The emergence of interstellar molecular complexity explained by interacting networks.

Recent years have witnessed the detection of an increasing number of complex organic molecules in interstellar space, some of them being of prebiotic interest. Disentangling the origin of interstellar prebiotic chemistry and its connection to biochemistry and ultimately, to biology is an enormously challenging scientific goal where the application of complexity theory and network science has not been fully exploited. Encouraged by this idea, we present a theoretical and computational framework to model the evolution of simple networked structures toward complexity. In our environment, complex networks represent simplified chemical compounds and interact optimizing the dynamical importance of their nodes. We describe the emergence of a transition from simple networks toward complexity when the parameter representing the environment reaches a critical value. Notably, although our system does not attempt to model the rules of real chemistry nor is dependent on external input data, the results describe the emergence of complexity in the evolution of chemical diversity in the interstellar medium. Furthermore, they reveal an as yet unknown relationship between the abundances of molecules in dark clouds and the potential number of chemical reactions that yield them as products, supporting the ability of the conceptual framework presented here to shed light on real scenarios. Our work reinforces the notion that some of the properties that condition the extremely complex journey from the chemistry in space to prebiotic chemistry and finally, to life could show relatively simple and universal patterns.

Reach, Adoption, Implementation, and Sustainability of the Mobile Health for Migrant Health (mHealth-4-Mhealth) Program: Nebraska, 2022‒2023.

Migrant families face challenges to health and well-being from COVID-19. We deployed Mobile Health for Migrant Health (mHealth-4-Mhealth) to migrant families, a household-based program with mHealth-assisted at-home testing and linkages to community resources. We assessed the reach, adoption, and implementation of the program among rural migrant families enrolled in the Title IC Nebraska Migrant Education Program from February 2022 to July 2023. We describe successful adoption and longitudinal use of mHealth screening tools for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection risk and social determinants of health. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print August 22, 2024:e1-e5. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307746).

Oxygen Transfer Effect on the Growth of Limosilactobacillus reuteri ATCC 53608 and on Its Metabolic Capacity.

Limosilactobacillus reuteri is a probiotic microorganism used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. The effect of oxygen transfer on cultures of L. reuteri ATCC 53608 at shake flask and stirred tank bioreactor scales was studied, using MRS and molasses-based media. At shake flask scale, in MRS medium, a maximum bacterial concentration of 2.01 ± 0.02 g L-1 was obtained; the oxygen transfer coefficient was 2.01 ± 0.04 h-1. Similarly, in a 7.5 L bioreactor, in MRS, a maximum bacterial concentration of 2.46 ± 0.16 g L-1 was achieved (kLa = 2.64 ± 0.06 h-1). In contrast, using a molasses-based medium, bacterial concentration reached 3.13 ± 0.17 g L-1 in the 7.5 L bioreactor. A progressive reduction in lactic acid concentration and yield was observed as the oxygen transfer coefficient increased, at shake flask scale. Also, the oxygen transfer coefficient strongly affected the growth of L. reuteri in shake flask and bioreactor and allowed us to successfully scale up L. reuteri culture, producing similar maximum bacterial concentrations in both scales (2.01 g L-1 and 2.46 g L-1 in MRS). This is the first study on oxygen transfer coefficients in L. reuteri, and it is a valuable contribution to the field as it provides important insights about how this organism tolerates oxygen and adapts its metabolism for larger biomass production.

The efficacy of diazepam administration during embryo transfer: a retrospective multicenter cohort study on reproductive outcomes.

PURPOSE: This retrospective multicenter cohort study aimed to investigate the impact of diazepam administration during embryo transfer on reproductive outcomes, focusing primarily on the live birth rate. Secondary outcomes included the positive beta-hCG rate, clinical pregnancy rate, miscarriage rate, ectopic pregnancy rate, and preterm birth rate. METHODS: Data from 5607 embryo transfers, encompassing 465 cases with diazepam administration, were retrospectively analyzed. The study included single blastocyst transfers from 12 clinics in Portugal and Spain between January 2015 and December 2022. RESULTS: Comparison of reproductive outcomes between patients receiving diazepam and those who did not showed no statistically significant differences. Positive beta-hCG rates (60.8% non-diazepam vs. 60.4% diazepam, p = 0.92, adjusted p = 0.32) and clinical pregnancy rates (45.6% non-diazepam vs. 46.2% diazepam, p = 0.81, adjusted p = 0.11) were comparable. Miscarriage rates (11.0% diazepam vs. 9.3% non-diazepam, p = 0.25, adjusted p = 0.26) and ectopic pregnancy rates (0.9% diazepam vs. 0.1% non-diazepam, p = 0.1, adjusted p = 0.20) were similar. Live birth rates (36.3% non-diazepam vs. 35.3% diazepam, p = 0.69, adjusted p = 0.82) and prematurity rates (0.3% non-diazepam vs. 0% diazepam, p > 0.99, adjusted p = 0.99) also exhibited no statistically significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results, diazepam administration during embryo transfer did not show a discernible impact on reproductive outcomes, including live birth rates, suggesting its limited effectiveness in enhancing success.

Zinc and Lead Leaching from Sphalerite-Galena Concentrate Using Deep Eutectic Solvents Based on Choline Chloride: Effect of Roasting and Iodine as Oxidizing Agent.

The traditional metallurgical routes for producing lead and zinc from primary sources have a significant environmental footprint. Thus, using less pollutant solvents, such as deep eutectic solvents (DESs), would offer a greener solution in metal extraction. This study explores the use of three DESs based on choline chloride (ChCl) (1:2 ChCl-urea, 1:2 ChCl-ethylene glycol, and 1:2 ChCl-glycerol) for recovering Zn and Pb from a sphalerite-galena concentrate of the mining region in Ecuador. Leaching tests of the concentrate (untreated and roasted at 600 °C) in each DES were conducted (30 °C-24 h). The effect of adding iodine as an oxidizing agent was also evaluated. Recoveries of 2% (Zn) and 14% (Pb) were reported when leaching the untreated concentrate with DES. These recovery values increased to 11% (Zn) and 99% (Pb) after adding iodine during the leaching of the untreated concentrate. Roasting had a similar effect on leaching, increasing the recovery values of Zn (75%) and Pb (90%). Combining roasting as a pretreatment and iodine as an oxidizing agent produced higher Zn recoveries (99%) and Pb (99%). These results were compared to recoveries in acid leaching (H2SO4 and HNO3), revealing the potential of DESs as an alternative for metal recovery from primary sources.

Paradoxical Activation of a Type VI Secretion System Phospholipase Effector by Its Cognate Immunity Protein.

Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) deliver cytotoxic effector proteins into target bacteria and eukaryotic host cells. Antibacterial effectors are invariably encoded with cognate immunity proteins that protect the producing cell from self-intoxication. Here, we identify transposon insertions that disrupt the tli immunity gene of Enterobacter cloacae and induce autopermeabilization through unopposed activity of the Tle phospholipase effector. This hyperpermeability phenotype is T6SS dependent, indicating that the mutants are intoxicated by Tle delivered from neighboring sibling cells rather than by internally produced phospholipase. Unexpectedly, an in-frame deletion of tli does not induce hyperpermeability because Δtli null mutants fail to deploy active Tle. Instead, the most striking phenotypes are associated with disruption of the tli lipoprotein signal sequence, which prevents immunity protein localization to the periplasm. Immunoblotting reveals that most hyperpermeable mutants still produce Tli, presumably from alternative translation initiation codons downstream of the signal sequence. These observations suggest that cytosolic Tli is required for the activation and/or export of Tle. We show that Tle growth inhibition activity remains Tli dependent when phospholipase delivery into target bacteria is ensured through fusion to the VgrG ß-spike protein. Together, these findings indicate that Tli has distinct functions, depending on its subcellular localization. Periplasmic Tli acts as a canonical immunity factor to neutralize incoming effector proteins, while a cytosolic pool of Tli is required to activate the phospholipase domain of Tle prior to T6SS-dependent export. IMPORTANCE Gram-negative bacteria use type VI secretion systems deliver toxic effector proteins directly into neighboring competitors. Secreting cells also produce specific immunity proteins that neutralize effector activities to prevent autointoxication. Here, we show the Tli immunity protein of Enterobacter cloacae has two distinct functions, depending on its subcellular localization. Periplasmic Tli acts as a canonical immunity factor to block Tle lipase effector activity, while cytoplasmic Tli is required to activate the lipase prior to export. These results indicate Tle interacts transiently with its cognate immunity protein to promote effector protein folding and/or packaging into the secretion apparatus.

Coupled C, H, N, S and Fe biogeochemical cycles operating in the continental deep subsurface of the Iberian Pyrite Belt.

Microbial activity is a major contributor to the biogeochemical cycles that make up the life support system of planet Earth. A 613 m deep geomicrobiological perforation and a systematic multi-analytical characterization revealed an unexpected diversity associated with the rock matrix microbiome that operates in the subsurface of the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB). Members of 1 class and 16 genera were deemed the most representative microorganisms of the IPB deep subsurface and selected for a deeper analysis. The use of fluorescence in situ hybridization allowed not only the identification of microorganisms but also the detection of novel activities in the subsurface such as anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) and anaerobic methane oxidation, the co-occurrence of microorganisms able to maintain complementary metabolic activities and the existence of biofilms. The use of enrichment cultures sensed the presence of five different complementary metabolic activities along the length of the borehole and isolated 29 bacterial species. Genomic analysis of nine isolates identified the genes involved in the complete operation of the light-independent coupled C, H, N, S and Fe biogeochemical cycles. This study revealed the importance of nitrate reduction microorganisms in the oxidation of iron in the anoxic conditions existing in the subsurface of the IPB.

Immunoanalytical Approach for Detecting and Identifying Ancestral Peptide Biomarkers in Early Earth Analogue Environments.

Several mass spectrometry and spectroscopic techniques have been used in the search for molecular biomarkers on Mars. A major constraint is their capability to detect and identify large and complex compounds such as peptides or other biopolymers. Multiplex immunoassays can detect these compounds, but antibodies must be produced for a large number of sequence-dependent molecular targets. Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction (ASR) followed by protein "resurrection" in the lab can help to narrow the selection of targets. Herein, we propose an immunoanalytical method to identify ancient and universally conserved protein/peptide sequences as targets for identifying ancestral biomarkers in nature. We have developed, tested, and validated this approach by producing antibodies to eight previously described ancestral resurrected proteins (three ß-lactamases, three thioredoxins, one Elongation Factor Tu, and one RuBisCO, all of them theoretically dated as Precambrian), and used them as a proxy to search for any potential feature of them that could be present in current natural environments. By fluorescent sandwich microarray immunoassays (FSMI), we have detected positive immunoreactions with antibodies to the oldest ß-lactamase and thioredoxin proteins (ca. 4 Ga) in samples from a hydrothermal environment. Fine epitope mapping and inhibitory immunoassays allowed the identification of well-conserved epitope peptide sequences that resulted from ASR and were present in the sample. We corroborated these results by metagenomic sequencing and found several genes encoding analogue proteins with significant matches to the peptide epitopes identified with the antibodies. The results demonstrated that peptides inferred from ASR studies have true counterpart analogues in Nature, which validates and strengthens the well-known ASR/protein resurrection technique and our immunoanalytical approach for investigating ancient environments and metabolisms on Earth and elsewhere.

M&Ms: a versatile software for building microbial mock communities.

SUMMARY: Advances in sequencing technologies have triggered the development of many bioinformatic tools aimed to analyze 16S rDNA sequencing data. As these tools need to be tested, it is important to simulate datasets that resemble samples from different environments. Here, we introduce M&Ms, a user-friendly open-source bioinformatic tool to produce different 16S rDNA datasets from reference sequences, based on pragmatic ecological parameters. It creates sequence libraries for 'in silico' microbial communities with user-controlled richness, evenness, microdiversity and source environment. M&Ms allows the user to generate simple to complex read datasets based on real parameters that can be used in developing bioinformatic software or in benchmarking current tools. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The source code of M&Ms is freely available at https://github.com/ggnatalia/MMs (GPL-3.0 License). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Breast abscess due to Nannizziopsis obscura in an immunocompromised renal transplant patient after travel to Nigeria: case report and review.

BACKGROUND: Nannizziopsis is a genus of fungi with several known cases in reptiles of pyogranulomatous infections at cutaneous and musculoskeletal level, of rapid and fatal evolution. There are few cases of this genus described in humans, mainly skin affection but also with visceral abcesses, typically in immunosuppressed patients, with a recent visit to Africa. CASE PRESENTATION: A 45-year-old woman immunosuppressed after renal transplantation and with a recent visit to Nigeria presented with a painless breast abcess, ulceration to the skin and bleeding, and non hematic telorrhea. The mammogram, also completed with an ultrasound scan, showed a polylobulated nodule, BI-RADS 4C. Due to the suspicion of breast cancer, a core needle biopsy was performed and the pathology study showed abundant presence of fungal spores and hyphae. It was identified by genomic amplification of the internal transcription spacer region-2 and a percentage of similarity with sequences of Nannizziopsis obscura from GenBank of 98% was obtained. An empiric treatment with anidulafungin was initiated, and after the surgical resection, it was replaced by isavuconazole, with a total time of treatment of one month. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first case report of a successful treatment of Nannizziopsis obscura with isavuconazole, with the shortest time of treatment published for this fungi. We highlighted the importance of referring difficult to diagnose species to reference centers, as well as achieving the most complete resection in order to shorten the antibiotic therapy.

The ß-encapsulation cage of rearrangement hotspot (Rhs) effectors is required for type VI secretion.

Bacteria deploy rearrangement hotspot (Rhs) proteins as toxic effectors against both prokaryotic and eukaryotic target cells. Rhs proteins are characterized by YD-peptide repeats, which fold into a large ß-cage structure that encapsulates the C-terminal toxin domain. Here, we show that Rhs effectors are essential for type VI secretion system (T6SS) activity in Enterobacter cloacae (ECL). ECL rhs- mutants do not kill Escherichia coli target bacteria and are defective for T6SS-dependent export of hemolysin-coregulated protein (Hcp). The RhsA and RhsB effectors of ECL both contain Pro-Ala-Ala-Arg (PAAR) repeat domains, which bind the ß-spike of trimeric valine-glycine repeat protein G (VgrG) and are important for T6SS activity in other bacteria. Truncated RhsA that retains the PAAR domain is capable of forming higher-order, thermostable complexes with VgrG, yet these assemblies fail to restore secretion activity to ∆rhsA ∆rhsB mutants. Full T6SS-1 activity requires Rhs that contains N-terminal transmembrane helices, the PAAR domain, and an intact ß-cage. Although ∆rhsA ∆rhsB mutants do not kill target bacteria, time-lapse microscopy reveals that they assemble and fire T6SS contractile sheaths at ∼6% of the frequency of rhs+ cells. Therefore, Rhs proteins are not strictly required for T6SS assembly, although they greatly increase secretion efficiency. We propose that PAAR and the ß-cage provide distinct structures that promote secretion. PAAR is clearly sufficient to stabilize trimeric VgrG, but efficient assembly of T6SS-1 also depends on an intact ß-cage. Together, these domains enforce a quality control checkpoint to ensure that VgrG is loaded with toxic cargo before assembling the secretion apparatus.

Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of health care providers regarding the recommendation and use of long-acting reversible contraceptive devices for adolescent patients.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of healthcare providers in a region in southwestern Colombia regarding the recommendation and use of long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods for adolescents. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. An online exploratory survey was designed to assess healthcare providers' knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of Valle del Cauca hospitals. For the development of this the questionnaire, a literature search and validation of the instrument's appearance were conducted. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 115 people. Knowledge: 62.6% and 33% of the participants did not consider themselves capable of correctly placing an intrauterine device (IUD) or a subdermal implant, respectively. However, 73.9% of the participants had adequate theoretical knowledge. Attitudes: 64.3% of the participants considered that adolescents can acquire contraceptive methods without limitations. Short-acting reversible methods were the least recommended. Perceptions: For IUDs, 40.8% and 16.5% of the participants imposed a minimum age and minimum parity requirement for their use, respectively. Side effects were the main reason for not recommending in health institutions with a lower level of complexity. CONCLUSION: Healthcare providers had positive attitudes and adequate theoretical knowledge concerning to the effectiveness of LARCs. The main areas for improvement were practical knowledge about the insertion and proper use of the devices, indications for referral to gynaecologists for the insertion procedure, and concerns about side effects.

Our research explores healthcare providers' knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions regarding long-acting reversible contraceptives for adolescents. While attitudes were positive, practical knowledge gaps on device, placement and referral indications emerged. Read the full findings to uncover more about LARCs in adolescent healthcare.

Use of gonadotropins in ovarian stimulation in Spain: Delphi consensus.

Two-round Delphi study carried out in Spain. Three theme-based blocks were set out: 1) Patient profiles: therapeutic goal and parameters to be analysed according to POSEIDON patient profiles; 2) Ovarian stimulation protocols with antagonists: monotherapy (FSH) vs combined therapy (FSH + LH/HMG); 3) Safety and effectiveness of the devices. The antral follicle count and the anti-Müllerian hormone level were considered indicators that can be used to predict ovarian response. More than 80% of the participants agreed that FSH monotherapy is the recommended regimen in normal/hyper-responsive patients of < 35 years of age; that 150-300 IU is the dose to be used in ovarian stimulation in monotherapy depending on clinical parameters; and that FSH monotherapy improves patients' comfort compared to two combined drugs. It was unanimously considered that the type of device used by the patient influences the comfort of the treatment.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? There is currently no consensus on the optimal treatment for controlled ovarian stimulation for patients undergoing IVF which leads to highly variable clinical practices.What the results of this study add? This study's strong point is that, since it is a consensus, it has been possible to include more topics than would normally be dealt with in a systematic review or guidelines, which are generally based on a strict method that restricts the scope of the research. Experts have reached a consensus on most of the statements and based on these they have issued consensus statements that will enable the optimal use of gonadotropins in IVF.What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? This Delphi consensus provides a real-life clinical perspective on gonadotropin usage in IVF.

Helicobacter pylori infection and DNMT3a polymorphism are associated with the presence of premature coronary artery disease and subclinical atherosclerosis. Data from the GEA Mexican Study.

BACKGROUND: The association between H. pylori infection and coronary artery disease (CAD) is well-known. Alterations in DNA methylation in CAD have been reported, which can be induced by H. pylori through the DNA demethylases (DNMTs). The objective was to analyze the association and interaction of H. pylori infection and DMNT3a gene polymorphisms with premature CAD (pCAD) and subclinical atherosclerosis (SA). METHODS: The study included 561 patients with pCAD, 318 subjects with SA, and 599 healthy controls. Antibodies against H. pylori and DNMT3a rs13420827, rs752208, and rs1550117 polymorphisms were determined. RESULTS: The pCAD group presented the highest seroprevalence of H. pylori infection (87.7%) compared to the SA (74.5%, p = 1 × 10-6) and the control group (63.1%, p = 7 × 10-23). A significant association was observed between H. pylori infection and pCAD (OR = 2.729, p = 1.0 × 10-6). The rs13420827 polymorphism was associated with a high risk of H. pylori infection in the whole population (padditive = 0.009, pdominant = 0.018, and pcodominant2 = 0.013) and in individuals with SA (padditive = 0.003, pdominant = 0.020, precessive = 0.013, and pcodominant2 = 0.005). The coexistence of H. pylori infection and the rs13420827GG genotype increases the risk of pCAD (pinteraction = 1.1 × 10-5). CONCLUSIONS: According to the model adjusted for more confounding variables, H. pylori infection was associated with almost three times the risk of developing pCAD. The rs13420827G allele was associated with an increased risk of H. pylori infection in the whole population and in individuals with SA. Individuals in whom H. pylori infection and the rs13420827GG genotype coexist are at increased risk of pCAD.

Metagenomic and metabolic analyses of poly-extreme microbiome from an active crater volcano lake.

El Chichón volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico. Previous studies have described its poly-extreme conditions and its bacterial composition, although the functional features of the complete microbiome have not been characterized yet. By using metabarcoding analysis, metagenomics, metabolomics and enzymology techniques, the microbiome of the crater lake was characterized in this study. New information is provided on the taxonomic and functional diversity of the representative Archaea phyla, Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota, as well as those that are representative of Bacteria, Thermotogales and Aquificae. With culture of microbial consortia and with the genetic information collected from the natural environment sampling, metabolic interactions were identified between prokaryotes, which can withstand multiple extreme conditions. The existence of a close relationship between the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and sulfur in an active volcano has been proposed, while the relationship in the energy metabolism of thermoacidophilic bacteria and archaea in this multi-extreme environment was biochemically revealed for the first time. These findings contribute towards understanding microbial metabolism under extreme conditions, and provide potential knowledge pertaining to "microbial dark matter", which can be applied to biotechnological processes and evolutionary studies.

Does Preoperative Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C Decrease Risk of Complications After Total Hip Arthroplasty? A Matched Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with increased complication risk after elective arthroplasty. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of HCV and prearthroplasty antiviral treatment on complications following total hip arthroplasty (THA). METHODS: A retrospective matched cohort study was conducted using an administrative claims database. In total, 6,883 HCV patients were matched 1:3 with 20,694 noninfected controls, and 920 HCV patients with antiviral treatment before THA (treated HCV) were matched 1:4 with 3,820 HCV patients without treatment (untreated HCV). Rates of 90-day medical complications and joint complications within 2 years postoperatively were compared with multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: HCV patients exhibited significantly increased rates of medical complications within 90 days compared to noninfected controls (all P < .01). At 2 years postoperatively, HCV patients also exhibited significantly higher risk of revision THA (odds ratio [OR] 1.81), dislocation (OR 2.06), mechanical complications (OR 1.40), periprosthetic fracture (OR 1.76), and prosthetic joint infection (PJI) (OR 1.79). However, treated HCV patients exhibited statistically comparable risk of all joint complications at 2 years postoperatively relative to controls (all P > .05). Compared to untreated HCV patients, treated HCV patients exhibited significantly lower risk of inpatient readmission within 90 days (OR 0.58) and PJI at 2 years postoperatively (OR 0.62). CONCLUSION: HCV patients exhibit significantly increased risk of medical and joint complications following THA relative to controls, though prearthroplasty antiviral treatment mitigates complication risk. Treated HCV patients exhibited significantly lower risk of inpatient readmission and PJI compared to untreated HCV patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

A Missed Opportunity: The Impact of Hepatitis C Treatment Prior to Total Knee Arthroplasty on Postoperative Complications.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C (HCV) is undertreated and increasing in prevalence. Its influence on outcomes following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of HCV and prearthroplasty antiviral treatment on postoperative complications following TKA. METHODS: A retrospective matched cohort study was conducted using an administrative claims database to compare postoperative complication rates following TKA for (1) patients with vs without HCV and (2) among patients with HCV, patients with antiviral treatment before TKA vs no treatment. In total, 6971 patients with HCV were matched 1:4 with 27,884 controls without HCV, and 708 HCV patients with antiviral treatment before TKA were matched 1:2 with 1416 HCV patients without treatment. Rates of joint complications at 1 and 2 years postoperatively were compared via multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: The HCV cohort exhibited significantly higher risk of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) than controls at both 1 (4.1 vs 2.1%; odds ratio [OR] 1.58) and 2 years (5.0% vs 2.7%; OR 1.55) postoperatively. Rates of revision TKA were also significantly higher for HCV patients at 1 (2.8% vs 1.8%; OR 1.40) and 2 years (4.1% vs 2.9%; OR 1.30). HCV patients with prearthroplasty antiviral treatment exhibited significantly lower risk of PJI at 1 (2.1% vs 4.1%; OR 0.50) and 2 years (2.7% vs 5.1%, OR 0.51) compared to patients without treatment. CONCLUSION: Patients with HCV have significantly increased risk of PJI and revision arthroplasty following TKA. Antiviral treatment before TKA significantly decreases the risk of PJI postoperatively. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Incidence of COVID-19 in 902 Patients With Immunomediated Inflammatory Diseases Treated With Biologics and Targeted Synthetic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs-Findings From the BIOCOVID Study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among patients with immunomediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) treated with biologic or targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs and tsDMARDs) and to evaluate the influence of either IMIDs or related therapies on the incidence and evolution of COVID-19. METHODS: This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted from January 31, 2020, to May 15, 2020. Data of 902 patients were obtained from clinical records in hospitals, primary care units, and community pharmacies. Inclusion criteria were adults with IMIDs treated with bDMARDs or tsDMARDs who started therapy 3 months prior to study commencement. Patients with poor adherence to treatments were excluded. COVID-19 was classified as "definitive" (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 polymerase chain reaction [PCR]-positive), "possible" (characteristic symptoms and negative PCR), and "suspected" (characteristic symptoms but PCR not performed). RESULTS: COVID-19 was diagnosed in 70 patients (11 definitive, 19 possible, and 40 suspected). The cumulative incidence of definitive COVID-19 was 1.2%. When considering all cases, the incidence was 7.8%. Patients on biosimilars tumor necrosis factor blockers were more likely to have a diagnosis of COVID-19 (odds ratio, 2.308; p < 0.001). Patients on anti-B-cell therapies had a lower incidence of infections (p = 0.046). Low rates of hospitalization (14.3%), pneumonia (14.3%), death (2.9%), or thrombosis (2.9%) were observed, and 94.3% of patients recovered. CONCLUSIONS: The cumulative incidence of confirmed cases of COVID-19 was similar to the general population, with generally low hospitalization, intensive care management, and mortality rates. COVID-19 incidence was less frequent in patients with more severe immunosuppression.

Temperature and elemental sulfur shape microbial communities in two extremely acidic aquatic volcanic environments.

Aquatic environments of volcanic origin provide an exceptional opportunity to study the adaptations of microorganisms to early planet life conditions. Here, we characterized the prokaryotic communities and physicochemical properties of seepage sites at the bottom of the Poas Volcano crater and the Agrio River, two geologically related extremely acidic environments located in Costa Rica. Both locations hold a low pH (1.79-2.20) and have high sulfate and iron concentrations (Fe = 47-206 mg/L, SO42- = 1170-2460 mg/L), but significant differences in their temperature (90.0-95.0 ºC in the seepages at Poas Volcano, 19.1-26.6 ºC in Agrio River) and in the elemental sulfur content. Based on the analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences, we determined that Sulfobacillus spp. represented more than half of the sequences in Poas Volcano seepage sites, while Agrio River was dominated by Leptospirillum and members of the archaeal order Thermoplasmatales. Both environments share some chemical characteristics and part of their microbiota, however, the temperature and the reduced sulfur are likely the main distinguishing features, ultimately shaping their microbial communities. Our data suggest that in the Poas Volcano-Agrio River system there is a common metabolism but with specialization of species that adapt to the physicochemical conditions of each environment.

Squandering water in drylands: the water-use strategy of the phreatophyte Ziziphus lotus in a groundwater-dependent ecosystem.

PREMISE: Water is the most limiting factor in dryland ecosystems, and plants are adapted to cope with this constraint. Particularly vulnerable are phreatophytic plants from groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) in regions that have to face water regime alterations due to the impacts of climate and land-use changes. METHODS: We investigated two aspects related to the water-use strategy of a keystone species that dominates one of the few terrestrial GDEs in European drylands (Ziziphus lotus): where it obtains water and how it regulates its use. We (1) evaluated plants' water sources and use patterns using a multiple-isotope approach (δ2 H, δ18 O, and Δ13 C); (2) assessed the regulation of plant water potential by characterizing the species on an isohydric-anisohydric continuum; and (3) evaluated plants' response to increasing water stress along a depth-to-groundwater (DTGW) gradient by measuring foliar gas exchange and nutrient concentrations. RESULTS: Ziziphus lotus behaves as a facultative or partial phreatophyte with extreme anisohydric stomatal regulation. However, as DTGW increased, Z. lotus (1) reduced the use of groundwater, (2) reduced total water uptake, and (3) limited transpiration water loss while increasing water-use efficiency. We also found a physiological threshold at 14 m depth to groundwater, which could indicate maximum rooting length beyond which optimal plant function could not be sustained. CONCLUSIONS: Species such as Z. lotus survive by squandering water in drylands because of a substantial groundwater uptake. However, the identification of DTGW thresholds indicates that drawdowns in groundwater level would jeopardize the functioning of the GDE.