Detailed role of microRNA-mediated regulation of PI3K/AKT axis in human tumors.

The regulation of signal transmission and biological processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, migration, and angiogenesis are greatly influenced by the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Highly conserved endogenous non-protein-coding RNAs known as microRNAs (miRNAs) have the ability to regulate gene expression by inhibiting mRNA translation or mRNA degradation. MiRNAs serve key role in PI3K/AKT pathway as upstream or downstream target, and aberrant activation of this pathway contributes to the development of cancers. A growing body of research shows that miRNAs can control the PI3K/AKT pathway to control the biological processes within cells. The expression of genes linked to cancers can be controlled by the miRNA/PI3K/AKT axis, which in turn controls the development of cancer. There is also a strong correlation between the expression of miRNAs linked to the PI3K/AKT pathway and numerous clinical traits. Moreover, PI3K/AKT pathway-associated miRNAs are potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, therapy, and prognostic evaluation. The role and clinical applications of the PI3K/AKT pathway and miRNA/PI3K/AKT axis in the emergence of cancers are reviewed in this article.

Three-Year Experience of Kidney Transplantation at a Single Center in Uzbekistan.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we analyzed the results of the first 100 kidney transplants from related donors performed at the Republican Research Center of Emergency Medicine in Uzbekistan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 100 patients who underwent kidney transplant from a living donor at the Republican Research Center of Emergency Medicine from March 2018 to January 2021. RESULTS: Immediate graft function was noted in 84 cases (84%) and delayed graft function in 16 cases (16%). Delayed graft function occurred mainly when multiple vessels were present in a donor kidney (35.5%) compared with the presence of a single renal artery and vein (12.1%). The delayed graft function was influenced by the average duration of warm ischemia (80.26 ± 38.35 min with multiple arteries and 50.44 ± 14.44 min with a single renal artery and vein; P = .001). There were 3 cases (3%) of acute cellular rejection, which was successfully treated with pulse therapy and methylprednisolone; there was also 1 case (1%) of hyperacute rejection, which resulted in graft removal. Complications in the form of ureteral stenosis were noted in 2 cases (2%) and ureteral necrosis with anastomotic insufficiency in 1 case (1%). Two recipients (2%) underwent renal graft nephrectomy. In our short-term study, 1-year survival rate for kidney transplant patients was 93%, with graft survival rate of 91%. CONCLUSIONS: Delayed graft function developed when duration of warm ischemia was increased, which was influenced by the number of vessels in the donor kidney. This is an important prognostic factor for acute rejection development. The risk of vascular complications increases due to postoperative hemodialysis trough, with development of delayed graft function. Recipient deaths during the first year after kidney transplant were mainly from pulmonary embolism, infection, and sepsis as a result of immunosuppression, hypovolemic shock, and acute ischemic stroke.

The First Successful Kidney Transplant to a Child With Abnormality of Urinary Tract in Uzbekistan: Case Report.

Kidney transplant has become a common surgical treatment for patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease in children is a major health problem in the world, with increasing incidence and prevalence. Uzbekistan is a young country, and surgeons were able to first perform kidney transplant surgery only in 2017. Here, we report a case of the first successful kidney transplant to a child in Uzbekistan. The patient, a 13-year-old boy with end-stage chronic kidney disease due to abnormal development of the urinary tract, received a kidney transplant from his father as a living donor. The diagnosis (abnormal development of the urinary tract, insufficiency of the vesicoureteral segment, and ureterohydronephrosis on both sides) was revealed when the boy was 4 years old, which resulted in vesicoureteral segment plastic surgery at diagnosis. Ten years later, the patient developed end-stage chronic kidney disease. At day 9 posttransplant, creatinine levels decreased from 0.53 to 0.043 mmol/L. Ultrasonography and Doppler imaging showed normal graft size and echogenicity and adequate flow in the renal and iliac vessels. The patient was discharged on posttransplant day 10 in good condition. For children with chronic kidney disease, the main cause is congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract. Kidney transplant in pediatric patients has become a common surgical procedure and is associated with high success rates. Early and accurate diagnosis and timely management of abnormal development of the urinary tract can reduce the rate of end-stage chronic kidney disease in children.