Early postoperative oral fluid intake in paediatric day case surgery influences the need for opioids and postoperative vomiting: a controlled randomized trial†.

Background: In children younger than 4 yr, it is difficult to distinguish the cause of postoperative distress, such as thirst, pain, and emergence delirium. This may lead to inappropriate treatment, such as administration of opioids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of early postoperative oral fluid intake on the use of opioid analgesics and the incidence of postoperative vomiting (POV) after paediatric day case surgery. Methods: After ethics committee approval and with parental informed consent, planned day surgery patients aged 6 months to 4 yr were randomized to the liberal group (LG), in which apple juice (10 ml kg−1) was offered first if the Face Legs Activity Cry COnsolability (FLACC) score was ≥4 in the PACU, or to the control group (CG), in which children were treated after surgery according to the institutional opioid protocol, and drinking was allowed only upon the return to the ward. Bayesian statistical analysis was used to compare POV incidence and opioid use across groups. Results: Data from 231 patients were analysed. The incidence of POV in the LG and the CG was 11.40 and 23.93%, respectively. An opioid was needed in 14.04% (mean total dose: 0.18 mg kg−1) and 35.89% (mean total dose: 0.20 mg kg−1) of the patients in the LG and the CG. The PACU stay was 53.45 and 65.05 min in the LG and the CG, respectively (all differences were statistically significant). Conclusions: In our paediatric outpatient setting, early postoperative oral fluid intake was associated with a reduction in opioid use and POV incidence. These results deserve confirmation in other settings. Clinical trial registration: NCT02288650.

Thoracoscopic treatment for delayed presentation of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in the infant. A report of three cases.

BACKGROUND: Delayed presentations of congenital hernia occurring outside of the neonatal period have been reported for all ages. Classically, repair of the hernia defect involves a transverse subcostal laparotomy in the pediatric age group and usually a thoracotomy in the adult. The first report describing a laparoscopic repair of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia in a 6-month-old infant was published in 1995. During the past 25 years, 17 patients with delayed presentation of congenital diaphragmatic hernias have been managed by our pediatric surgery team. The last three patients underwent surgery thoracoscopically. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study involved two boys (ages, 8.3 and 19 months, respectively) and one girl (age, 9 months) weighing 8 to 13 kg. All three infants underwent surgery using a thoracoscopic approach with general anesthesia. A thoracic epidural catheter was placed systematically for postoperative analgesia during the first 24 hours. Reduction of the hernia contents using one optical trocar and two operating trocars was difficult in the case without any hernia sac. In the cases with a hernia sac, reduction was easily and quickly obtained with a pleural insufflation of carbon dioxide (~8 mmHg). The hernia defect was repaired using interrupted sutures of 2/0 Ethibond. For two of the three patients, this repair was reinforced with staples in the one case and a nonresorbable mesh in the other case. RESULTS: The mean operative time was 78 min. The chest tube was removed on the first or second postoperative day and the patients were discharged on the fourth or fifth postoperative day. At the 19-month follow-up assessment in one case, the chest x-ray was perfectly normal and diaphragmatic motion also was confirmed to be normal by ultrasonography. CONCLUSIONS: The thoracoscopic approach for the repair of delayed-presentation congenital diaphragmatic hernia is feasible. Our results demonstrate the safety and efficiency of this surgery, as well as a remarkable functional and cosmetic result and a very quick recovery.

The pregnant ewe: an animal model for fetoscopic surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To develop an animal model for fetal endoscopic surgery which could be feasible and reproducible. The aim of this work was to perform a fetoscopy without the need of a laparotomy. METHODS: Pregnant ewes underwent under general anesthesia laparoscopy with the creation of a maternal pneumoperitoneum. After localizing the placenta by transillumination, we carried out fetoscopy through a 5 mm trocar using a perfusion of Ringer's solution. RESULTS: Five video-assisted procedures have been performed. None of the cases has shown any bleeding from myometrial wounds and no suture was necessary. There was no leakage of amniotic fluid. Intrauterine space was large enough to manipulate instruments without producing any fetal damage. Sharp visualization and anatomical description of the fetus were precise without the use CO2. There were no miscarriages and postnatal examinations of the lambs were normal. CONCLUSION: Fetoscopic surgery can be performed in the pregnant sheep without any complications but preterm labor which is the main problem in human fetal surgery, is infrequent in the sheep. Our model is reproducible and simulates the surgical endoscopic procedures which will occur in a close future in the human species.

Rupture of the airways after blunt chest trauma in two children.

Rupture of the airways after blunt chest trauma is exceptional in children. Two recent cases are reported, in a 3-year-old boy and in a 12-year-old girl. Both had longitudinal tears, of the trachea for Patient 1, and of the main left bronchus for Patient 2 with many associated lesions for this patient. Diagnosis of rupture of the airways must always be referred to the mechanisms of the accident. Bronchoscopy is mandatory, in order to define the lesions, and to guide the treatment. Immediate surgery is not always necessary if the chest roentgenogram demonstrates a good reexpansion, with a well tolerated and decreasing air leakage. Even in case of a delayed surgery, it is possible to perform a local reconstruction.