disease. Other therapeutic options are being explored, such as immunotherapy (IT), which has been proved effective in many solid tumors. Findings about tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic and regulatory T cells, together with the expression of PD-1 on immune cells and of PD-L1 on tumor cells, gave the rationale for an attempt to the use of IT also in OC. We treated two patients with avelumab, an anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody, after the first line of chemotherapy: Patient A underwent 19 cycles of maintenance therapy with avelumab with a disease-free interval of 12 months, whereas patient B showed a slight progression of disease after only eight cycles. A higher PD-L1 expression in tumor cells of patient A was detected. She also underwent a genomic assessment that described the presence of a high Tumor Mutational Burden (TMB) and a status of Loss of Heterozygosity (LoH). This different response to the same treatment puts in evidence that some genomic and immune features might be investigated.

NK Cell-Based Immunotherapy in Colorectal Cancer.

Human Natural Killer (NK) cells are all round players in immunity thanks to their powerful and immediate response against transformed cells and the ability to modulate the subsequent adaptive immune response. The potential of immunotherapies based on NK cell involvement has been initially revealed in the hematological setting but has inspired the design of different immune tools to also be applied against solid tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Indeed, despite cancer prevention screening plans, surgery, and chemotherapy strategies, CRC is one of the most widespread cancers and with the highest mortality rate. Therefore, further efficient and complementary immune-based therapies are in urgent need. In this review, we gathered the most recent advances in NK cell-based immunotherapies aimed at fighting CRC, in particular, the use of monoclonal antibodies targeting tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), immune checkpoint blockade, and adoptive NK cell therapy, including NK cells modified with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR-NK).

Case Report: A Peculiar Case of Inflammatory Colitis After SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

We report a case of inflammatory colitis after SARS-CoV-2 infection in a patient with no additional co-morbidity who died within three weeks of hospitalization. As it is becoming increasingly clear that SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause immunological alterations, we investigated the expression of the inhibitory checkpoint PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 to explore the potential role of this axis in the break of self-tolerance. The presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in colon tissue was demonstrated by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical localization of the nucleocapsid protein. Expression of lymphocyte markers, PD-1, and PD-L1 in colon tissue was investigated by IHC. SARS-CoV-2-immunoreactive cells were detected both in the ulcerated and non-ulcerated mucosal areas. Compared to healthy tissue, where PD-1 is weakly expressed and PD-L1 is absent, PD-1 and PD-L1 expression appears in the inflamed mucosal tissue, as expected, but was mainly confined to non-ulcerative areas. At the same time, these markers were virtually undetectable in areas of mucosal ulceration. Our data show an alteration of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis and suggest a link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and an aberrant autoinflammatory response due to concomitant breakdown of the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction leading to early death of the patient.

New Insights into Endometrial Cancer.

EC is the most common cancer in the female genital tract in developed countries, and with its increasing incidence due to risk factors, such as aging and obesity, tends to become a public health issue. Although EC is a hormone-dependent neoplasm, there are no recommendations for the determination of steroid hormone receptors in the tumor tissue and no hormone therapy has ever been assessed in the adjuvant setting. Furthermore, its immune environment has been slightly characterized, but recent evidences point out how EC microenvironment may increase self-tolerance by reducing the recruitment of cytotoxic immune cells to the tumor site and/or modifying their phenotype, making these cells no longer able to suppress tumor growth. Here we highlight insights for EC management from diagnosis to a desirable trend of personalized treatment.

Human primed ILCPs support endothelial activation through NF-κB signaling.

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) represent the most recently identified subset of effector lymphocytes, with key roles in the orchestration of early immune responses. Despite their established involvement in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory disorders, the role of ILCs in cancer remains poorly defined. Here we assessed whether human ILCs can actively interact with the endothelium to promote tumor growth control, favoring immune cell adhesion. We show that, among all ILC subsets, ILCPs elicited the strongest upregulation of adhesion molecules in endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro, mainly in a contact-dependent manner through the tumor necrosis factor receptor- and RANK-dependent engagement of the NF-κB pathway. Moreover, the ILCP-mediated activation of the ECs resulted to be functional by fostering the adhesion of other innate and adaptive immune cells. Interestingly, pre-exposure of ILCPs to human tumor cell lines strongly impaired this capacity. Hence, the ILCP-EC interaction might represent an attractive target to regulate the immune cell trafficking to tumor sites and, therefore, the establishment of an anti-tumor immune response.

Oncological cases and complications in Urology.

This collection of cases describes some unusual urological tumors and complications related to urological tumors and their treatment. Case 1: A case of left hydronephrosis referred four years after a right radical mastectomy for lobular breast carcinoma was described. Computed tomography scan revealed a left hydronephrosis with dilated ureter up to the proximal third. An exploratory laparoscopy was performed and the definitive histopathology examination showed a recurrence of the carcinoma with a right tubal metastasis and peritoneal carcinosis. Case 2: A rare case of an extensive penile squamous cell carcinoma in a young man. The patient was treated with radical surgery and modified inguinal lymphadenectomy. No recurrence was noticed so far. Case 3: A rare case of left sided Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) in a patient diagnosed with renal cell cancer who underwent open left partial nephrectomy. Case 4: A case of urethrorrhagia, caused by a recent trauma from an urinary catheter placed in a patient submitted to gastric resection due to a neoplastic pathology. Urethrorrhagia only temporarily responded to conservative treatment and ultimately resolved by coagulation with an endoscopic approach.

Immunohistochemistry in non-immune hydrops fetalis: a single center experience in 79 fetuses.

The objective of our study was to evaluate the usefulness of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining techniques in the etiological diagnosis of non-immune hydrops fetalis (NIHF). The records of all 1,098 autopsies performed between January 1987 and May 2008, by the Division of Fetal Pathology of the University of Genoa, were reviewed and all 79 fetuses diagnosed with NIHF were re-evaluated. Additional IHC staining using antibodies that specifically stain blood and lymph vessels (CD31, CD34, smooth muscle actin antibody, D2-40) were performed. Results were compared to results from the literature. Our results showed that in 67/79 cases, evaluation by standard autopsy protocol led to an etiologic diagnosis. Furthermore, we were able to identify the pathogenetic mechanisms that eventually caused NIHF in 42/79 cases. Adding IHC staining to all evaluations identified the pathogenetic mechanism in a further 17 cases (total 59/79 cases). Lymphatic dysplasia was diagnosed by standard autopsy protocol in 1/79 (1.3%), while adding IHC staining resulted in 18/79 (22.8%) cases being diagnosed (P = 0.0001). The present rate of 22.8% of lymphatic dysplasia in non-immune hydrops fetalis is significantly higher than reported in the literature (36/818 or 4.4%; P = 0.01). In conclusion, specific IHC staining techniques aimed at detecting lymphatic dysplasia are needed and should be mandatory in autopsies of fetuses with non-immune hydrops fetalis.

Collision Tumor Composed of an Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor and Adenocarcinoma of the Colon: a Rare Entity.

This report presents the case of an 83-year old man with a collision tumor consisting of an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) and adenocarcinoma of the left colon. As the clinical and radiologic features of IMT are non-specific, only the accurate histopathological examination from the left hemicolectomy specimen was diagnostic. Although the prognosis of a colorectal IMT seemed more favorable than in other sites, four months after surgery the patient developed a tumor relapse. Therefore, malignant behavior of IMT could not be totally excluded. Recent studies have demonstrated that a chromosomal rearrangement involving 2p23, the site of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene, is present in a subset of these tumors. In our patient, tumor cells did not present ALK-1 perinuclear positivity and it could have indicated a less favorable prognosis. The collision of these different entities is extremely rare and this is the first case reported in literature. Further cases of collision tumors with clinical information including their treatment and prognosis are needed.

Modulating the Distant Spreading of Patient-Derived Colorectal Cancer Cells via Aspirin and Metformin.

Although screening has reduced mortality rates for colorectal cancer (CRC), about 20% of patients still carry metastases at diagnosis. Postsurgery chemotherapy is toxic and induces drug resistance. Promising alternative strategies rely on repurposing drugs such as aspirin (ASA) and metformin (MET). Here, tumor spheroids were generated in suspension by primary CRCs and metastatic lymph nodes from 11 patients. These spheroids presented a heterogeneous cell population including a small core of CD133+/ESA+ cancer stem cells surrounded by a thick corona of CDX2+/CK20+ CRC cells, thus maintaining the molecular hallmarks of the tumor source. Spheroids were exposed to ASA and/or MET at different doses for up to 7 days to assess cell growth, migration, and adhesion in three-dimensional assays. While ASA at 5 mM was always sufficient to mitigate cell migration, the response to MET was patient specific. Only in MET-sensitive spheroids, the 5 mM ASA/MET combination showed an effect. Interestingly, CRCs from diabetic patients daily pretreated with MET gave a very low spheroid yield due to reduced cancer cell survival. This study highlights the potential of ASA/MET treatments to modulate CRC spreading.

miRNAs in NK Cell-Based Immune Responses and Cancer Immunotherapy.

The incidence of certain forms of tumors has increased progressively in recent years and is expected to continue growing as life expectancy continues to increase. Tumor-infiltrating NK cells may contribute to develop an anti-tumor response. Optimized combinations of different cancer therapies, including NK cell-based approaches for targeting tumor cells, have the potential to open new avenues in cancer immunotherapy. Functional inhibitory receptors on NK cells are needed to prevent their attack on healthy cells. Nevertheless, disruption of inhibitory receptors function on NK cells increases the cytotoxic capacity of NK cells against cancer cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that target mRNA and thus regulate the expression of genes involved in the development, maturation, and effector functions of NK cells. Therapeutic strategies that target the regulatory effects of miRNAs have the potential to improve the efficiency of cancer immunotherapy. Interestingly, emerging evidence points out that some miRNAs can, directly and indirectly, control the surface expression of immune checkpoints on NK cells or that of their ligands on tumor cells. This suggests a possible use of miRNAs in the context of anti-tumor therapy. This review provides the current overview of the connections between miRNAs and regulation of NK cell functions and discusses the potential of these miRNAs as innovative biomarkers/targets for cancer immunotherapy.