AC Electric Field Mediated Assembly of Bacterial Tetrads.

Understanding spatiotemporal organization in bacteria under an external AC electric field is not only very interesting from a perspective of studying assembly and disassembly in a model biofilm but also provides insight into the intricate role of anisotropic interaction with bacterial dynamics that can generate interesting complex structures. In the current study, using confocal microscopy, we demonstrate such complex assemblies of monodisperse tetrad clusters of Micrococcus luteus, an environmental bacterium synthesized under a controlled growth condition. These clusters under the AC field produce a range of interesting structures such as chains, double helix, and bundles, which are instantaneously reversible when the field is switched off. Our studies can provide important insights into the natural organization of the clustered bacterium (with relevance in biofilm-like states) and generate strategies for biomaterial fabrication with a switchable functionality.

Template-Free Assembly in Living Bacterial Suspension under an External Electric Field.

Although template-assisted self-assembly methods are very popular in materials and biological systems, they have certain limitations such as lack of tunability and switchable functionality because of the irreversible association of cells and their matrix components. With an aim to achieve more tunability, we have made an attempt to investigate the self-assembly behavior of rod-shaped living bacteria subjected to an external alternating electric field using confocal microscopy. We demonstrate that rod-shaped living bacteria dispersed in a low salinity aqueous medium form different types of reversible freely suspended structures when subjected to an external alternating electric field. At low field strength, an oriented phase is observed where individual bacterium orients with its major axis aligned along the field direction. At intermediate field strength, bacteria align in the form of one-dimensional (1D) chains that lie along the field direction. Further, at high field strength, more bacteria associate with these 1D chains laterally to form a two-dimensional (2D) array. At higher bacterial concentration, these field-induced 2D arrays extend to form three-dimensional columnar structures. These results are discussed in the context of previously reported studies on bacterial self-assembly.