Supplementing zebu cattle with crop co-products helps to reduce enteric emissions in West Africa.

In Africa, a wide variety of diets (forage + crop co-products or other agricultural by-products) is being used by livestock farmers in different production systems to adapt to climate change. This study aimed to assess the performance of various local feeding strategies on Sudanese Fulani zebu cattle. Two experiments were carried out on 10 steers aged initially 33 months (142 kg body weight - BW). The animals were fed eight different diets at an intake level of 3.2% LW in dry matter (DM), including two control diets of 100% rangeland forage (100% RF) and six experimental diets made up of forage and crop co-products (75:25 DM ratio). In the first experiment, the control diet was made up of rangeland forage (RF) and supplements consisted of four cereal co-products (CC), i.e. maize, sorghum, millet, and rice straws. In the second experiment, the control diet consisted of Panicum maximum (Pmax) hay, and the supplements tested were two legume co-products (LC), i.e. cowpea and peanut haulms. Each experiment lasted 3 weeks, including 2 weeks of adaptation to the diet and 1 week of data collection on individual animals (intake, apparent digestibility, and enteric methane). The NDF content of the diets was different within each experiment (p < 0.05). Among diets containing CC, DM intake [g/kg BW] was significantly higher (+31%; p = 0.025) for the diet containing rice straw than for the other diets, which showed similar levels to the RF diet. Among diets containing LC, intake was significantly higher (p = 0.004) than for the Pmax diet. Intake was higher for the peanut haulm diet than for the cowpea haulm diet. The DM digestibility was similar between the different diets in each experiment. Enteric methane (eCH4) yield [g/kg DMI] from the CC and LC-containing diets were reduced by an average of 23% and 20% compared to the RF and Pmax control diets respectively. Raising awareness among agro-pastoralists about the use of crop co-products offers real prospects for eCH4 emissions mitigation in the Sahel region.

Milk yield and composition of crossbred Sahelian × Anglo-Nubian goats in the semi-intensive system in Mali during the preweaning period.

The aim of this study was to evaluate milk yield and its composition during the preweaning period for Sahelian goats (SG) and Anglo-Nubian (AN) crossbred depending on some factors. The experiments were conducted from January to December 2008 for 44 suckled and hand-milked does, randomized, and divided into two equal groups: SG (n = 22) and F(1) Anglo-Nubian × Sahelian goats (1/2AN; n = 22). The does and their offsprings were kept in a pen where they stayed indoors for 45 days before they were allowed outdoors when the weather was suitable. Each category received supplemental feeds depending on the season (rainy season, dry cold season, and dry hot season). The average daily milk yield was recorded weekly from parturition to 100 days of age. Individual milk samples were taken for chemical analysis in connection with the yield measurements twice per month from the fourth week of lactation throughout the different seasons (rainy, cold dry, and hot dry). The daily milk yield differed between breed types (P = 0.001) during the preweaning, while the effect of kids' sex on daily milk production was not significant. Litter size affected milk yield up to day 60 (P = 0.032) where does with twins producing more milk than those with single kid. However, at day 100, both groups had similar (P = 0.001) milk production. Total milk yield at weaning increased by 103 % in 1/2AN over SG. The highest concentration of total solids of milk was (12.76 %) recorded in the hot dry season. The results of this study indicate that crossbreeding native Sahelian goats with high potential Anglo-Nubian buck improved milk production and its composition.

Data related to performance evaluation of an installed on-grid photovoltaic system at Bamako.

The data presented in this paper are related to the performance of an installed on-grid photovoltaic 100 kW system installed on the roof of a building at the Institute of Applied Sciences, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako. The accompanying files provide the necessary data files related to PV systems. This system under consideration is part of a pilot project of a grid-connected system in Mali by the Renewable Energies Agency (AER). The PV system is located at 12.62°N latitude and -7.99°W longitude. It is composed of 313 monocrystalline modules of 320W for an installed power of approximately 101kWp and they are fixed on support inclined at 6 degrees orientated East-West. The data were collected from March 2020 to February 2021.

SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and living conditions in Bamako (Mali): a cross-sectional multistage household survey after the first epidemic wave, 2020.

OBJECTIVES: In low-income settings with limited access to diagnosis, COVID-19 information is scarce. In September 2020, after the first COVID-19 wave, Mali reported 3086 confirmed cases and 130 deaths. Most reports originated from Bamako, with 1532 cases and 81 deaths (2.42 million inhabitants). This observed prevalence of 0.06% appeared very low. Our objective was to estimate SARS-CoV-2 infection among inhabitants of Bamako, after the first epidemic wave. We assessed demographic, social and living conditions, health behaviours and knowledges associated with SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity. SETTINGS: We conducted a cross-sectional multistage household survey during September 2020, in three neighbourhoods of the commune VI (Bamako), where 30% of the cases were reported. PARTICIPANTS: We recruited 1526 inhabitants in 3 areas, that is, 306 households, and 1327 serological results (≥1 years), 220 household questionnaires and collected answers for 962 participants (≥12 years). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: We measured serological status, detecting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies in blood sampled. We documented housing conditions and individual health behaviours through questionnaires among participants. We estimated the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections and deaths in the population of Bamako using the age and sex distributions. RESULTS: The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was 16.4% (95% CI 15.1% to 19.1%) after adjusting on the population structure. This suggested that ~400 000 cases and ~2000 deaths could have occurred of which only 0.4% of cases and 5% of deaths were officially reported. Questionnaires analyses suggested strong agreement with washing hands but lower acceptability of movement restrictions (lockdown/curfew), and mask wearing. CONCLUSIONS: The first wave of SARS-CoV-2 spread broadly in Bamako. Expected fatalities remained limited largely due to the population age structure and the low prevalence of comorbidities. Improving diagnostic capacities to encourage testing and preventive behaviours, and avoiding the spread of false information remain key pillars, regardless of the developed or developing setting. ETHICS: This study was registered in the registry of the ethics committee of the Faculty of Medicine and Odonto-Stomatology and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Bamako, Mali, under the number: 2020/162/CA/FMOS/FAPH.

[Epidemiological and tomodensitometric aspects of post-traumatic maxillofacial fractures in Mopti, Mali]. / Profil épidémiologique et tomodensitométrique des fractures maxillo-faciales post-traumatiques à Mopti au Mali.

Introduction: facial injuries are a public health problem, both physically and psychologically, characterized by a variety of injuries and sometimes by severe esthetic or functional sequelae. The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiological and tomodensitometric aspects of maxillofacial fractures in Mopti. Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional and descriptive study in the Department of Radiology of the Mopti Hospital from January 2019 to December 2019. All patients who had undergone maxillofacial CT scan for a trauma with fracture confirmed by CT scan during this period were included. The variables analyzed were age, sex, etiology and the types of fractures observed on CT scan. Data recording and analysis were carried out using SPSS version 20 and Excel 2013. Results: of a total of 120 patients, the mean age was 26.43 years with a standard deviation of 14.547. Men predominated (75%; n= 90). Road accidents were the leading cause of fractures (50%; n = 60). Occlusofacial fractures accounted for 38.33% (n= 46). Lefort II was the most common fracture (22.50%; n= 27). Conclusion: this study allowed us to identify the population groups most affected by maxillofacial fractures in the Mopti region: adolescents and young adults. Tomodensitometric results were dominated by occlusofacial fractures, in particular Lefort type II fractures.

Trends and research features on greenhouse gas emissions from rice production: review based on bibliometric analysis.

Greenhouse gas from rice production has become a great concern and the focus of a lot of research in recent years. The main aim of the study was to explore the research trend of GHG emissions from rice production by exploring the research hotspots and providing suggestions for future research directions over the period 1991 to 2020. A bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Scopus database, and the sample included 2535 articles. The methodology was based on descriptive analysis, co-occurrence analysis, factorial analysis, word dynamic over time, and the author's keyword analysis over time. The results indicate a remarkable increase in the number of articles published on this topic, mainly in the journals of "Agriculture," "Ecosystems," and "Environment." The main authors were Conrad R. and Wassmann R. Relating to the number of published articles, very few were contributed by African countries, whereas China, Japan, and India were the main contributors. The co-occurrence analysis showed that rice, methane, and nitrous oxide are the core keywords of the network. The multiple factorial analysis pointed out that greenhouse gas emissions from rice production depend on the farming practices, the environmental factors, and the plant growth as well. The evolutionary path showed that the current author's keywords are more related to global warming potential, climate change, and biochar. The findings of this review can help researchers and scholars by providing a better overview of development trends that have emerged over the past 30 years and suggestions for the future direction in this field.

[Epidemiological profile of COVID-19 in Tombouctou region in Mali]. / Profil epidemiologique de la COVID-19 dans la region de Tombouctou au Mali.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of our study was to establish the epidemiological profile of COVID-19 in Tombouctou. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of COVID-19 surveillance data from Tombouctou from April 3 to October 1, 2020. Our variables of interest were extracted from the surveillance database and analyzed with Excel 2013. The frequencies, rate, and ratio were computed. RESULTS: Overall, 1851 suspects from all districts of the region were screened by RT-PCR, including 572 confirmed, which indicate a positivity rate of 30.90%. The 15-34 age group was the most represented with 48% of the confirmed cases. The sex ratio (male / female) of confirmed cases was 2.67. The city of Tombouctou was the epicenter of COVID-19. The Tombouctou region had a detection rate of around 2‰ (1851/928,000) and peaked between weeks 22 and 23 with a case fatality of 2.8%. CONCLUSION: Young people and men were most likely to be infected with COVID-19. We recommend increasing awareness of compliance with barrier measures.

INTRODUCTION: L'objectif de notre étude était d'établir le profil épidémiologique de la COVID-19 à Tombouctou. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES: Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale descriptive des données de surveillance de la COVID-19 de la Région de Tombouctou du 3 avril au 1er octobre 2020. Nos variables d'intérêts ont été extraites de la base de données de surveillance et analysées sur Excel 2013. Les fréquences, taux et ratio ont été calculés. RÉSULTATS: Au total 1851 cas suspects en provenance de tous les districts de la région ont été testés à la RT-PCR dont 572 confirmés soit un taux de positivité de 30,90%. La tranche d'âge de 15-34 ans était la plus représentée avec une proportion de 48% de l'effectif des confirmés. Le sex ratio (homme/femme) des cas confirmés était de 2,67. La ville de Tombouctou était l'épicentre de la COVID-19. La région de Tombouctou avait un taux de dépistage d'environ 2‰ (1851/928.000) et a connu son pic entre les semaines 22 et 23 avec une létalité de 2,8%. CONCLUSION: Les jeunes et les hommes seraient les plus susceptibles d'être infectés par la COVID-19. Nous recommandons le renforcement de la sensibilisation pour le respect des mesures barrières.

Do adult health outcomes in urban population reflect local health risk? A matched cohort analysis of migration effects in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

BACKGROUND: Selective migration may affect health indicators in both urban and rural areas. Sub-Saharan African urban areas show evidence of both negative and positive selection on health status at outmigration. Health outcomes as measured in urban populations may not reflect local health risks and access to health services. METHODS: Using the Ouagadougou Health and Demographic Surveillance System and a migrant follow-up survey, we measured differences in health between matched non-migrants and outmigrants. We applied Cox and competing risks models on migration and death. RESULTS: Controlling for premigration health status, migrants who moved out of Ouagadougou have higher mortality (HR 3.24, 95% CI 1.23 to 8.58) than non-migrants and migrants moving to other Ouagadougou areas. However, these effects vanish in the matched sample controlling for all interactions between death determinants. These and other results show little evidence that migration led to higher mortality or worse health. CONCLUSIONS: Health outcomes as measured in Ouagadougou population do reflect local health risks and access to health services despite high migration intensity. However, neither the hypothesis of effect of health on migration nor the hypothesis of negative effect of migration on health or survival was confirmed.

Understanding premarital pregnancies among adolescents and young women in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

In developing countries, young women between 15 and 24 years of age account for more than 40% of unsafe abortions due to the high number of unwanted and/or out-of-wedlock pregnancies. However, much about the profile of adolescents and young women who usually experience premarital pregnancies remains unknown. This study sought to understand the risk of pregnancy before marriage among adolescents and young women in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. By using longitudinal data from a demographic surveillance system, we tested the explanatory power of two theoretical assumptions on premarital childbearing in sub-Saharan Africa, which assumptions are the cultural inheritance model and the social capital model. The results confirmed the explanatory power of the cultural inheritance model on the one hand and partially confirmed the power of the social capital model on the other hand. These results highlight the need for a multipronged approach to sexual and reproductive health for young people. Efforts against premarital pregnancies among adolescents and young women would be more effective if they were based on participatory approaches, incorporating actions at both community and institutional levels, as suggested by the recent Global Accelerated Action for the Health of Adolescents logical framework.