Impact of fibre supplementation on microbiome and resilience in healthy participants: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The gut microbiome exerts important roles in health, e.g., functions in metabolism and immunology. These functions are often exerted via short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production by gut bacteria. Studies demonstrating causal relationships between interventions targeting the microbiome and clinical outcomes are limited. This study aimed to show a causal relationship between microbiome modulation through fibre intervention and health. METHODS AND RESULTS: This randomized, double-blind, cross-over study included 65 healthy subjects, aged 45-70 years, with increased metabolic risk (i.e., body mass index [BMI] 25-30 kg/m2, low to moderate daily dietary fibre intake, <30g/day). Subjects took daily a fibre mixture of Acacia gum and carrot powder or placebo for 12 weeks, with an 8-week wash-out period. Faecal samples for measurement of SCFAs and microbiome analysis were collected every 4 weeks. Before and after each intervention period subjects underwent the mixed-meal PhenFlex challenge Test (PFT). Health effects were expressed as resilience to the stressors of the PFT and as fasting metabolic and inflammatory state. The fibre mixture exerted microbiome modulation, with an increase in ß-diversity (p < 0.001). α-diversity was lower during fibre mixture intake compared to placebo after 4, 8 and 12 weeks (p = 0.002; p = 0.012; p = 0.031). There was no effect observed on faecal SCFA concentrations, nor on any of the primary clinical outcomes (Inflammatory resilience: p = 0.605, Metabolic resilience: p = 0.485). CONCLUSION: Although the intervention exerted effects on gut microbiome composition, no effects on SCFA production, on resilience or fasting metabolic and inflammatory state were observed in this cohort. REGISTRATION NUMBER CLINICALTRIALS.GOV: NCT04829396.

The Skin and Nose Microbiome and Its Association with Filaggrin Gene Mutations in Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Interactions between the skin barrier, immune system, and microbiome underlie the development of atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the skin and nasal microbiome in relation to filaggrin gene (FLG) mutations. METHODS: A cross-sectional study including 77 children with difficult-to-treat AD. The entire encoding region of FLG was screened for mutations using single molecule molecular inversion probes and next-generation sequencing. Bacterial swabs from the anterior nares, lesional and nonlesional skin were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. For skin samples, additional qPCR was performed for Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. RESULTS: The prevalence of patients with a mutation in FLG was 40%, including 10 different mutations. Analyzing bacterial swabs from all three niches showed a significant effect for both niche and FLG mutation status on the overall microbiome composition. Using a subset analysis to test the effect of FLG mutation status per niche separately did not show a significant association to the microbiome. Shannon diversity and S. aureus abundance were significantly affected by the niche, but not by the presence of an FLG mutation. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest only a minor role for FLG mutation status on the overall microbiome, which is rather caused by differences in the present genera than by microbe richness and evenness.

The influence of treatment in alpine and moderate maritime climate on the composition of the skin microbiome in patients with difficult to treat atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: The skin microbiome, characterized by an overgrowth of Staphylococcus aureus, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). Multidisciplinary treatment in alpine climate is known for its positive effect on disease severity in children with AD and can result in a different immune response compared with moderate maritime climate. However, the effect on the composition of the skin microbiome in AD is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of treatment in alpine climate and moderate maritime climate on the microbiome for lesional and non-lesional skin in children with difficult to treat AD. RESULTS: Alpine climate treatment led to a significant change in the microbiota on lesional skin, whereas no significant change was found after moderate maritime climate. On both lesional and non-lesional skin, we observed a significant increase in Shannon diversity and a significant decrease in both Staphylococcus abundance and S aureus load after alpine climate treatment. The decrease in S aureus was significantly larger on lesional skin following alpine climate treatment compared with moderate maritime climate treatment. Staphylococcus epidermidis load was stable over time. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Alpine climate treatment leads to significant changes in the composition of the skin microbiome in children with AD, mainly caused by a reduction in the Staphylococcus genus. This study shows new perspectives in the potential mode of action for therapies in AD.

Intestinal Fungal Dysbiosis Is Associated With Visceral Hypersensitivity in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Rats.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Visceral hypersensitivity is one feature of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Bacterial dysbiosis might be involved in the activation of nociceptive sensory pathways, but there have been few studies of the role of the mycobiome (the fungal microbiome) in the development of IBS. We analyzed intestinal mycobiomes of patients with IBS and a rat model of visceral hypersensitivity. METHODS: We used internal transcribed spacer 1-based metabarcoding to compare fecal mycobiomes of 18 healthy volunteers with those of 39 patients with IBS (with visceral hypersensitivity or normal levels of sensitivity). We also compared the mycobiomes of Long-Evans rats separated from their mothers (hypersensitive) with non-handled (normally sensitive) rats. We investigated whether fungi can cause visceral hypersensitivity using rats exposed to fungicide (fluconazole and nystatin). The functional relevance of the gut mycobiome was confirmed in fecal transplantation experiments: adult maternally separated rats were subjected to water avoidance stress (to induce visceral hypersensitivity), then given fungicide and donor cecum content via oral gavage. Other rats subjected to water avoidance stress were given soluble ß-glucans, which antagonize C-type lectin domain family 7 member A (CLEC7A or DECTIN1) signaling via spleen-associated tyrosine kinase (SYK), a SYK inhibitor to reduce visceral hypersensitivity, or vehicle (control). The sensitivity of mast cells to fungi was tested with mesenteric windows (ex vivo) and the human mast cell line HMC-1. RESULTS: α diversity (Shannon index) and mycobiome signature (stability selection) of both groups of IBS patients differed from healthy volunteers, and the mycobiome signature of hypersensitive patients differed from that of normally sensitive patients. We observed mycobiome dysbiosis in rats that had been separated from their mothers compared with non-handled rats. Administration of fungicide to hypersensitive rats reduced their visceral hypersensitivity to normal levels of sensitivity. Administration of cecal mycobiomes from rats that had been separated from their mothers (but not non-handled mycobiome) restored hypersensitivity to distension. Administration of soluble ß-glucans or a SYK inhibitor reduced visceral hypersensitivity, compared with controls. Particulate ß-glucan (a DECTIN-1 agonist) induced mast cell degranulation in mesenteric windows and HMC-1 cells responded to fungal antigens by release of histamine. CONCLUSIONS: In an analysis of patients with IBS and controls, we associated fungal dysbiosis with IBS. In studies of rats, we found fungi to promote visceral hypersensitivity, which could be reduced by administration of fungicides, soluble ß-glucans, or a SYK inhibitor. The intestinal fungi might therefore be manipulated for treatment of IBS-related visceral hypersensitivity.

In Vitro Fermentation of Selected Prebiotics and Their Effects on the Composition and Activity of the Adult Gut Microbiota.

Recently, the concept of prebiotics has been revisited to expand beyond non-digestible oligosaccharides, and the requirements for selective stimulation were extended to include microbial groups other than, and additional to, bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Here, the gut microbiota-modulating effects of well-known and novel prebiotics were studied. An in vitro fermentation screening platform (i-screen) was inoculated with adult fecal microbiota, exposed to different dietary fibers that had a range of concentrations (inulin, alpha-linked galacto-oligosaccharides (alpha-GOS), beta-linked GOS, xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) from corn cobs and high-fiber sugar cane, and beta-glucan from oats), and compared to a positive fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) control and a negative control (no fiber addition). All dietary fibers displayed prebiotic activity, with beta-glucan showing more distinct effects on the microbial composition and metabolism compared to the other fibers. Beta-glucan induced the growth of Prevotella and Roseburia with a concomitant increase in propionate production. Inulin and both forms of GOS and XOS had a strong bifidogenic effect on the microbial composition. A dose-response effect was observed for butyrate when exposed to beta-glucan and inulin. The findings of this study support the potential for alpha-GOS, XOS, and oat beta-glucan to serve as novel prebiotics, due to their association with the positive shifts in microbiome composition and short-chain fatty acid production that point to potential health benefits.

Molecular assessment of bacterial vaginosis by Lactobacillus abundance and species diversity.

BACKGROUND: To date, women are most often diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis (BV) using microscopy based Nugent scoring or Amsel criteria. However, the accuracy is less than optimal. The aim of the present study was to confirm the identity of known BV-associated composition profiles and evaluate indicators for BV using three molecular methods. METHODS: Evaluation of indicators for BV was carried out by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of the V5-V7 region, a tailor-made 16S rRNA oligonucleotide-based microarray, and a PCR-based profiling technique termed IS-profiling, which is based on fragment variability of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region. An inventory of vaginal bacterial species was obtained from 40 females attending a Dutch sexually transmitted infection outpatient clinic, of which 20 diagnosed with BV (Nugent score 7-10), and 20 BV negative (Nugent score 0-3). RESULTS: Analysis of the bacterial communities by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed two clusters in the BV negative women, dominated by either Lactobacillus iners or Lactobacillus crispatus and three distinct clusters in the BV positive women. In the former, there was a virtually complete, negative correlation between L. crispatus and L. iners. BV positive subjects showed cluster profiles that were relatively high in bacterial species diversity and dominated by anaerobic species, including Gardnerella vaginalis, and those belonging to the Families of Lachnospiraceae and Leptotrichiaceae. Accordingly, the Gini-Simpson index of species diversity, and the relative abundance Lactobacillus species appeared consistent indicators for BV. Under the conditions used, only the 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing method was suitable to assess species diversity, while all three molecular composition profiling methods were able to indicate Lactobacillus abundance in the vaginal microbiota. CONCLUSION: An affordable and simple molecular test showing a depletion of the genus Lactobacillus in combination with an increased species diversity of vaginal microbiota could serve as an alternative and practical diagnostic method for the assessment of BV.

Individual and Group-Based Effects of In Vitro Fiber Interventions on the Fecal Microbiota.

The development of microbiome-targeted strategies is limited by individual differences in gut microbiome composition and metabolic responses to interventions. In vitro models that can replicate this variation allow us to conduct pre-clinical studies and assess efficacy. This study describes the exposure of 16 individual fecal microbiota samples to 5 different fibers using an in vitro system for the anaerobic cultivation of bacteria. The individual microbiota differed in composition and metabolite profiles (short-chain fatty acids and branched-chain fatty acids) after incubation with the fibers. Furthermore, microbiota composition after fiber incubation was significantly different between subjects with good intestinal health and subjects with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). α-diversity was differently affected by dietary fibers; for example, exposure to psyllium resulted in increased diversity in the healthy group and in decreased diversity in the IBD group. Instead, the functional metabolic profile did not differ between the two groups. Finally, the combination of all fibers, tested on the microbiota from IBD subjects, resulted in stronger overall effects on both microbiota composition and metabolite production compared to the single fibers. These results confirm that incubation with dietary fiber results in different compositional and functional effects on individual microbiota and that in vitro models represent successful tools for studying individual fiber effects.

The vulvar microbiome in lichen sclerosus and high-grade intraepithelial lesions.

Background: The role of the vulvar microbiome in the development of (pre)malignant vulvar disease is scarcely investigated. The aim of this exploratory study was to analyze vulvar microbiome composition in lichen sclerosus (LS) and vulvar high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) compared to healthy controls. Methods: Women with vulvar lichen sclerosus (n = 10), HSIL (n = 5) and healthy controls (n = 10) were included. Swabs were collected from the vulva, vagina and anal region for microbiome characterization by metagenomic shotgun sequencing. Both lesional and non-lesional sites were examined. Biophysical assessments included trans-epidermal water loss for evaluation of the vulvar skin barrier function and vulvar and vaginal pH measurements. Results: Healthy vulvar skin resembled vaginal, anal and skin-like microbiome composition, including the genera Prevotella, Lactobacillus, Gardnerella, Staphylococcus, Cutibacterium, and Corynebacterium. Significant differences were observed in diversity between vulvar skin of healthy controls and LS patients. Compared to the healthy vulvar skin, vulvar microbiome composition of both LS and vulvar HSIL patients was characterized by significantly higher proportions of, respectively, Papillomaviridae (p = 0.045) and Alphapapillomavirus (p = 0.002). In contrast, the Prevotella genus (p = 0.031) and Bacteroidales orders (p = 0.038) were significantly less abundant in LS, as was the Actinobacteria class (p = 0.040) in vulvar HSIL. While bacteria and viruses were most abundant, fungal and archaeal taxa were scarcely observed. Trans-epidermal water loss was higher in vulvar HSIL compared to healthy vulvar skin (p = 0.043). Conclusion: This study is the first to examine the vulvar microbiome through metagenomic shotgun sequencing in LS and HSIL patients. Diseased vulvar skin presents a distinct signature compared to healthy vulvar skin with respect to bacterial and viral fractions of the microbiome. Key findings include the presence of papillomaviruses in LS as well as in vulvar HSIL, although LS is generally considered an HPV-independent risk factor for vulvar dysplasia. This exploratory study provides clues to the etiology of vulvar premalignancies and may act as a steppingstone for expanding the knowledge on potential drivers of disease progression.

2'-Fucosyllactose inhibits proliferation of Clostridioides difficile ATCC 43599 in the CDi-screen, an in vitro model simulating Clostridioides difficile infection.

Background: Clostridioides difficile is a Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium that can produce the toxins TcdA and/or TcdB and is considered an opportunistic pathogen. C. difficile is mainly transmitted as endospores, which germinate to produce the pathogenic vegetative cells under suitable conditions in the gut. To efficiently screen novel therapeutic- interventions against the proliferation of C. difficile within a complex microbial community, platforms are needed that facilitate parallel experimentation. In order to allow for screening of novel interventions a medium-to-high throughput in vitro system is desirable. To this end, we have developed the 96-well CDi-screen platform that employs an adapted simulated ileal effluent medium (CDi-SIEM) and allows for culturing of pathogenic C. difficile. Methods: C. difficile strain ATCC 43599 was inoculated in the form of vegetative cells and spores into the CDi-screen in the presence and absence of a cultured fecal microbiota and incubated for 48h. To demonstrate its utility, we investigated the effect of the human milk oligosaccharide 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) at 4 and 8 mg/mL on C. difficile outgrowth and toxin production in the CDi-screen. The test conditions were sampled after 24 and 48 hours. C. difficile -specific primers were used to monitor C. difficile growth via qPCR and barcoded 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing facilitated the in-depth analysis of gut microbial community dynamics. Results: C. difficile ATCC 43599 proliferated in CDi-SIEM, both when inoculated as spores and as vegetative cells. The strain reached cell numbers expressed as C. difficile genome equivalents of up to 10 8 cells per mL after 24h of incubation. 2'-FL significantly inhibited the outgrowth of the ATTC 43599 strain within a complex human gut microbial community in the CDi-screen. In addition, a dose-dependent modulation of the gut microbial community composition by 2'-FL supplementation was detected, with a significant increase in the relative abundance of the genus Blautia in the presence of 2'-FL. Conclusion: The CDi-screen is suitable for studying C. difficile proliferation in a complex gut ecosystem and for screening for anti-pathogenic interventions that target C. difficile directly and/or indirectly through interactions with the gut microbiota. Different doses of compounds such as in this study the dose of the human milk oligosaccharide 2'-FL can be screened for efficacy in the inhibition of C. difficile proliferation.

An altered microbiota pattern precedes Type 2 diabetes mellitus development: From the CORDIOPREV study.

Introduction: A distinctive gut microbiome have been linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Objectives: We aimed to evaluate whether gut microbiota composition, in addition to clinical biomarkers, could improve the prediction of new incident cases of diabetes in patients with coronary heart disease. Methods: All the patients from the CORDIOPREV (Clinical Trials.gov.Identifier: NCT00924937) study without T2DM at baseline were included (n = 462). Overall, 107 patients developed it after a median of 60 months. The gut microbiota composition was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and predictive models were created using hold-out method. Results: A gut microbiota profile associated with T2DM development was determined through a microbiome-based predictive model. The addition of microbiome data to clinical parameters (variables included in FINDRISC risk score and the diabetes risk score of the American Diabetes Association, HDL, triglycerides and HbA1c) improved the prediction increasing the area under the curve from 0.632 to 0.946. Furthermore, a microbiome-based risk score including the ten most discriminant genera, was associated with the probability of develop T2DM. Conclusion: These results suggest that a microbiota profile is associated to the T2DM development. An integrate predictive model of microbiome and clinical data that can improve the prediction of T2DM is also proposed, if is validated in independent populations to prevent this disease.

Microarray-based identification of clinically relevant vaginal bacteria in relation to bacterial vaginosis.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the use of a tailor-made DNA microarray containing probes representing the vaginal microbiota to examine bacterial vaginosis. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred one women attending a health center for HIV testing in South Africa were enrolled. Stained, liquid-based cytology slides were scored for bacterial vaginosis. An inventory of organisms was obtained using microarray technology, probing genera associated with bacterial vaginosis in more detail, namely Gardnerella, Atopobium, Dialister, Leptotrichia, Megasphaera, Mobiluncus, Peptostreptococcus, Prevotella, and Sneathia. RESULTS: Of 101 women, 34 were diagnosed positive for bacterial vaginosis. This condition was associated with an increased microbial diversity. It is no longer useful to base the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis on Gardnerella alone. Rather, its presence with Leptotrichia and Prevotella species, and especially Atopobium was more indicative of an aberrant state of the vaginal flora. CONCLUSION: To understand the vaginal microbiota in more detail, microarray-based identification can be used after microscopic scoring.

A mixed-species microarray for identification of food spoilage bacilli.

Failure of food preservation is frequently caused by thermostable spores of members of the Bacillaceae family, which show a wide spectrum of resistance to cleaning and preservation treatments. We constructed and validated a mixed-species genotyping array for 6 Bacillus species, including Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus sporothermodurans, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus coagulans, and 4 Geobacillus species, including Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Geobacillus thermocatenulatus, Geobacillus toebii and Geobacillus sp., in order to track food spoilage isolates from ingredient to product. The discriminating power of the array was evaluated with sets of 42 reference and 20 test strains. Bacterial isolates contain a within-species-conserved core genome comprising 68-88% of the entire genome and a non-conserved accessory genome comprising 7-22%. The majority of the core genome markers do not hybridise between species, thus they allow for efficient discrimination at the species level. The accessory genome array markers provide high-resolution discrimination at the level of individual isolates from a single species. In conclusion, the reported mixed-species microarray contains discriminating markers that allow rapid and cost-effective typing of Bacillus food spoilage bacteria in a wide variety of food products.

The Human Vulvar Microbiome: A Systematic Review.

The link between cancer and the microbiome is a fast-moving field in research. There is little knowledge on the microbiome in ((pre)malignant) conditions of the vulvar skin. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of the literature regarding the microbiome composition of the healthy vulvar skin and in (pre)malignant vulvar disease. This study was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive, electronic search strategy was used to identify original research articles (updated September 2021). The inclusion criteria were articles using culture-independent methods for microbiome profiling of the vulvar region. Ten articles were included. The bacterial composition of the vulva consists of several genera including Lactobacillus, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus and Prevotella, suggesting that the vulvar microbiome composition shows similarities with the corresponding vaginal milieu. However, the vulvar microbiome generally displayed higher diversity with commensals of cutaneous and fecal origin. This is the first systematic review that investigates the relationship between microbiome and vulvar (pre)malignant disease. There are limited data and the level of evidence is low with limitations in study size, population diversity and methodology. Nevertheless, the vulvar microbiome represents a promising field for exploring potential links for disease etiology and targets for therapy.

The effectiveness of antibacterial therapeutic clothing based on silver or chitosan as compared with non-antibacterial therapeutic clothing in patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (ABC trial): study protocol for a pragmatic randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects 10 to 20% of children and between 2 and 15% of the adults in Western Europe. Since 2000, therapeutic clothing or functional textiles based on silver or chitosan as antibacterial agents were introduced for AD. These agents aim to reduce skin colonization with Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. Increased colonization with S. aureus is correlated with increased AD severity. The antimicrobial effects of silver and chitosan have been demonstrated before. At this point, there is insufficient evidence for the effectiveness of antibacterial therapeutic clothing in patients with AD. METHODS: This is a pragmatic randomized controlled double-blind multi-center trial comparing the effectiveness of antibacterial therapeutic clothing based on silver or chitosan as compared with non-antibacterial therapeutic clothing in patients with moderate to severe AD. A total of 165 participants, aged 0 to 80, diagnosed with moderate to severe AD are included. The study is performed in the Erasmus MC University Medical Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University Medical Center Utrecht, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, and St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein. Patients will be randomized 1:1:1 into one of the three intervention groups: group A will receive therapeutic clothing without antimicrobial agents, group B will receive microbial growth reducing therapeutic clothing based on chitosan, and group C will receive antimicrobial clothing based on silver. All therapeutic clothing is to be worn at night during the 12-month intervention period. Usual care is continued. The primary objective is to assess the effectiveness of antibacterial clothing (silver and chitosan group) as compared to non-antibacterial clothing assessed with the Eczema Area and Severity Index at 12 months compared to baseline. Secondary outcomes include between-group differences in physician- and patient-reported outcome measures, topical therapy use, S. aureus skin colonization, and safety. Data will be collected at baseline and after 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. A cost-effectiveness analysis will be performed. DISCUSSION: This trial will provide data on the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and safety of antibacterial therapeutic clothing for patients with AD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04297215. Registered on 5 March 2020.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery changes fungal and bacterial microbiota in morbidly obese patients-A pilot study.

The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) remains the most effective treatment for morbidly obese patients to lower body weight and improve glycemic control. There is recent evidence that the mycobiome (fungal microbiome) can aggravate disease severity in a number of diseases including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and hepatitis; moreover, a dysbiotic fungal microbiota has been reported in the obese. We characterized fungal and bacterial microbial composition in fecal samples of 16 morbidly obese patients before and three months after RYGB surgery and compared with nine healthy controls. We found that RYGB surgery induced a clear alteration in structure and composition of the gut fungal and bacterial microbiota. Beta diversity analysis revealed significant differences in bacterial microbiota between obese patients before surgery and healthy controls (P < 0.005) and a significant, unidirectional shift in RYGB patients after surgery (P < 0.001 vs. before surgery). In contrast, there was no significant difference in fungal microbiota between groups but individually specific changes after RYGB surgery. Interestingly, RYGB surgery induced a significant reduction in fungal alpha diversity namely Chao1, Sobs, and Shannon diversity index (P<0.05, respectively) which contrasts the trend for uniform changes in bacteria towards increased richness and diversity post-surgery. We did not observe any inter-kingdom relations in RYGB patients but in the healthy control cohort and there were several correlations between fungi and bacteria and clinical parameters (P<0.05, respectively) that warrant further research. Our study identifies changes in intestinal fungal communities in RYGB patients that are distinct to changes in the bacterial microbiota.

A Bifidobacterium mixed-species microarray for high resolution discrimination between intestinal bifidobacteria.

A genomic DNA-based microarray was constructed containing over 6000 randomly cloned genomic fragments of approximately 1-2 kb from six mammalian intestinal Bifidobacterium spp. including B. adolescentis, B. animalis, B. bifidum, B. catenulatum, B. longum and B. pseudolongum. This Bifidobacterium Mixed-Species (BMS) microarray was used to differentiate between type strains and isolates belonging to a set of nine Bifidobacterium spp. Hierarchical clustering of genomic hybridization data confirmed the grouping of the Bifidobacterium spp. according to the 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic clusters. In addition, these genomic hybridization experiments revealed high homology between the type-strain B. animalis subsp. lactis LMG18314 and B. animalis subsp. animalis LMG10508 (79%) as well as between the type strains B. longum biotype longum LMG13197 and B. longum biotype infantis LMG8811 (72%) - nevertheless, discrimination between these species was possible due to the high resolution output of the BMS-array. In addition, it was shown that the BMS-array could be used for assigning unknown Bifidobacterium isolates to a species group. Finally, a set of 54 diagnostic clones for Bifidobacterium identification was selected and sequenced to advance the understanding of the species-related differences. Remarkably, a large fraction (31%) of these was predicted to encode proteins that belong to the bifidobacterial glycobiome and another 11% had functional homology with genes involved in the protection against foreign DNA. Overall, the BMS-microarray is a high-resolution diagnostic tool that is able to facilitate the detection of strain- and species-specific characteristics of bifidobacteria.

Corrigendum: Sialyllactose and Galactooligosaccharides Promote Epithelial Barrier Functioning and Distinctly Modulate Microbiota Composition and Short Chain Fatty Acid Production In Vitro.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00094.].

Sialyllactose and Galactooligosaccharides Promote Epithelial Barrier Functioning and Distinctly Modulate Microbiota Composition and Short Chain Fatty Acid Production In Vitro.

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) and prebiotic oligosaccharides are proposed to confer several health benefits to the infant. They shape the microbiota, have anti-inflammatory properties, and support epithelial barrier functioning. However, in order to select the best oligosaccharides for inclusion in infant formulas, there is a need to increase our understanding of the specific effects of HMO and prebiotics on the host immune system. Therefore, we investigated the effects of the HMO sialyllactose (SL), and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) on epithelial barrier functioning, microbiota composition, and SCFA production. The effect of GOS and SL on epithelial barrier functioning and microbiota composition was investigated using in vitro models. Epithelial barrier function was investigated by transcriptome analysis of fully polarized Caco-2 cells exposed for 6 h to SL or GOS. In addition, epithelial cell growth, alkaline phosphatase production, and re-epithelization was studied. Further, we investigated the effect of SL and GOS on microbiota composition and SCFA production using in vitro fecal batch cultures. Transcriptome analysis showed that SL and GOS both induced pathways that regulate cell cycle control. This gene-expression profile translated to a phenotype of halted proliferation and included the induction of alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker of epithelial cell differentiation. SL and GOS also promoted re-epithelialization in an in vitro epithelial wound repair assay. SL and GOS did show distinct modulation of microbiota composition, promoting the outgrowth of Bacteroides and bifidobacteria, respectively, which resulted in distinct changes in SCFA production profiles. Our results show that SL and GOS can both modulate epithelial barrier function by inducing differentiation and epithelial wound repair, but differentially promote the growth of specific genera in the microbiota, which is associated with differential changes in SCFA profiles.

Miltefosine treatment reduces visceral hypersensitivity in a rat model for irritable bowel syndrome via multiple mechanisms.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a heterogenic, functional gastrointestinal disorder of the gut-brain axis characterized by altered bowel habit and abdominal pain. Preclinical and clinical results suggested that, in part of these patients, pain may result from fungal induced release of mast cell derived histamine, subsequent activation of sensory afferent expressed histamine-1 receptors and related sensitization of the nociceptive transient reporter potential channel V1 (TRPV1)-ion channel. TRPV1 gating properties are regulated in lipid rafts. Miltefosine, an approved drug for the treatment of visceral Leishmaniasis, has fungicidal effects and is a known lipid raft modulator. We anticipated that miltefosine may act on different mechanistic levels of fungal-induced abdominal pain and may be repurposed to IBS. In the IBS-like rat model of maternal separation we assessed the visceromotor response to colonic distension as indirect readout for abdominal pain. Miltefosine reversed post-stress hypersensitivity to distension (i.e. visceral hypersensitivity) and this was associated with differences in the fungal microbiome (i.e. mycobiome). In vitro investigations confirmed fungicidal effects of miltefosine. In addition, miltefosine reduced the effect of TRPV1 activation in TRPV1-transfected cells and prevented TRPV1-dependent visceral hypersensitivity induced by intracolonic-capsaicin in rat. Miltefosine may be an attractive drug to treat abdominal pain in IBS.