Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/efeitos adversos , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade/efeitos adversos , Ginecomastia/induzido quimicamente , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Adenina/efeitos adversos , Adenina/análogos & derivados , Adenina/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Alanina , Amidas , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade/métodos , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Combinação de Medicamentos , Emtricitabina/efeitos adversos , Emtricitabina/uso terapêutico , Ginecomastia/diagnóstico por imagem , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis , Compostos Heterocíclicos de 4 ou mais Anéis/efeitos adversos , Compostos Heterocíclicos de 4 ou mais Anéis/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Masculino , Piperazinas , Piridonas , Tenofovir/análogos & derivados , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
To detect effects of pesticides on non-target freshwater organisms the Species at risk (SPEAR(pesticides)) bioindicator based on biological traits was previously developed and successfully validated over different biogeographical regions of Europe using species-level data on stream invertebrates. Since many freshwater biomonitoring programmes have family-level taxonomic resolution we tested the applicability of SPEAR(pesticides) with family-level biomonitoring data to indicate pesticide effects in streams (i.e. insecticide toxicity of pesticides). The study showed that the explanatory power of the family-level SPEAR(fm)(pesticides) is not significantly lower than the species-level index. The results suggest that the family-level SPEAR(fm)(pesticides) is a sensitive, cost-effective, and potentially European-wide bioindicator of pesticide contamination in flowing waters. Class boundaries for SPEAR(pesticides) according to EU Water Framework Directive are defined to contribute to the assessment of ecological status of water bodies.
Assuntos
Ecotoxicologia/métodos , Invertebrados/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Teóricos , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Ecossistema , Exposição Ambiental , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Europa (Continente) , Invertebrados/fisiologia , Praguicidas/análise , Rios , Especificidade da Espécie , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
The bactericidal activities and postantibiotic effects (PAE) of clarithromycin-14-hydroxy-clarithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanate against Bacteroides fragilis and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius were determined. A concentration of twice the MIC resulted in bactericidal activity against four of four and three of four organisms at 24 h with clarithromycin-14-hydroxy-clarithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanate, respectively. The PAE of clarithromycin-14-hydroxy-clarithromycin was 1.44 to 3.20 h, compared to the less than 1 h of amoxicillin-clavulanate. Clarithromycin-14-hydroxy-clarithromycin possesses good activity against susceptible anaerobes.