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1.
Rev Med Suisse ; 20(884): 1498-1502, 2024 Aug 28.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39219393

RESUMO

SGLT2 inhibitors (gliflozins) have proven their efficacy in reducing complications due to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure and chronic kidney disease both in placebo-controlled clinical trials and in real-life studies versus other glucose-lowering agents (except GLP-1 analogues) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Hence, observational studies demonstrate that they are poorly used in -clinical practice, including in patients at high cardiorenal risk. -Reasons are multiple and involve physicians, patients and health care system with restricted criteria for prescription and reimbursement in many countries. Bridging the gap between scientific proves from evidence-based medicine and clinical practice represents a major health-care issue.


Les inhibiteurs des SGLT2 (gliflozines) ont prouvé leur efficacité pour réduire le risque des complications de la maladie athéro­mateuse, de l'insuffisance cardiaque et de la maladie rénale chronique dans des essais cliniques contrôlés versus placebo et dans des études de vraie vie versus les autres antidiabétiques (sauf les analogues du GLP-1) chez des patients avec un diabète de type 2. Pourtant, les études observationnelles démontrent qu'ils sont peu utilisés en pratique clinique, y compris chez des patients à haut risque cardiorénal. Les raisons en sont multiples et impliquent le médecin prescripteur, le patient et, éventuellement, le système de soins avec des critères d'utilisation ou de remboursement restreints. Combler le fossé entre l'évidence scientifique apportée par la médecine factuelle et la pratique ­clinique représente un enjeu majeur de santé publique.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Hipoglicemiantes , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose , Humanos , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/uso terapêutico , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/efeitos adversos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Hipoglicemiantes/efeitos adversos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Insuficiência Cardíaca/tratamento farmacológico , Medicina Baseada em Evidências
2.
Rev Med Suisse ; 20(884): 1492-1497, 2024 Aug 28.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39219392

RESUMO

Both glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) improve cardiorenal -prognosis of at-risk patients with type 2 diabetes thanks to pleiotropic effects that are either common or specific. This article discusses the clinical efficacy of a combined therapy with the two medications. Data were obtained from post hoc analyses of subgroups of participants to cardiovascular outcome trials and from real-life observational retro-spective cohort studies. The reported superiority of the combination versus either monotherapy should be confirmed in an ongoing large prospective trial (PRECIDENTD). The extra-cost of such a combined therapy as well as the common underuse of each pharmacological class in daily clinical practice deserve attention.


Les agonistes des récepteurs du glucagon-like peptide-1 (ARGLP-1) et les inhibiteurs des cotransporteurs sodium-glucose 2 (iSGLT2) améliorent le pronostic cardiorénal des patients avec un diabète de type 2 à risque grâce à des effets pléiotropes à la fois communs et spécifiques. Cet article discute l'efficacité d'une combinaison des deux classes à partir d'analyses de sous-groupes de participants aux grands essais contrôlés à visée cardiovasculaire et de données observationnelles en vie réelle provenant d'études rétrospectives de cohortes. La supériorité de la combinaison rapportée par rapport à l'une ou l'autre monothérapie devra être confirmée dans un grand essai prospectif en cours (PRECIDENTD). Le surcoût d'une telle combinaison et la sous-utilisation déjà constatée en pratique clinique pour chaque classe méritent attention.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Quimioterapia Combinada , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1 , Hipoglicemiantes , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/administração & dosagem , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/uso terapêutico , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/agonistas , Quimioterapia Combinada/métodos , Hipoglicemiantes/administração & dosagem , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle
3.
Rev Med Suisse ; 19(838): 1492-1495, 2023 Aug 23.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37610192

RESUMO

The management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) after a gastric bypass or a sleeve gastrectomy requires some cautions depending on the timing after the surgical procedure and the patient evolution. Even before the intervention, gliflozins should be interrupted to avoid euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis while sulphonylureas should be stopped and insulin doses should be reduced (with caution) to limit the risk of hypoglycemia. If a remission of T2D occurs, the maintenance of metformin or of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist should be considered with the main objective to prolong the remission. Finally, if T2D remains or if a relapse occurs, the management of hyperglycemia should a priori follow the same rules as those used for patients with T2D who are not treated with bariatric/metabolic surgery.


Gérer le diabète de type 2 (DT2) dans les suites d'une dérivation gastrique (bypass) ou d'une gastrectomie en manchon (sleeve) demande une attention particulière en fonction du moment considéré et de l'évolution du patient. Dès avant l'intervention, il faut arrêter les gliflozines pour éviter une acidose diabétique euglycémique, stopper les sulfamides et réduire (prudemment) les doses d'insuline pour limiter le risque d'hypoglycémie. Si une rémission du DT2 s'installe, le maintien de la metformine ou d'un analogue du glucagon-like peptide-1 doit être discuté pour prolonger cette phase de rémission. Enfin, si le DT2 persiste après la chirurgie ou en cas de rechute, l'hyperglycémie devra être traitée avec, a priori, les mêmes règles que celles dévolues aux patients avec DT2 qui n'ont pas subi de chirurgie bariatrique/métabolique.


Assuntos
Cirurgia Bariátrica , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Metformina , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Cirurgia Bariátrica/efeitos adversos , Compostos de Sulfonilureia
4.
Rev Med Suisse ; 19(838): 1498-1502, 2023 Aug 23.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37610193

RESUMO

Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) is a prevalent metabolic complication among patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes, associated with bad prognosis. Classical antidiabetics have little effects on this complication, except pioglitazone that exerts a positive impact but with uncertain safety. Gliptins are almost neutral, whereas glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists showed benefits, the most potent ones being those associated with a greater weight loss such as liraglutide or semaglutide. Gliflozins also reduce hepatic fat content and liver enzymes used as biomarkers of steatosis. However, histological data remain scarce, especially those focusing on inflammation and fibrosis, and direct comparative data between available therapies are still lacking.


La stéatopathie ou MAFLD pour « Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease ¼ est une complication métabolique fréquente de l'obésité et du diabète de type 2, grevée d'un mauvais pronostic. Les antidiabétiques classiques n'ont que peu d'effets sur cette complication, hormis la pioglitazone qui exerce un impact positif. Les gliptines sont peu efficaces, à l'inverse des agonistes des récepteurs du glucagon-like peptide-1, les plus efficaces étant ceux associés à la plus forte perte de poids comme le liraglutide et le sémaglutide. Les gliflozines réduisent également le contenu graisseux hépatique et les biomarqueurs de la stéatose. Cependant, les données histologiques restent limitées, notamment concernant l'inflammation et la fibrose, et il manque de données comparatives directes entre les divers traitements existants.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Inibidores da Dipeptidil Peptidase IV , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/efeitos adversos , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/tratamento farmacológico , Liraglutida/uso terapêutico
5.
Diabetologia ; 65(5): 751-762, 2022 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35244742

RESUMO

Drug-induced diabetes mellitus is a growing problem in clinical practice. New, potent medications contribute to this problem in a population already at high risk of developing glucose disturbances because of poor lifestyle habits and high prevalence of being overweight/obese. The present review focuses on four important pharmacological classes: glucocorticoids; antipsychotics, especially second generation; antiretroviral therapies, which revolutionised the management of individuals with HIV; and immune checkpoint inhibitors, recently used for the immunotherapy of cancer. For each class, the prevalence of drug-induced diabetes will be evaluated, the most common clinical presentations will be described, the underlying mechanisms leading to hyperglycaemia will be briefly analysed, and some recommendations for appropriate monitoring and management will be proposed.


Assuntos
Antipsicóticos , Diabetes Mellitus , Hiperglicemia , Antipsicóticos/efeitos adversos , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/tratamento farmacológico , Imunoterapia
6.
Rev Med Suisse ; 18(792): 1539-1544, 2022 Aug 24.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36004653

RESUMO

Tirzepatide is a unimolecular dual agonist of both glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors, which is developed as once-weekly injection for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Because of the complementarity of action of the two incretins, tirzepatide showed, in a dose-dependent manner (5, 10 and 15 mg), a better efficacy (greater reduction in HbA1c and body weight) compared with placebo, basal insulin and two GLP-1 analogues (dulaglutide and semaglutide) in the SURPASS program. Its cardiovascular protection (versus dulaglutide) is currently tested in SURPASS-CVOT. Finally, studies for the treatment of obesity and metabolic associated fatty liver disease are also ongoing. Gastrointestinal tolerance of tirzepatide appears comparable to that of GLP-1 analogues, except more diarrhoea.


Le tirzépatide est un agoniste unimoléculaire double des récepteurs du polypeptide insulinotrope dépendant du glucose (GIP) et du Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) développé, en injection hebdomadaire, pour le traitement du diabète de type 2. De par la complémentarité des 2 incrétines, il a montré, de façon dose-dépendante (5, 10 et 15 mg), une efficacité supérieure (plus forte réduction du taux d'HbA1c (hémoglobine glyquée) et du poids corporel) par rapport au placebo, à l'insuline basale et à 2 analogues du GLP-1 (dulaglutide et sémaglutide) dans le programme SURPASS. Sa protection cardiovasculaire (versus le dulaglutide) est actuellement testée dans SURPASS-CVOT. Enfin, des études sont en cours dans l'obésité et la stéatopathie hépatique. La tolérance digestive du tirzépatide est comparable à celle des analogues du GLP-1, hormis davantage de diarrhée.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1 , Glicemia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Polipeptídeo Inibidor Gástrico , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/agonistas , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico
7.
Rev Med Suisse ; 18(792): 1546-1550, 2022 Aug 24.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36004654

RESUMO

Gliflozins (sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors or SGLT2is) reduced hospitalisations for heart failure in all large prospective cardiovascular outcome trials performed in patients with type 2 diabetes at risk of cardiovascular disease. This protective effect was confirmed in two dedicated trials that specifically targeted patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (DAPA-HF with dapagliflozin and EMPEROR-reduced with empagliflozin) and in two trials in patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (EMPEROR-preserved with empagliflozin and DELIVER with dapagliflozin), independently of the presence of diabetes. These favourable results contribute to give a privileged position to SGLT2is in recent international guidelines produced by diabetologists and cardiologists.


Les gliflozines (inhibiteurs des cotransporteurs sodium-glucose de type 2 (iSGLT2)) réduisent les hospitalisations pour insuffisance cardiaque (IC) dans tous les grands essais prospectifs chez les patients avec diabète de type 2 à risque cardiovasculaire. Les effets ont été confirmés dans 2 essais ciblant spécifiquement les patients avec IC à fraction d'éjection réduite (DAPA-HF avec la dapagliflozine et EMPEROR-Reduced avec l'empagliflozine) et dans 2 essais chez des patients à fraction d'éjection préservée (EMPEROR-Preserved avec l'empagliflozine et DELIVER avec la dapagliflozine), qu'ils soient diabétiques ou non. Ces résultats favorables ont donné aux iSGLT2 une place privilégiée chez les patients avec IC dans les dernières recommandations internationales de diabétologie et de cardiologie.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Insuficiência Cardíaca , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose , Compostos Benzidrílicos/farmacologia , Compostos Benzidrílicos/uso terapêutico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/induzido quimicamente , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Insuficiência Cardíaca/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Estudos Prospectivos , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/efeitos adversos , Volume Sistólico , Função Ventricular Esquerda
8.
Rev Med Suisse ; 17(747): 1397-1403, 2021 Aug 25.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34431632

RESUMO

The relationships between sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) and kidney are complex: reduction of the glucose-lowering effect with the decline of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), biphasic effects on GFR along with treatment duration, low risk of acute kidney injury, rapid reduction of albuminuria, and, most importantly in clinical practice, a remarkable nephroprotection, with a decrease of the risk of end-stage renal disease or death from renal cause. This article describes the renal outcomes in the main clinical trials and analyses the impact of treatment with SGLT2is on renal prognosis according to different patient baseline characteristics. A nephroprotection is observed whatever the severity (even if GFR < 45 ml/min/1,73 m²) and type (with or without albuminuria, with or without diabetes) of renal disease.


Les relations entre inhibiteurs des cotransporteurs sodium-glucose de type 2 (iSGLT2) et rein sont complexes: réduction de l'effet antihyperglycémiant avec la diminution du débit de filtration glomérulaire (DFG), effets biphasiques sur le DFG dans le décours du traitement, risque faible d'insuffisance rénale aiguë, diminution rapide de l'albuminurie et, surtout, remarquable néphroprotection à terme, avec une diminution du risque d'insuffisance rénale terminale ou des décès d'origine rénale. Cet article décrit les résultats rénaux dans les grands essais cliniques et analyse l'impact du traitement par iSGLT2 en fonction des caractéristiques des patients à l'inclusion. Une néphroprotection est observée quels que soient la sévérité (DFG < 45 ml/min/1,73 m²) et le type (albuminurique ou non, diabétique ou non) de la maladie rénale.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Nefropatias Diabéticas , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Nefropatias Diabéticas/tratamento farmacológico , Nefropatias Diabéticas/prevenção & controle , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Humanos , Rim , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/uso terapêutico
9.
Rev Med Suisse ; 17(747): 1405-1410, 2021 Aug 25.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34431633

RESUMO

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists are the antidiabetic agents that are associated with the greatest weight loss beyond a marked reduction in glycated haemoglobin. Weight loss results from a reduction in appetite through a predominant central effect combined with a peripheral effect. Liraglutide and semaglutide are developed for the treatment of obesity, independently of type 2 diabetes. Three approaches may be considered to potentiate weight loss: an increase of the drug dosage because of the demonstration of a dose-response, an add-on therapy with a sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitor as this agent exerts a complementary action through urinary calorie loss (glucosuria) or a combination of the effects of two incretin hormones (GLP-1 and GIP), as the potent dual agonist tirzepatide currently in development.


Les agonistes des récepteurs du glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) sont les agents antidiabétiques qui, outre une baisse importante du taux d'hémoglobine glyquée, offrent la perte pondérale la plus marquée, en augmentant la satiété par un effet central, prédominant et périphérique. Le liraglutide et le sémaglutide sont développés pour le traitement de l'obésité, indépendamment de la présence d'un diabète de type 2. Trois approches sont possibles pour potentialiser la perte de poids: augmenter la posologie, compte tenu de l'existence d'une relation dose-réponse, ajouter un inhibiteur des sodium-glucose cotransporteurs 2 qui exerce un effet complémentaire grâce à une fuite calorique urinaire (glucosurie), ou encore combiner les effets de deux hormones incrétines (GLP-1 et Glucose-dependent Insulin Releasing Polypeptide), comme avec le puissant double agoniste tirzépatide en développement.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1 , Humanos , Redução de Peso
10.
Circ Res ; 122(10): 1439-1459, 2018 05 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29748368

RESUMO

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major challenge in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Glucose-lowering agents that reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events would be considered a major advance, as recently reported with liraglutide and semaglutide, 2 glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and with empagliflozin and canagliflozin, 2 SGLT-2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2) inhibitors, but not with DPP-4 (dipeptidyl peptidase-4) inhibitors. The present review is devoted to CV effects of new oral glucose-lowering agents. DPP-4 inhibitors (gliptins) showed some positive cardiac and vascular effects in preliminary studies, and initial data from phase 2 to 3 clinical trials suggested a reduction in major cardiovascular events. However, subsequent CV outcome trials with alogliptin, saxagliptin, and sitagliptin showed noninferiority but failed to demonstrate any superiority compared with placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and high CV risk. An unexpected higher risk of hospitalization for heart failure was reported with saxagliptin. SGLT-2 inhibitors (gliflozins) promote glucosuria, thus reducing glucose toxicity and body weight, and enhance natriuresis, thus lowering blood pressure. Two CV outcome trials in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients mainly in secondary prevention showed remarkable positive results. Empagliflozin in EMPA-REG-OUTCOME (EMPAgliflozin Cardiovascular OUTCOME Events in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients) reduced major cardiovascular events, CV mortality, all-cause mortality, and hospitalization for heart failure. In CANVAS (Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study), the reduction in CV mortality with canagliflozin failed to reach statistical significance despite a similar reduction in major cardiovascular events. The underlying protective mechanisms of SGLT-2 inhibitors remain unknown and both hemodynamic and metabolic explanations have been proposed. CVD-REAL studies (Comparative Effectiveness of Cardiovascular Outcomes in New Users of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors; with the limitation of an observational approach) suggested that these favorable results may be considered as a class effect shared by all SGLT-2 inhibitors (including dapagliflozin) and be extrapolated to a larger population of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in primary prevention. Ongoing CV outcome trials with other DPP-4 (linagliptin) and SGLT-2 (dapagliflozin, ertugliflozin) inhibitors should provide additional information about CV effects of both pharmacological classes.


Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Sistema Cardiovascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores da Dipeptidil Peptidase IV/uso terapêutico , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/uso terapêutico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/mortalidade , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Cardiomiopatias Diabéticas/prevenção & controle , Nefropatias Diabéticas/prevenção & controle , Inibidores da Dipeptidil Peptidase IV/efeitos adversos , Inibidores da Dipeptidil Peptidase IV/farmacologia , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/agonistas , Hospitalização , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/efeitos adversos , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Incretinas/metabolismo , Metanálise como Assunto , Estudos Multicêntricos como Assunto , Estudos Observacionais como Assunto , Risco , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/farmacologia , Resultado do Tratamento
11.
Rev Med Suisse ; 16(695): 1115-1119, 2020 May 27.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32462841

RESUMO

Obesity represents a higher risk of severe COVID-19 infection, which may lead to the requirement of a mechanical ventilation in intensive care units and premature death. The underlying mechanisms are multiple: alteration of the respiratory performance, presence of comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension or obstructive sleep apnea, finally inadequate and excessive immunological responses, possibly aggravated by ectopic intrathoracic fat depots. Thus, COVID-19 may challenge the so-called «â€…obesity paradox ¼ commonly reported by intensivists in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. These findings require reinforced preventive and curative measures among obese patients to limit the risk of progression towards an unfavorable outcome in case of COVID-19.


L'obésité représente un risque accru d'infection COVID-19 sévère, amenant les patients en soins intensifs pour une assistance respiratoire avec risque de décès. Les raisons en sont multiples : altération de la mécanique ventilatoire, présence de comorbidités comme le diabète, l'hypertension ou les apnées obstructives du sommeil, enfin, des réactions immunologique et inflammatoire inappropriées et excessives, possiblement encore accentuées par des dépôts de graisse ectopique intrathoraciques. Ainsi, le COVID-19 pourrait remettre en cause le concept, appelé «â€…obesity paradox ¼, décrit par les médecins intensivistes chez les patients avec détresse respiratoire aiguë. Ces données imposent de renforcer les mesures préventives et curatives chez les patients obèses pour limiter le risque d'évolution défavorable en cas de COVID-19.


Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus/complicações , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Obesidade/complicações , Pneumonia Viral/complicações , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/mortalidade , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Coronavirus/terapia , Progressão da Doença , Humanos , Obesidade/mortalidade , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/mortalidade , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/terapia , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/complicações
12.
Rev Med Suisse ; 16(703): 1483-1488, 2020 Aug 26.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32852168

RESUMO

The landmark study EMPA-REG OUTCOME firstly demonstrated both a cardiovascular and renal protection with empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and established cardiovascular disease. Since 2015, two other trials showed a reduction in the hospitalisations for heart failure and the progression of the renal disease, also in patients with multiple risk factors, CANVAS with canagliflozin and DECLARE-TIMI 58 with dapagliflozin. CREDENCE (canagliflozin in T2DM patients with kidney disease) confirmed a renal protection and DAPA-HF (dapagliflozin in patients, with or without T2DM, but reduced ejection fraction) showed a less acute deterioration of heart failure. The positive effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on heart failure predominates, an effect recently confirmed in VERTIS CV with ertugliflozin.


L'étude princeps EMPA-REG OUTCOME a démontré une protection cardiorénale avec l'empagliflozine chez les patients diabétiques de type 2 (DT2) avec maladie cardiovasculaire établie. Depuis 2015, CANVAS avec la canagliflozine et DECLARE-TIMI 58 avec la dapagliflozine ont montré une réduction des hospitalisations pour insuffisance cardiaque et de la progression de la maladie rénale, y compris chez des patients DT2 avec facteurs de risque. CREDENCE (canagliflozine chez des patients DT2 avec maladie rénale) a confirmé la protection rénale et DAPA-HF (dapagliflozine chez des patients, avec ou sans DT2, avec fraction d'éjection réduite) la protection contre l'aggravation de l'insuffisance cardiaque. L'impact positif des inhibiteurs des cotransporteurs sodium-glucose de type 2 (iSGLT2) sur l'insuffisance cardiaque prédomine, un effet confirmé récemment dans VERTIS CV avec l'ertugliflozine.


Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Nefropatias , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose , Canagliflozina , Doenças Cardiovasculares/induzido quimicamente , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes , Nefropatias/induzido quimicamente , Nefropatias/prevenção & controle , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/efeitos adversos
13.
Rev Med Suisse ; 16(703): 1478-1482, 2020 Aug 26.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32852167

RESUMO

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors (gliflozins), which demonstrated a cardiovascular and renal protection, have profoundly changed the management of patients with type 2 diabetes who are at cardiovascular risk. Nowadays, these antidiabetic medications occupy a preferred position, independently of glucose control. This has been emphasized in the last guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the joint consensus by the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (ADA-EASD), both published in 2020. Nevertheless, there are some discrepancies between the two points of view, especially concerning the definition of the patient at cardiovascular risk in primary prevention and the first-choice place still to be reserved to metformin in these patients.


Les agonistes des récepteurs du glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) et les inhibiteurs des cotransporteurs sodium-glucose de type 2 (SGLT2) (gliflozines), en démontrant une protection cardiovasculaire (CV) et rénale, ont profondément modifié le traitement du patient diabétique de type 2 à risque CV, en occupant désormais une position privilégiée, indépendamment du contrôle glycémique. Cette stratégie est actée dans les dernières recommandations de l'European Society of Cardiology (ESC) et dans la position conjointe de consensus de l'American Diabetes Association et de l'European Association for the Study of Diabetes (ADA-EASD), publiées en 2020. Il existe cependant certaines divergences entre les deux points de vue, notamment concernant la définition du patient à risque CV en prévention primaire et la place en première intention encore à réserver à la metformine.


Assuntos
Cardiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Metformina , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose , Doenças Cardiovasculares/terapia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/terapia , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes
14.
Curr Cardiol Rep ; 21(8): 70, 2019 06 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31227915

RESUMO

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: Hyperactivity of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a role in the development of arterial hypertension and heart failure, two co-morbidities frequently associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). This review aims at analyzing the effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) on blood pressure and more especially on SNS activity in patients with T2DM. RECENT FINDINGS: By enhancing glucosuria, natriuresis, and osmotic diuresis, SGLT2is improve glucose control, promote weight loss, lower arterial blood pressure, and reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events and hospitalization for heart failure. No rise of heart rate is detected despite reductions in blood pressure and plasma volume, which may suggest a dampening of SNS activity. Indeed, increasing experimental and clinical data demonstrated a reduction in SNS activity, including in key target organs such as the heart and the kidneys. Of potential major interest, a better understanding of the mechanisms linking SGLT2 and SNS deserves further investigation.


Assuntos
Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/farmacologia , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/uso terapêutico , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/efeitos dos fármacos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Hipertensão/complicações , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Transportador 2 de Glucose-Sódio , Resultado do Tratamento
15.
Rev Med Suisse ; 15(659): 1436-1441, 2019 Aug 21.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31436058

RESUMO

Some sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have proven their ability to reduce major cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk. Furthermore, SGLT2is reduce the risk of hospitalization for heart failure and the progression of renal disease. The 2018 ADA-EASD consensus gave the preference to either SGLT2is or GLP-1 RAs to prevent these complications. Underlying protective mechanisms are complex, differ between the two pharmacological classes and are potentially complementary, thus providing a rationale for a combination in patients at very high risk. Some studies already showed positive complementary effects on glucose control, body weight and arterial blood pressure, but not on cardiovascular and/or renal outcomes yet.


Certains inhibiteurs des cotransporteurs sodium-glucose de type 2 (iSGLT2) et agonistes des récepteurs du glucagon-like peptide-1 (AR GLP-1) réduisent les événements cardiovasculaires majeurs chez des patients diabétiques de type 2 à haut risque. De plus, les iSGLT2 réduisent les hospitalisations pour insuffisance cardiaque et la progression de la maladie rénale. Le consensus 2018 de l'ADA-EASD donne à ces médicaments une place privilégiée pour prévenir ces complications. Les mécanismes protecteurs sont complexes, différents pour les deux classes et possiblement complémentaires, offrant un rationnel pour une combinaison chez les patients à très haut risque. Des études ont démontré cette complémentarité sur le contrôle glycémique, le poids corporel et la pression artérielle, mais pas encore sur la protection cardiovasculaire ou rénale.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1 , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/agonistas , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/uso terapêutico
17.
Rev Med Suisse ; 15(659): 1448-1452, 2019 Aug 21.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31436060

RESUMO

The management of diabetic foot requires a rapid intervention in front of any type of wound, if possible by a multidisciplinary team. The daily diabetic foot screening is the best prevention. Peripheral neuropathy leads to articular deformations, loss of pain alert and skin dryness. Arteriopathy, which is also frequent, retards cicatrisation of wounds, with a higher risk of infection and amputation. Meticulous local care and foot pressure off-loading are essential, with, if needed, appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Surgery, with curative, preventive or even restorative interventions, occupies an increasing place. The evaluation, treatment and follow-up of the diabetic foot should follow new guidelines established by the IWGDF.


La prise en charge du pied diabétique doit être rapide face à toute plaie, si possible par une équipe multidisciplinaire. Le dépistage du pied à risque est la meilleure prévention. La neuropathie, sensitive, motrice et autonome, aboutit à des déformations, une perte de la protection algique et une sécheresse cutanée. Une artériopathie, également fréquente, hypothèque la cicatrisation des plaies, avec risque de surinfection et d'amputation. Les soins locaux et la mise en décharge sont essentiels, avec, si besoin, une antibiothérapie adaptée. La chirurgie curative mais aussi préventive, voire réparatrice, occupe une place grandissante. L'évaluation, le traitement et le suivi du pied diabétique répondent à des recommandations précises rédigées par l'IWGDF.


Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Pé Diabético , Amputação Cirúrgica , Pé Diabético/tratamento farmacológico , Pé Diabético/cirurgia , Pé Diabético/terapia , Guias como Assunto , Humanos
18.
Rev Med Suisse ; 15(659): 1426-1430, 2019 Aug 21.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31436057

RESUMO

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) management is still complex. Some drugs have been proposed as adjunctive treatment to insulin for type 1 diabetes but results are not encouraging. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors act independently of insulin and initial proof-of-concept studies related to their use in T1D led to larger phase 3 trials. Several trials have demonstrated some beneficial and consistent effects as HbA1c, body weight and insulin dose reductions, and lesser glycaemic excursions. Nevertheless, adverse events were also reported, especially a higher rate of diabetic ketoacidosis when using gliflozins in T1D. Balance between positive and negative effects must be carefully studied in the near future with data from real-life and large trials dedicated to this potential new help in T1D.


La gestion du diabète de type 1 (DT1) reste complexe en raison de la difficulté d'obtenir une équilibration glycémique optimale sans épisodes hypoglycémiques fréquents ou sévères. Les tentatives de traitements adjuvants à l'insuline sont des échecs. Le concept d'associer des inhibiteurs des SGLT2 est un succès en termes de réduction de l'HbA1c, du poids et des doses d'insuline. Ce traitement est, par ailleurs, associé à une moindre variabilité glycémique. De larges études contrôlées confirment ces bénéfices, mais attirent l'attention sur des effets indésirables tels que la survenue d'une acidocétose. Cette balance risque/bénéfice sera mieux appréciée dans un futur proche au fil des données rapportées dans la vie réelle ainsi que la poursuite de grandes études dédiées à l'intérêt potentiel de cette classe médicamenteuse dans le DT1.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/tratamento farmacológico , Cetoacidose Diabética/induzido quimicamente , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Insulina/administração & dosagem , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/efeitos adversos , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/farmacologia , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/uso terapêutico
19.
Curr Diab Rep ; 18(2): 6, 2018 02 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29399724

RESUMO

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In patients with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes, the use of thiazides as antihypertensive agents has been challenged because associated metabolic adverse events, including new-onset diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS: These metabolic disturbances are less marked with low-dose thiazides and, in most but not all studies, with thiazide-like diuretics (chlorthalidone, indapamide) than with thiazide-type diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide). In post hoc analyses of subgroups of patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes, thiazides resulted in a significant reduction in cardiovascular events, all-cause mortality, and hospitalization for heart failure compared to placebo and generally were shown to be non-inferior to other antihypertensive agents. Benefits attributed to thiazide diuretics in terms of cardiovascular event reduction outweigh the risk of worsening glucose control in type 2 diabetes and of new-onset diabetes in non-diabetic patients. Thiazides still play a key role in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/patologia , Diuréticos/efeitos adversos , Tiazidas/efeitos adversos , Anti-Hipertensivos/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Inibidores de Simportadores de Cloreto de Sódio/uso terapêutico
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