[Geriatric syndromes: the importance of the problem, controversial issues of terminology.]

The foundation of healthy aging is the prevention of disability. In modern medical usage, a syndrome refers to a collection of symptoms and signs with a single underlying cause that may not yet be known. Geriatric syndromes, on the other hand, refer to multifactorial health conditions and occur when the accumulated effects of impairments in multiple systems make an older person vulnerable to situational changes. The use of the term "syndrome" in geriatrics emphasizes the multiple causes of a single manifestation involving an abundance of factors involving multiple organs and systems and is characterized by unique features of common health problems in older adults. It is the geriatric syndromes that can have a significant impact on quality of life and disability. Therefore, early detection of these medical conditions using targeted geriatric assessment is essential in geriatrics. Understanding the essence and feminology of geriatric syndromes, their correct positioning and interpretation is an extremely urgent problem. The main purpose of the presented review is precisely to try to answer these questions. In addition, it has not yet been determined whether geriatric syndromes should be included in the diagnosis (the only exception is sarcopenia syndrome, which was officially included in the 10th International Classification of Diseases in 2016).

[A new screening method for the diagnosis of sarcopenia in people 65 years and older.]

Diagnosis of sarcopenia is difficult due to the limitations of measuring muscle mass, which requires specialized equipment. Simple screening tools can be useful in general practice. The aim of the study was to develop a new screening method for diagnosing sarcopenia based on risk factors and biomarkers of the disease. The study included 230 people over 65 years and older (70 men and 160 women, median age 75 [68; 79] years) examined in a medical institution in St. Petersburg. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the updated consensus of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia 2 (EWGSOP2, 2018). When constructing a mathematical model, such indicators as the number of falls, BMI, fatigue, and the level of C-reactive protein in the blood serum had the greatest diagnostic significance of sarcopenia. The calculations showed high sensitivity - 91,4%, specificity - 88,7% and accuracy - 89,9% of the screening method for diagnosing sarcopenia in people 65 years and older.

[Prediction of the risk of falls and fractures using stabilometric studies in the elderly.]

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the parameters of the stabilogram in people over 65 years of age and to identify the parameters of the stabilometric study, which had statistically significant connections with falls and fractures.The study included 308 patients older than 65 years, living in their own homes. To perform the research tests with open (OG) and eyes closed (MO). It uses the European approach positioning stop on the platform: the patient is installed in the position of the foot heels together, toes apart. Patients during the testing behavior did not use orthopedic vehicles as walkers, walking sticks.The study found gender differences in the speed V (p<0,01) and area S (p<0,01), the center of pressure stop (CD) on at Stabiloplatform conducting tests with open and closed eyes. At the age of 85 years found significant deviations of speed (V) CD stabilogram in open and closed eyes tests (p<0,01), corresponding to a high frequency of falls 61,36% (95% CI 45,5-75,6; p<0,05). In patients with rare (other) fractures, there were deviations in the mean direction of the oscillations during a sample with open eyes  (OG) (p<0,05). There were no statistically significant differences in the stabilometric parameters in the presence of hip fractures and vertebral fractures (p>0,05). Thus, the stabilometry method can be used in elderly people for early detection of imbalance and the risk of developing falls that will prevent the development of fractures.