Effect of a 1-year physical activity intervention on quality of life, fatigue, and distress in adult childhood cancer survivors-A randomized controlled trial (SURfit).

INTRODUCTION: Childhood cancer survivors (CCS) are at risk of experiencing lower quality-of-life, fatigue, and depression. Few randomized controlled trials have studied the effect of physical activity (PA) on these in adult long-term CCS. This study investigated the effect of a 1-year individualized PA intervention on health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL), fatigue, and distress symptoms in adult CCS. METHODS: The SURfit trial randomized 151 CCS ≥16 years old, <16 at diagnosis and ≥5 years since diagnosis, identified through the Swiss Childhood Cancer Registry. Intervention participants received personalized PA counselling to increase intense PA by ≥2.5 h/week for 1 year. Controls maintained usual PA levels. The authors assessed physical- and mental-HRQOL, fatigue, and distress symptoms at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. T-scores were calculated using representative normative populations (mean = 50, standard deviation = 10). Generalized linear mixed-effects models with intention-to-treat (ITT, primary), and three per-protocol allocations were used. RESULTS: At 12 months, ITT (-3.56 larger decrease, 95% confidence interval -5.69 to -1.43, p = .001) and two per-protocol analyses found significantly lower fatigue. Physical-HRQOL improved significantly in two per-protocol analyses at 12 months. No other effects were found. CONCLUSION: SURfit showed that increased intense PA over 1 year improved fatigue in adult CCS. Survivors should be recommended PA to reduce the burden of late-effects.

Risk of subsequent gliomas and meningiomas among 69,460 5-year survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer in Europe: the PanCareSurFup study.

BACKGROUND: Childhood cancer survivors are at risk of subsequent gliomas and meningiomas, but the risks beyond age 40 years are uncertain. We quantified these risks in the largest ever cohort. METHODS: Using data from 69,460 5-year childhood cancer survivors (diagnosed 1940-2008), across Europe, standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and cumulative incidence were calculated. RESULTS: In total, 279 glioma and 761 meningioma were identified. CNS tumour (SIR: 16.2, 95% CI: 13.7, 19.2) and leukaemia (SIR: 11.2, 95% CI: 8.8, 14.2) survivors were at greatest risk of glioma. The SIR for CNS tumour survivors was still 4.3-fold after age 50 (95% CI: 1.9, 9.6), and for leukaemia survivors still 10.2-fold after age 40 (95% CI: 4.9, 21.4). Following cranial radiotherapy (CRT), the cumulative incidence of a glioma in CNS tumour survivors was 2.7%, 3.7% and 5.0% by ages 40, 50 and 60, respectively, whilst for leukaemia this was 1.2% and 1.7% by ages 40 and 50. The cumulative incidence of a meningioma after CRT in CNS tumour survivors doubled from 5.9% to 12.5% between ages 40 and 60, and in leukaemia survivors increased from 5.8% to 10.2% between ages 40 and 50. DISCUSSION: Clinicians following up survivors should be aware that the substantial risks of meningioma and glioma following CRT are sustained beyond age 40 and be vigilant for symptoms.

Parental smoking and respiratory outcomes in young childhood cancer survivors.

BACKGROUND: Passive exposure to cigarette smoke has negative effects on respiratory health. Childhood cancer survivors (CCS) are at increased risk for respiratory disease due to treatment regimens that may harm the respiratory system. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of parental smoking among CCS and investigate its association with respiratory outcomes. PROCEDURE: As part of the Swiss Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, between 2007 and 2022, we sent questionnaires to parents of children aged ≤16 years who had survived ≥5 years after a cancer diagnosis. Parents reported on their children's respiratory outcomes including recurrent upper respiratory tract infections (otitis media and sinusitis), asthma, and lower respiratory symptoms (chronic cough persisting >3 months, current and exercise wheeze), and on parental smoking. We used multivariable logistic regression to investigate associations between parental smoking and respiratory outcomes. RESULTS: Our study included 1037 CCS (response rate 66%). Median age at study was 12 years (interquartile range 10-14 years). Eighteen percent of mothers and 23% of fathers reported current smoking. CCS exposed to smoking mothers were more likely to have recurrent upper respiratory tract infections (OR 2.1; 95%CI 1.1-3.7) and lower respiratory symptoms (OR 2.0; 95%CI 1.1-3.7). We found no association with paternal smoking. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of CCS in Switzerland have parents who smoke. Exposure to maternal smoking was associated with higher prevalence of upper and lower respiratory problems. Healthcare providers can support families by addressing caregiver smoking behaviors and providing referrals to smoking cessation programs.

Effect of a physical activity intervention on lower body bone health in childhood cancer survivors: A randomized controlled trial (SURfit).

It remains controversial whether physical activity promotes bone health in childhood cancer survivors (CCS). We aimed to assess the effect of a one-year general exercise intervention on lower body bone parameters of CCS. CCS ≥16 years at enrollment, <16 years at diagnosis and ≥5 years in remission were identified from the national Childhood Cancer Registry. Participants randomized to the intervention group were asked to perform an additional ≥2.5 hours of intense physical activity/week, controls continued exercise as usual. Bone health was assessed as a secondary trial endpoint at baseline and after 12-months. We measured tibia bone mineral density (BMD) and morphology by peripheral quantitative computed tomography and lumbar spine, hip and femoral neck BMD by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. We performed intention-to-treat, per protocol, and an explorative subgroup analyses looking at low BMD using multiple linear regressions. One hundred fifty-one survivors (44% females, 7.5 ± 4.9 years at diagnosis, 30.4 ± 8.6 years at baseline) were included. Intention-to-treat analysis revealed no differences in changes between the intervention and control group. Per protocol analyses showed evidence for an improvement in femoral neck and trabecular BMD between 1.5% and 1.8% more in participants being compliant with the exercise program. Trabecular BMD increased 2.8% more in survivors of the intervention group with BMD z-score ≤-1 compared to those starting at z-score >-1. A nonstandardized personalized exercise programs might not be specific enough to promote bone health in CCS, although those compliant and those most in need may benefit. Future trials should include bone stimulating exercise programs targeting risk groups with reduced bone health and motivational features to maximize compliance.

Effect of a 1-year physical activity intervention on cardiovascular health in long-term childhood cancer survivors-a randomised controlled trial (SURfit).

BACKGROUND: This randomised controlled trial (RCT) assessed the effect of a 1-year, partially supervised, physical activity (PA) intervention on a cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk score in adult survivors of childhood cancer. METHODS: We included childhood cancer survivors ≥16 y at enrolment, <16 y at diagnosis and ≥5 y in remission. The intervention group was asked to perform an additional ≥2.5 h of intense physical activity/week, controls continued exercise as usual; assessments were performed at baseline, 6 months (T6) and 12 months (T12). The primary endpoint was change in a CVD risk score (average z-score of waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose, inverted high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and inverted cardiorespiratory fitness) from baseline to T12. We performed intention-to-treat (ITT, primary) and 3 per protocol analyses. RESULTS: We randomised 151 survivors (44% females, 30.4 ± 8.6 years). We found a significant and robust reduction of the CVD risk score in the intervention compared to the control group at T6 and T12 across all analyses; with a difference in the reduction of the CVD risk z-score of -0.18 (95% confidence interval -0.29 to -0.06, P = 0.003) at T12 in favour of the intervention group (ITT analysis). CONCLUSIONS: This RCT showed that a long-term PA intervention can reduce CVD risk in long-term survivors of childhood cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02730767.

Risk of subsequent primary oral cancer in a cohort of 69,460 5-year survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer in Europe: the PanCareSurFup study.

BACKGROUND: Survivors of childhood cancer are at risk of subsequent primary malignant neoplasms (SPNs), but the risk for rarer types of SPNs, such as oral cancer, is uncertain. Previous studies included few oral SPNs, hence large-scale cohorts are required to identify groups at risks. METHODS: The PanCareSurFup cohort includes 69,460 5-year survivors of childhood cancer across Europe. Risks of oral SPNs were defined by standardised incidence ratios (SIRs), absolute excess risks and cumulative incidence. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-five oral SPNs (64 salivary gland, 38 tongue, 20 pharynx, 2 lip, and 21 other) were ascertained among 143 survivors. Survivors were at 5-fold risk of an oral SPN (95% CI: 4.4-5.6). Survivors of leukaemia were at greatest risk (SIR = 19.2; 95% CI: 14.6-25.2) followed by bone sarcoma (SIR = 6.4, 95% CI: 3.7-11.0), Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR = 6.2, 95% CI: 3.9-9.9) and soft-tissue sarcoma (SIR = 5.0, 95% CI: 3.0-8.5). Survivors treated with radiotherapy were at 33-fold risk of salivary gland SPNs (95% CI: 25.3-44.5), particularly Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR = 66.2, 95% CI: 43.6-100.5) and leukaemia (SIR = 50.5, 95% CI: 36.1-70.7) survivors. Survivors treated with chemotherapy had a substantially increased risk of a tongue SPN (SIR = 15.9, 95% CI: 10.6-23.7). CONCLUSIONS: Previous radiotherapy increases the risk of salivary gland SPNs considerably, while chemotherapy increases the risk of tongue SPNs substantially. Awareness of these risks among both health-care professionals and survivors could play a crucial role in detecting oral SPNs early.

Body image in adolescent survivors of childhood cancer: The role of chronic health conditions.

BACKGROUND: Cancer and its treatment may impair the body image of childhood cancer survivors during adolescence. We compared the body image between adolescent cancer survivors and their siblings, and determined whether survivors' body image is associated with socio-demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics and chronic health conditions. PROCEDURE: As part of the nationwide Swiss Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, we sent questionnaires to adolescents (aged 16-19 years), who survived >5 years after having been diagnosed with childhood cancer between 1989 and 2010. Siblings received the same questionnaire. We assessed the level of agreement with three body image statements referring to body satisfaction and preferences for changes. Chronic health conditions were classified into cardiovascular, pulmonary, endocrine, musculoskeletal, renal/digestive, neurological and hearing or vision impairment. We used ordered logistic regression models to identify determinants of a more negative body image. RESULTS: Our study included 504 survivors (48% female) with a median age at study of 17.7 years (interquartile range: 16.8-18.6) and 136 siblings. Survivors and siblings reported overall comparable levels of agreement with body image statements (all p > .05). Female survivors (all odds ratio [ORs] ≥1.7), survivors treated with haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT; all ORs ≥2.2), and survivors with ≥2 chronic health conditions (all ORs ≥1.4) reported a more negative body image. This was particularly pronounced for survivors suffering from musculoskeletal or endocrine conditions. CONCLUSION: Female survivors, survivors treated with HSCT or with chronic health conditions are at risk of body image concerns during adolescence. Increased awareness among clinicians and targeted psychosocial support could mitigate such concerns.

Social, emotional, and behavioral functioning in young childhood cancer survivors with chronic health conditions.

BACKGROUND: The cancer diagnosis and its intensive treatment may affect the long-term psycho-social adjustment of childhood cancer survivors. We aimed to describe social, emotional, and behavioral functioning and their determinants in young childhood cancer survivors. PROCEDURE: The nationwide Swiss Childhood Cancer Survivor Study sends questionnaires to parents of survivors aged 5-15 years, who have survived at least 5 years after diagnosis. We assessed social, emotional, and behavioral functioning using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The SDQ includes four difficulties scales (emotional, conduct, hyperactivity, peer problems), a total difficulties indicator, and one strength scale (prosocial). We compared the proportion of survivors with borderline and abnormal scores to reference values and used multivariable logistic regression to identify determinants. RESULTS: Our study included 756 families (response rate of 72%). Thirteen percent of survivors had abnormal scores for the total difficulties indicator compared to 10% in the general population. The proportion of survivors with abnormal scores was highest for the emotional scale (15% vs. 8% in the general population), followed by the peer problems scale (14% vs. 7%), hyperactivity (8% vs. 10%), and conduct scale (6% vs. 7%). Few survivors (4% vs. 7%) had abnormal scores on the prosocial scale. Children with chronic health conditions had a higher risk of borderline and abnormal scores on all difficulties scales (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Most childhood cancer survivors do well in social, emotional, and behavioral life domains, but children with chronic health conditions experience difficulties. Therefore, healthcare professionals should offer specific psycho-social support to these survivors.

Physical fitness and modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factors in survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the SURfit study.

BACKGROUND: Childhood cancer survivors are at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) because of intensive cancer therapies often accompanied by an unhealthy lifestyle. This study was aimed at 1) describing modifiable CVD risk factors in survivors and 2) investigating the association between different aspects of physical fitness and CVD risk factors. METHODS: The authors analyzed cross-sectional data from ≥5-year survivors who were 16 years old or younger at their cancer diagnosis and 16 years old or older at the time of the study. Single CVD risk factors (waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose, inverse high-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides), a composite CVD risk score (combined z scores of all CVD risk factors), and metabolic syndrome were evaluated. Physical fitness measures included cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), a handgrip test, and a 1-minute sit-to-stand test (STS). Multivariable logistic regression was used for the association between fitness measures and CVD risk factors, with adjustments made for demographic factors and cancer therapy. RESULTS: This study included 163 survivors with a median age at diagnosis of 7 years and a median age at the time of the study of 28 years. Among those survivors, 27% had a high waist circumference, 32% had high blood pressure, 19% had high triglycerides, 20% had an increased composite CVD risk score, and 10% had metabolic syndrome. A better performance during CPET, handgrip testing, and STS was associated with a lower probability of having a high waist circumference, high triglycerides, and metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Better aerobic fitness (CPET) and, to a lesser extent, handgrip and STS were associated with fewer CVD risk factors. Further investigations are warranted to investigate which fitness measures should preferably be used to screen survivors to promote physical activity in those with impaired test performance. LAY SUMMARY: This study investigated the relationship between physical fitness of adult childhood cancer survivors and their risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular risk factors such as high blood pressure, a high waist circumference, and high blood lipids were frequently found in childhood cancer survivors. Survivors with better physical fitness (measured by a cycling test or simple strength and endurance tests) had a lower chance of having cardiovascular risk factors. This suggests that childhood cancer survivors could benefit from physical activity and general fitness by increasing their physical fitness and possibly decreasing their risk of cardiovascular disease.

Validation of questionnaire-reported chest wall abnormalities with a telephone interview in Swiss childhood cancer survivors.

BACKGROUND: Chest wall abnormalities are a poorly studied complication after treatment for childhood cancer. Chest wall abnormalities are not well-described in the literature, and little is known on the impact on daily life of survivors. METHODS: We investigated prevalence and risk factors of chest wall abnormalities in childhood cancer survivors in a nationwide, population-based cohort study (Swiss Childhood Cancer Survivor Study) with a questionnaire survey. We then interviewed a nested sample of survivors to validate types of chest wall abnormalities and understand their impact on the daily life of survivors. RESULTS: Forty-eight of 2382 (95%CI 2-3%) survivors reported a chest wall abnormality. Risk factors were older age at cancer diagnosis (16-20 years; OR 2.5, 95%CI 1.0-6.1), lymphoma (OR 3.8, 95%CI 1.2-11.4), and central nervous system tumors (OR 9.5, 95%CI 3.0-30.1) as underlying disease, and treatment with thoracic radiotherapy (OR 2.0, 95%CI 1.0-4.2), surgery to the chest (OR 4.5, 95%CI 1.8-11.5), or chemotherapy (OR 2.9, 95%CI 1.0-8.1). The nature of the chest wall abnormalities varied and included thoracic wall deformities (30%), deformations of the spine (5%) or both (55%), and scars (10%). Chest wall abnormalities affected daily life in two thirds (13/20) of those who reported these problems and necessitated medical attention for 15 (75%) survivors. CONCLUSION: It is important that, during follow-up care, physicians pay attention to chest wall abnormalities, which are rare late effects of cancer treatment, but can considerably affect the well-being of cancer survivors.

Predictors for participation in DNA self-sampling of childhood cancer survivors in Switzerland.

BACKGROUND: Research on germline genetic variants relies on enough eligible participants which is difficult to achieve for rare diseases such as childhood cancer. With self-collection kits, participants can contribute genetic samples conveniently from their home. Demographic and clinical factors were identified previously that influenced participation in mailed self-collection. People with pre-existing heritable diagnoses might participate differently in germline DNA collection which might render sampling biased in this group. In this nationwide cross-sectional study, we analysed predictive factors of participation in DNA self-collection including heritable diagnoses. METHODS: We identified childhood cancer survivors from the Swiss Childhood Cancer Registry for invitation to germline DNA self-sampling in September 2019. Participants received saliva sampling kits by postal mail at their home, were asked to fill them, sign an informed consent, and send them back by mail. Two reminders were sent to non-participants by mail. We compared demographic, clinical, and treatment information of participants with non-participants using univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS: We invited 928 childhood cancer survivors in Switzerland with a median age of 26.5 years (interquartile range 19-37), of which 463 (50%) participated. After the initial send out of the sampling kit, 291 (63%) had participated, while reminder letters led to 172 additional participants (37%). Foreign nationality (odds ratio [OR] 0.5; 95%-confidence interval [CI] 0.4-0.7), survivors aged 30-39 years at study versus other age groups (OR 0.5; CI 0.4-0.8), and survivors with a known cancer predisposition syndrome (OR 0.5; CI 0.3-1.0) were less likely to participate in germline DNA collection. Survivors with a second primary neoplasm (OR 1.9; CI 1.0-3.8) or those living in a French or Italian speaking region (OR 1.3; CI 1.0-1.8) tended to participate more. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that half of childhood cancer survivors participated in germline DNA self-sampling relying completely on mailing of sample kits. Written reminders increased the response by about one third. More targeted recruitment strategies may be advocated for people of foreign nationality, aged 30-39 years, and those with cancer predisposition syndromes. Perceptions of genetic research and potential barriers to participation of survivors need to be better understood. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Biobank: https://directory.bbmri-eric.eu/#/collection/bbmri-eric:ID:CH_HopitauxUniversitairesGeneve:collection:CH_BaHOP Research project : Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04702321 .

High impact physical activity and bone health of lower extremities in childhood cancer survivors: A cross-sectional study of SURfit.

Childhood cancer survivors (CCS) are at risk of reduced bone health and premature osteoporosis. As physical activity with high impact loading (IL-PA) is known to promote bone health, we compared bone densitometry and microstructure between groups of CCS who performed different amounts of physical activities in their daily life. We used baseline data of a single-center PA trial including 161 CCS from the Swiss Childhood Cancer Registry, aged <16 at diagnosis, ≥16 at study and ≥5 years since diagnosis. Lower body bone health was assessed with peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Daily IL-PA (duration in activities >2 g acceleration and numbers of vertical impacts/hr >2 g) was captured using hip-worn accelerometers (1-3 weeks). For both IL-PA approaches, we formed low, middle and high activity groups based on tertiles. Bone health of the high and middle active groups was compared to the low active group. 63% of CCS had indication of at least one bone mineral density z-score ≤ -1 measured by pQCT or DXA. The high IL-PA group performing 2.8 min/day or 19.1 impact peaks/hr > 2 g (median) showed about 3-13% better microstructural and densitometric bone health as compared to the low IL-PA group with 0.38 min/day or 0.85 peaks/hr > 2 g. Just a few minutes and repetitions of high IL-PA as easily modifiable lifestyle factor may be sufficient to improve bone health in adult CCS. Future longitudinal research is needed to better understand pattern and dosage of minimal impact loading needed to strengthen bone in growing and adult CCS.

Physical activity and screen time in children who survived cancer: A report from the Swiss Childhood Cancer Survivor Study.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) can reduce the risk of chronic adverse health conditions in childhood cancer survivors. We examined PA and sedentary screen time behavior in a nationwide study in Switzerland. PROCEDURES: The Swiss Childhood Cancer Survivor Study sent questionnaires to parents of all Swiss resident ≥5-year survivors diagnosed between 1995 and 2010. We assessed PA including compulsory school sport, recreational sport, commuting to school, and time spent with screen media in those aged 5-15 years, and compared results with international recommendations. RESULTS: We included 766 survivors with a median age at diagnosis of 2.8 (interquartile range 1.4-5.0) years and a median age at study of 12.5 (10.0-14.3) years. Median PA time was 7.3 (4.8-10.0) h/week and median screen time was 82 (45-120) min/day. Compulsory school sport hours and walking or cycling to school contributed significantly to total PA. Note that 55% of survivors met PA and 68% screen time recommendations. PA was lower for children living in regions of Switzerland speaking French or Italian compared to German, and for those who had a relapse or musculoskeletal/neurological conditions. Screen time was higher in males, children with lower parental education, and a migration background. CONCLUSIONS: PA and sedentary screen watching were associated with social factors, and PA also with clinical risk factors. Structural preventions that afford active commuting to school and sufficient school sport are essential, as is counseling vulnerable survivor groups such as those with musculoskeletal and neurological problems, and those who have had a relapse.

"I wish someone had once asked me how I'm doing": Disadvantages and support needs faced by parents of long-term childhood cancer survivors.

BACKGROUND: Childhood cancer affects the whole family and can have a lasting impact on parents of childhood cancer survivors (CCS). We aimed to (1) describe parents' perspective of currently experienced disadvantages and of their support needs during treatment, after treatment, and today; (2) identify characteristics associated with disadvantages and support needs; and (3) describe the use of existing support services. PROCEDURE: In this population-based study, we identified parents of CCS (diagnosed ≤16 years of age, ≥5 years since diagnosis, aged ≥20 years at study) through the Swiss Childhood Cancer Registry (SCCR). Parents completed a questionnaire on perceived disadvantages (e.g., job-related, financial, etc.), support needs (e.g., job-related, financial, etc.), and socio-demographics. Cancer-related characteristics were available from the SCCR. We used multivariable multilevel logistic regression to identify characteristics associated with disadvantages and support needs. RESULTS: An average of 24 years after diagnosis, one-fifth of parents (n = 59/308; 19.2%) reported disadvantages, and 7.1% reported support needs. Many parents had desired more support during (66.9%) or after (34.4%) their child's cancer treatment. Parents whose child experienced late effects (OR = 26.6; 95% CI, 2.9-241.0) or was dependent on parents (OR = 10.6; 95% CI, 2.1-53.7) reported greater current need for more support. Almost half of parents (43.5%) reported having used existing support services. CONCLUSIONS: Many parents need more support during and after active treatment of their child's cancer, and some experience support needs and disadvantages long into survivorship. Better promotion of existing services for parental and familial support and setting up new services, where needed, may help parents in the long term.

Prevalence and reasons for smoking in adolescent Swiss childhood cancer survivors.

BACKGROUND: Smoking harms health, particularly that of childhood cancer survivors, who face risk of pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases because of chemotherapy and radiotherapy to the chest. This nationwide study assessed smoking habits and reasons for smoking in adolescent survivors and healthy peers. METHODS: As part of the Swiss Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, we sent a questionnaire to all Swiss resident survivors, who were aged 16-19 years. We compared smoking status and reasons for smoking between 511 survivors, 141 of their siblings, and 1,727 adolescents in a representative population-based study, the Tobacco Monitoring Switzerland (TMS). RESULTS: Current smoking was less prevalent in survivors (17%) and their siblings (17%) compared with TMS (32%). Survivors and TMS adolescents gave similar reasons for smoking. Stress control, smoking being a habit, and good taste were the reasons for smoking cited most often in both groups. Peer smoking was more important in survivors (49%) than in TMS (34%, P = 0.004). Most important reasons for not smoking in both groups were smoking being unhealthy and not wanting to be addicted. CONCLUSIONS: In Switzerland, survivors smoke as often as their siblings but less than the general population. Peer smoking was a more important reason for smoking in survivors than in the general population, suggesting that reducing smoking in peers could result in a reduction of smoking in survivors. Overall, reasons for smoking were very similar, thus interventions to reduce smoking in survivors could be the same as those used in the general population.

Hearing loss and quality of life in survivors of paediatric CNS tumours and other cancers.

PURPOSE: Hearing loss, a complication of cancer treatment, may reduce health-related quality of life (HRQoL), especially in childhood cancer survivors of central nervous system (CNS) tumours who often have multiple late effects. We examined the effect of hearing loss on HRQoL in young survivors of CNS and other childhood cancers. METHODS: Within the Swiss Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, we sent questionnaires about hearing loss and HRQoL (KIDSCREEN-27) to parents of survivors aged 8-15 years. We stratified the effect of hearing loss on HRQoL by cancer diagnosis, using multivariable logistic regression and adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors. RESULTS: Hearing loss was associated with impaired physical well-being [unadjusted estimated differences - 4.6 (CI - 9.2, - 0.1); adjusted - 4.0 (CI - 7.6, - 0.3)] and peers and social support [unadjusted - 6.7 (CI - 13.0, - 0.3); adjusted - 5.0 (CI - 10.5, 0.9)] scores in survivors of CNS tumours (n = 123), but not in children diagnosed with other cancers (all p-values > 0.20, n = 577). CONCLUSION: Clinicians should be alert to signs of reduced physical well-being and impaired relationships with peers. Especially survivors of CNS tumours may benefit most from strict audiological monitoring and timely intervention to mitigate secondary consequences of hearing loss on HRQoL.

No evidence of overweight in long-term survivors of childhood cancer after glucocorticoid treatment.

BACKGROUND: Glucocorticoids can lead to weight gain during cancer treatment, but to the authors' knowledge, little is known regarding their long-term effects in childhood cancer survivors (CCS). METHODS: As part of the Swiss Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, the authors sent a questionnaire to CCS aged <21 years at diagnosis who were residing in Switzerland, had survived ≥5 years, and were aged 15 to 45 years at the time of the survey. Cumulative doses of glucocorticoids were assessed from medical records and study protocols and body mass index was calculated from self-reported height and weight at the time of the survey. The authors compared the prevalence of overweight between CCS, their siblings, and the general population (Swiss Health Survey [SHS]) and investigated the association between overweight and treatment-related risk factors using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: The study included 1936 CCS, 546 siblings, and 9591 SHS participants. The median age of the CCS at the time of the survey was 24 years (interquartile range, 20-31 years) and the median time since diagnosis was 17 years (interquartile range, 12-22 years). At the time of the survey, approximately 26% of CCS were overweight, a percentage that was comparable to that among siblings (24%) and the SHS participants (25%). The prevalence of overweight was 24% in CCS treated with glucocorticoids only (686 CCS), 37% in those treated with cranial radiotherapy (CRT) (127 CCS), and 49% in those who received treatment with both glucocorticoids and CRT (101 CCS) (P < .001). The authors found no evidence of a dose-response relationship between cumulative glucocorticoid doses and overweight and no evidence that CRT modified the effect of the cumulative glucocorticoid dose on overweight. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study suggest that glucocorticoids used for the treatment of childhood cancer are not associated with long-term risk of overweight.

A partially supervised physical activity program for adult and adolescent survivors of childhood cancer (SURfit): study design of a randomized controlled trial [NCT02730767].

BACKGROUND: Beyond survival of nowadays >80%, modern childhood cancer treatment strives to preserve long-term health and quality of life. However, the majority of today's survivors suffer from short- and long-term adverse effects such as cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, obesity, osteoporosis, fatigue, depression, and reduced physical fitness and quality of life. Regular exercise can play a major role to mitigate or prevent such late-effects. Despite this, there are no data on the effects of regular exercise in childhood cancer survivors from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Primary outcome of the current RCT is therefore the effect of a 12-months exercise program on a composite cardiovascular disease risk score in childhood cancer survivors. Secondary outcomes are single cardiovascular disease risk factors, glycaemic control, bone health, body composition, physical fitness, physical activity, quality of life, mental health, fatigue and adverse events (safety). METHODS: A total of 150 childhood cancer survivors aged ≥16 years and diagnosed ≥5 years prior to the study are recruited from Swiss paediatric oncology clinics. Following the baseline assessments patients are randomized 1:1 into an intervention and control group. Thereafter, they are seen at month 3, 6 and 12 for follow-up assessments. The intervention group is asked to add ≥2.5 h of intense physical activity/week, including 30 min of strength building and 2 h of aerobic exercises. In addition, they are told to reduce screen time by 25%. Regular consulting by physiotherapists, individual web-based activity diaries, and pedometer devices are used as motivational tools for the intervention group. The control group is asked to keep their physical activity levels constant. DISCUSSION: The results of this study will show whether a partially supervised exercise intervention can improve cardiovascular disease risk factors, bone health, body composition, physical activity and fitness, fatigue, mental health and quality of life in childhood cancer survivors. If the program will be effective, all relevant information of the SURfit physical activity intervention will be made available to interested clinics that treat and follow-up childhood cancer patients to promote exercise in their patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Prospectively registered in clinicaltrials.gov [ NCT02730767 ], registration date: 10.12.2015.

Nausea and vomiting in children and adolescents receiving intrathecal methotrexate: A prospective, observational study.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of nausea and vomiting after receipt of intrathecal methotrexate (IT-MTX) in pediatric oncology patients is unknown. METHODS: Patients (4-18 years) about to receive IT-MTX were eligible to participate in this prospective, observational study. Patients received antiemetics as prescribed by their clinical team. Nausea severity (patient-assessed), timing of emetic episodes, and administration of antiemetics were recorded beginning immediately prior to IT-MTX administration, for the next 24 hr (acute phase), and for a maximum of 7 additional days (delayed phase). Complete chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) control was defined as no emetic episodes and no nausea. RESULTS: One hundred patients consented to participate in this study; 70 provided evaluable data (mean age: 8.3 years; range: 4.1-17.6). Most (94%) received propofol-containing anesthesia for IT-MTX administration. Most (89%) received a 5-HT3 antagonist prior to IT-MTX. During the acute phase, 36 children (51%) experienced complete CINV control, 67 (96%) complete vomiting control, and 36 (51%) complete nausea control. Severe acute phase nausea was reported by 12 children (17%). During the delayed phase, 35 patients (50%) experienced complete CINV control, 60 (86%) complete vomiting control, and 36 (51%) complete nausea control. Severe nausea was reported in the delayed phase by 27 (39%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Most pediatric patients who received IT-MTX and prophylaxis with ondansetron or granisetron experienced complete acute and delayed vomiting control. However, nausea control was poor and severe nausea was reported by many children. Effective interventions to control nausea are needed.

The Role of Diet in the Cardiovascular Health of Childhood Cancer Survivors-A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Childhood cancer survivors (CCSs) face an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This systematic review aims to provide the first synthesis of observational and interventional studies on the relationship between diet and cardiovascular health in CCSs. METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted for studies published between 1990 and July 2023 in PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Child Development & Adolescent Studies, and Cochrane Library. Eligible studies included observational and interventional studies examining the associations or effects of dietary factors on CVD incidence, cardiac dysfunction, or CVD risk factors in CCSs diagnosed before age 25 years. RESULTS: Ten studies met the inclusion criteria (nine observational and one interventional). Collectively, they comprised 3485 CCSs (male, 1734; female, 1751). The outcomes examined across observational studies included characteristics of obesity, diabetes biomarkers, hypertension indicators, dyslipidaemia biomarkers, and metabolic syndrome. The evidence suggested that greater adherence to healthy diets was associated with lower body mass index, blood pressure, glucose, and triglycerides and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The 12-week lifestyle intervention study in childhood leukaemia survivors found no impact on obesity indicators. CONCLUSION: The review results indicate the potentially protective effects of healthy diets. However, the available research remains preliminary and limited, underscoring the need for more rigorous, adequately powered studies.