Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in human lymphomas.

Lymphomas are a diverse group of haematologic malignancies, which occur in infection-fighting cells of the lymphatic system. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-coding RNAs, which have recently received significant attention as the main mediators of gene expression. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on lncRNAs involved in lymphomas, their molecular functions, as well as their potential clinical value. Relevant literature was identified by a PubMed search of English language papers using the following terms: Lymphoma, LncRNA, leukemia, proliferation, apoptosis, and prognosis. LncRNAs are imperative for lymphoma carcinogenesis through affecting apoptosis, cell proliferation, invasion, and response to chemotherapy. The expression level of lncRNAs can affect chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Taken together, lncRNA dysregulation in lymphoma cells is not only an epiphenomenon but also lncRNA transcription is critically related to the initiation and progression of lymphomas. Aberrant expression of lncRNAs can lead to the transformation of normal lymphocytes into lymphoma cells.

Red Blood Cells are Appropriate Carrier for Coagulation Factor VIII.

AIMS: Factor VIII (FVIII) replacement therapy remains a primary treatment for hemophilia A, however, the development of FVIII antibodies (inhibitors) and short half-life of the FVIII products are the major complications. Erythrocytes may prevent rapid removal of drugs from plasma. Erythrocytes are biocompatible and non-immunogenic drug delivery. In this study, in vitro activity of FVIII encapsulated by human erythrocytes was investigated. METHODS: FVIII was loaded into erythrocytes using the hypo-osmotic dialysis technique. FVIII activity assay has been analyzed using Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT). Presence of FVIII on erythrocytes was detected by western blotting and flowcytometry using specific monoclonal antibody (abcam, U.K) against FVIII. Moreover, the osmotic fragility and hematologic parameters of FVIII-loaded carrier erythrocytes were measured. RESULTS: Our results indicated that FVIII could not cross the membrane, where plenty of FVIII was found on the surface of the carrier erythrocyte. Flow cytometery results showed that 11% of the loaded carrier erythrocytes was positive for FVIII protein on their surface. The greatest activation of FVIII in both groups including lysate and non-lysate FVIII-loaded RBCs was observed on the first day, and the coagulant activity of this factor was gradually reduced on days 3 and 5. In 1:50 dilution of both groups, significant differences in FVIII activity were observed in 1:50 dilution of both groups, especially on the 5th day. CONCLUSION: This study aims to introduce erythrocytes as appropriate carriers for FVIII to prolong the dosing intervals in the effective and safe levels for a relatively longer time.