Brownian dynamics simulation of insulin microsphere formation from break-up of a fractal network.

Motivated by a recent experiment on insulin microsphere formation where polyethylene glycol (PEG) is used as the precipitating agent, we have developed a simple theoretical model that can predict the formation of a fractal network of insulin monomers and the subsequent break-up of the fractal network into microsphere aggregates. In our approach the effect of PEG on insulin is modeled via a standard depletion attraction mechanism via the Asakura-Oosawa model. We show that even in the context of this simple model, it is possible to mimic important aspects of the insulin experiment in a brownian dynamics simulation. We simulate the effect of changing temperature in our model by changing the well depth of the Asakura-Oosawa potential. A fractal network is observed in a "deep quench" of the system, followed by a "heating" that results in a break-up of the network and subsequent formation of microspheres.

Thermal mirror buckling in freestanding graphene locally controlled by scanning tunnelling microscopy.

Knowledge of and control over the curvature of ripples in freestanding graphene are desirable for fabricating and designing flexible electronic devices, and recent progress in these pursuits has been achieved using several advanced techniques such as scanning tunnelling microscopy. The electrostatic forces induced through a bias voltage (or gate voltage) were used to manipulate the interaction of freestanding graphene with a tip (substrate). Such forces can cause large movements and sudden changes in curvature through mirror buckling. Here we explore an alternative mechanism, thermal load, to control the curvature of graphene. We demonstrate thermal mirror buckling of graphene by scanning tunnelling microscopy and large-scale molecular dynamic simulations. The negative thermal expansion coefficient of graphene is an essential ingredient in explaining the observed effects. This new control mechanism represents a fundamental advance in understanding the influence of temperature gradients on the dynamics of freestanding graphene and future applications with electro-thermal-mechanical nanodevices.

Unusual ultra-low-frequency fluctuations in freestanding graphene.

Intrinsic ripples in freestanding graphene have been exceedingly difficult to study. Individual ripple geometry was recently imaged using scanning tunnelling microscopy, but these measurements are limited to static configurations. Thermally-activated flexural phonon modes should generate dynamic changes in curvature. Here we show how to track the vertical movement of a one-square-angstrom region of freestanding graphene using scanning tunnelling microscopy, thereby allowing measurement of the out-of-plane time trajectory and fluctuations over long time periods. We also present a model from elasticity theory to explain the very-low-frequency oscillations. Unexpectedly, we sometimes detect a sudden colossal jump, which we interpret as due to mirror buckling. This innovative technique provides a much needed atomic-scale probe for the time-dependent behaviours of intrinsic ripples. The discovery of this novel progenitor represents a fundamental advance in the use of scanning tunnelling microscopy, which together with the application of a thermal load provides a low-frequency nano-resonator.