Thermodynamics of Asymptotically Conical Geometries.

We study the thermodynamical properties of a class of asymptotically conical geometries known as "subtracted geometries." We derive the mass and angular momentum from the regulated Komar integral and the Hawking-Horowitz prescription and show that they are equivalent. By deriving the asymptotic charges, we show that the Smarr formula and the first law of thermodynamics hold. We also propose an analog of Christodulou-Ruffini inequality. The analysis can be generalized to other asymptotically conical geometries.

Wedge Resection versus Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Tumors ≤8 mm.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the overall survival of patients with ≤8 mm non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who undergo wedge resection versus stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Kaplan-Meier analysis, multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling, and propensity score-matched analysis were performed to evaluate the overall survival of patients with ≤8 mm NSCLC in the National Cancer Database (NCDB) from 2004 to 2017 who underwent wedge resection versus patients who underwent SBRT. The above-mentioned matched analyses were repeated for patients with no comorbidities. Patients who were coded in the NCDB as having undergone radiation because surgery was contraindicated due to patient risk factors (e.g., comorbid conditions, advance age, etc.) and those with a history of prior malignancy were excluded from analysis. Of the 1505 patients who had NSCLC ≤8 mm during the study period, 1339 (89%) patients underwent wedge resection, and 166 (11%) patients underwent SBRT. In the unadjusted analysis, multivariable Cox modeling and propensity score-matched analysis, wedge resection was associated with improved survival when compared to SBRT. These results were consistent in a sensitivity analysis limited to patients with no comorbidities.

Quantum error mitigation by Pauli check sandwiching.

We describe and analyze an error mitigation technique that uses multiple pairs of parity checks to detect the presence of errors. Each pair of checks uses one ancilla qubit to detect a component of the error operator and represents one layer of the technique. We build on the results on extended flag gadgets and put it on a firm theoretical foundation. We prove that this technique can recover the noiseless state under the assumption of noise not affecting the checks. The method does not incur any encoding overhead and instead chooses the checks based on the input circuit. We provide an algorithm for obtaining such checks for an arbitrary target circuit. Since the method applies to any circuit and input state, it can be easily combined with other error mitigation techniques. We evaluate the performance of the proposed methods using extensive numerical simulations on 1850 random input circuits composed of Clifford gates and non-Clifford single-qubit rotations, a class of circuits encompassing most commonly considered variational algorithm circuits. We observe average improvements in fidelity of 34 percentage points with six layers of checks.

Role of artificial intelligence in risk prediction, prognostication, and therapy response assessment in colorectal cancer: current state and future directions.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that utilizes optimization, probabilistic and statistical approaches to analyze and make predictions based on a vast amount of data. In recent years, AI has revolutionized the field of oncology and spearheaded novel approaches in the management of various cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Notably, the applications of AI to diagnose, prognosticate, and predict response to therapy in CRC, is gaining traction and proving to be promising. There have also been several advancements in AI technologies to help predict metastases in CRC and in Computer-Aided Detection (CAD) Systems to improve miss rates for colorectal neoplasia. This article provides a comprehensive review of the role of AI in predicting risk, prognosis, and response to therapies among patients with CRC.

Application of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography to the Assessment of Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a common inherited cardiac condition in which regional myocardial thickening and scarring can lead to a range of symptoms including breathlessness, dizziness, chest pain, and collapse with loss of consciousness. It is vital to be able to understand the mechanisms behind these epiphenomena and to be able to distinguish, for example, between syncope because of arrhythmia versus syncope because of mechanical outflow tract obstruction. Therefore, we require a technique that can characterize anatomy, physiology, and myocardial substrate. Traditionally, this role has been the preserve of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. This review makes the case for cardiac computed tomography (CT) as an alternative imaging method. We review the use of functional CT to identify the components of outflow tract obstruction (and obstruction at other levels, which may be simultaneous), and as an aid to interventional and surgical planning. We demonstrate the added value of multiplanar isotropic reformats in this condition, particularly in cases where the diagnosis may be more challenging or where complications (such as early apical aneurysm) may be difficult to recognize with 2-dimensional techniques. In conclusion, our aim is to convince readers that cardiac CT is a highly valuable and versatile tool, which deserves wider usage and greater recognition in those caring for patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Primary clear cell adenocarcinoma of the lung: a national analysis.

Background: Primary clear cell adenocarcinoma of the lung (CCAL) is a rare form of lung cancer with poorly understood clinical features. We sought to investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and independent prognostic factors of primary CCAL. Methods: Overall survival (OS) of patients with CCAL in the National Cancer Database (NCDB) from 2004 to 2017 was compared to lung adenocarcinoma using Kaplan-Meier analysis, multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling, and propensity score matching. Independent prognostic indicators for patients with CCAL were determined using multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis. Results: A total of 1,396 CCAL and 462,360 lung adenocarcinoma patients were included in our analysis. When compared to patients diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma, those diagnosed with CCAL were more likely to be younger, white, reside farther from a hospital, have higher Charlson/Deyo comorbidity condition (CDCC) scores, have private insurance, have T1, N0, M0 status. In unadjusted analysis, patients with CCAL had better survival than those with lung adenocarcinoma, although no significant differences in survival were found between the two groups with multivariable Cox proportional hazards and propensity score-matched analyses. Conclusions: In this national analysis, we found that the clinicopathological characteristics of CCAL are distinct from those of lung adenocarcinoma, but CCAL is not itself an independent predictor of survival after multivariable adjustment or propensity score-matched analysis.

Extended Myectomy for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Early Outcomes From a Nascent Centre of Excellence in Canada.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is one of the commonest inherited cardiac abnormalities. The disorder is clinically and genetically heterogeneous and is characterized by left ventricular wall thickening that is not explained by abnormal loading conditions. HCM is estimated to affect between 1 in 200 and 1 in 500 people in the general population. In the majority of cases, HCM patients have a relatively benign course; however, if left untreated, this abnormality can lead to sudden cardiac death, especially in young adults and athletes. Therefore, early diagnosis is crucial to help implement the proper management for patients with HCM. In response to the growing need for more HCM centres of excellence in Canada, we developed one such centre at the University of Ottawa Heart Institute from the start of 2018. This centre will help in the early diagnosis and management of HCM patients, especially those with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction who might benefit from myectomy surgery. This paper describes our early experience with surgical myectomy in adult HCM patients between January 2018 and December 2020. We report the results of 27 patients with HCM who underwent myectomy surgery during the study period. All 27 patients survived to discharge, and all were still alive at 6 months postdischarge. Our experience highlights the crucial role that preoperative and perioperative imaging play in the management of this condition, in addition to the vital role of having a committed "heart team" of cardiologists, surgeons, and anesthesiologists.

La cardiomyopathie hypertrophique (CMH) est l'une des plus fréquentes anomalies cardiaques héréditaires. L'anomalie qui est cliniquement et génétiquement hétérogène est caractérisée par l'épaississement de la paroi du ventricule gauche qui n'est pas expliqué par des conditions de charge anormales. On estime que la CMH touche entre une personne sur 200 et une personne sur 500 dans la population générale. Dans la plupart des cas de CMH, l'évolution de la maladie est relativement bénigne. Toutefois, si cette anomalie n'est pas traitée, elle peut mener à la mort subite d'origine cardiaque, particulièrement chez les jeunes adultes et les athlètes. Par conséquent, le diagnostic précoce est crucial à la mise en œuvre d'une prise en charge adéquate des patients atteints de CMH. Pour répondre à la nécessité croissante d'un plus grand nombre de centres d'excellence sur la CMH au Canada, nous avons mis en place l'un de ces centres à l'Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa dès le début de 2018. Ce centre contribuera au diagnostic précoce et à la prise en charge des patients atteints de CMH, particulièrement des patients, dont la CMH est associée à une obstruction de la chambre de chasse du ventricule gauche, qui pourraient bénéficier d'une myectomie. Le présent article décrit nos premières expériences de myectomie chez les patients adultes atteints de CMH entre janvier 2018 et décembre 2020. Nous présentons les résultats de 27 patients atteints de CMH qui ont subi une myectomie durant la période étudiée. Les 27 patients ont survécu jusqu'à la sortie de l'hôpital, et étaient tous encore en vie six mois après. Notre expérience démontre le rôle crucial que joue l'imagerie en phase préopératoire et en phase périopératoire lors de la prise en charge de cette maladie, en plus du rôle essentiel de l'« équipe de cardiologie ¼ dévouée qui est composée de cardiologues, de chirurgiens et d'anesthésistes.

Theoretical analysis of the distribution of isolated particles in totally asymmetric exclusion processes: Application to mRNA translation rate estimation.

The Totally Asymmetric Exclusion Process (TASEP) is a classical stochastic model for describing the transport of interacting particles, such as ribosomes moving along the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) during translation. Although this model has been widely studied in the past, the extent of collision between particles and the average distance between a particle to its nearest neighbor have not been quantified explicitly. We provide here a theoretical analysis of such quantities via the distribution of isolated particles. In the classical form of the model in which each particle occupies only a single site, we obtain an exact analytic solution using the matrix ansatz. We then employ a refined mean-field approach to extend the analysis to a generalized TASEP with particles of an arbitrary size. Our theoretical study has direct applications in mRNA translation and the interpretation of experimental ribosome profiling data. In particular, our analysis of data from Saccharomyces cerevisiae suggests a potential bias against the detection of nearby ribosomes with a gap distance of less than approximately three codons, which leads to some ambiguity in estimating the initiation rate and protein production flux for a substantial fraction of genes. Despite such ambiguity, however, we demonstrate theoretically that the interference rate associated with collisions can be robustly estimated and show that approximately 1% of the translating ribosomes get obstructed.