Association between complete revascularization of the coronary artery and clinical outcomes in peripheral artery disease: a sub-analysis of the I-PAD Nagano registry.

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is commonly caused by atherosclerosis and has an unfavorable prognosis. Complete revascularization (CR) of the coronary artery reduces the risk of major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the impact of CR in patients with PAD has not been established to date. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of CR of CAD on the five-year clinical outcomes in patients with PAD. This study was based on a prospective, multicenter, observational registry in Japan. We enrolled 366 patients with PAD undergoing endovascular treatment. The primary endpoint was MACE, defined as a composite of all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and non-fatal stroke. After excluding ineligible patients, 96 and 68 patients received complete revascularization of the coronary artery (CR group) and incomplete revascularization of the coronary artery (ICR group), respectively. Freedom from MACE in the CR group was significantly higher than in the ICR group at 5 years (66.7% vs 46.0%, p < 0.01). Multivariate analysis revealed that CR emerged as an independent predictor of MACE (Hazard ratio: 0.56, 95% confidential interval: 0.34-0.94, p = 0.03). CR of CAD was significantly associated with improved clinical outcomes in patients with PAD undergoing endovascular treatment.

Impact of Frailty and Age on Clinical Outcomes in Patients Who Underwent Endovascular Therapy.

PURPOSE: Information on the relationship between frailty and the outcome of endovascular therapy (EVT) in elderly patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) is scarce. This study aimed to reveal the impact of frailty on the prognosis of super-elderly patients who underwent EVT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From August 2015 to August 2016, 335 consecutive patients who underwent EVT were enrolled in the I-PAD registry from 7 institutes in Nagano prefecture. Among them, we categorized 323 patients into 4 groups according to age and the presence or absence of frailty as follows: elderly with frailty (age ≥ 75, Clinical Frailty Scale [CFS] ≥ 5), elderly without frailty (age ≥ 75, CFS ≤ 4), young with frailty (age < 75, CFS ≥ 5), and young without frailty (age < 75, CFS ≤ 4); we analyzed them accordingly. The primary endpoints were major adverse cardiovascular and limb events (MACLE), defined as a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, admission for heart failure, major amputation, and revascularization. The secondary endpoint was cardiovascular death. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 2.7 years. In the elderly with frailty, elderly without frailty, young with frailty, and young without frailty groups, the freedom rates from MACLE were 34.9%, 55.7%, 35.4%, and 63.0%, respectively (p<0.001) and from all-cause death were 43.5%, 73.4%, 50.7%, and 90.9%, respectively (p<0.001). The freedom rates from MACLE were significantly higher among elderly patients with frailty than among young patients without frailty (55.7% vs 35.4%, p=0.01). In multivariate analysis, frailty was independently associated with MACLE incidence. CONCLUSION: Frailty as defined by CFS might be a predictor of MACLE incidence in patients with PAD who underwent EVT. By considering treatment indications for patients with PAD by focusing on frailty rather than age, we may examine whether EVT policies are appropriate and manage patient and caregiver expectations for potential improvement in functional outcomes. Further studies are expected to investigate whether changes in frailty after EVT change prognosis.

Long-Term Outcomes in Elderly Patients After Deferral of Coronary Revascularization Guided by Fractional Flow Reserve.

BACKGROUND: Little evidence is available regarding the long-term outcome in elderly patients after deferral of revascularization based on fractional flow reserve (FFR).Methods and Results: From the J-CONFIRM registry (long-term outcomes of Japanese patients with deferral of coronary intervention based on fractional flow reserve in multicenter registry), 1,262 patients were divided into 2 groups according to age: elderly and younger patients (aged ≥75 or <75 years, respectively). The primary endpoint was the cumulative 5-year incidence of target vessel failure (TVF), defined as a composite of cardiac death, target vessel-related myocardial infarction (TVMI), and clinically driven target vessel revascularization (CDTVR). Cumulative 5-year incidence of TVF was not significantly different between elderly and younger patients (14.3% vs. 10.8%, P=0.12). Cardiac death occurred more frequently in elderly patients than younger patients (4.4% vs. 0.8%, P<0.001), whereas TVMI and CDTVR did not differ between groups (1.3% vs. 0.9%, P=0.80; 10.7% vs. 10.1%, P=0.80, respectively). FFR values in lesions with diameter stenosis <50% were significantly higher in elderly patients than in younger patients (0.88±0.07 vs. 0.85±0.07, P=0.01), whereas this relationship was not observed in those with diameter stenosis ≥50%. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly patients had no excess risk of ischemic events related to the deferred coronary lesions by FFR, although FFR values in mild coronary artery stenosis were modestly different between elderly and younger patients.

Body composition and mortality in patients undergoing endovascular treatment for peripheral artery disease.

An inverse correlation between body mass index and mortality in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) has been reported. However, little information is available regarding the impact of body composition on the clinical outcomes in patients with PAD. This study evaluated the relationships between the lean body mass index (LBMI), body fat % (BF%), and mortality and major amputation rate in patients with PAD. We evaluated 320 patients with PAD after endovascular treatment (EVT) enrolled from August 2015 to July 2016 and divided them into low and high LBMI and BF% groups based on their median values (17.47 kg/m2 and 22.07%, respectively). We assessed 3-year mortality and major amputation for the following patient groups: Low LBMI/Low BF%, Low LBMI/High BF%, High LBMI/Low BF%, and High LBMI/High BF%. During the median 3.1-year follow-up period, 70 (21.9%) patients died and 9 (2.9%) patients experienced major amputation. The survival rate was lower in the Low LBMI than in the High LBMI group, and was not significantly different between the Low and High BF% groups. Survival rates were lowest in the Low LBMI/Low BF% group (57.5%) and highest in the High LBMI/High BF% group (94.4%). There were no significant differences in major amputation rate between the Low LBMI and High LBMI groups, and between the Low BF% and High BF% groups. The Low LBMI and Low BF% groups were associated with an increased risk of mortality after adjustment for age, sex, frailty and conventional risk factors [hazard ratio (HR): 4.02; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.10-7.70; p < 0.001 and HR: 4.48; 95% CI 1.58-12.68, p = 0.005, respectively], for age, sex, hemodialysis, and prior cerebral cardiovascular disease (HR: 3.63; 95% CI 1.93-6.82; p < 0.001 and HR: 4.03; 95% CI 1.43-11.42, p = 0.009, respectively) and for age, sex, and laboratory date (HR: 3.97; 95% CI 1.88-8.37; p < 0.001 and HR: 3.31; 95% CI 1.15-9.53, p = 0.026, respectively). In conclusion, Low LBMI and Low BF% were associated with poor prognosis in patients undergoing EVT for PAD, and mortality was the lowest in the High LBMI/High BF% group compared with other body composition groups.

Prognostic ability of mid-term worsening renal function after percutaneous coronary intervention: findings from the SHINANO registry.

Chronic kidney disease is a prognostic factor for cardiovascular disease. Worsening renal function (WRF), specifically, is an important predictor of mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We evaluate the prognostic impact of mid-term WRF after PCI on future cardiovascular events. We examined the renal function data of 1086 patients in the first year after PCI using the SHINANO 5-year registry. Patients were divided into two groups, mid-term WRF and non-mid-term WRF, and primary outcomes were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and death. Mid-term WRF was defined as an increase in creatinine (≥ 0.3 mg/dL) in the first year after PCI. Mid-term WRF was found in 101 patients (9.3%), and compared to non-mid-term WRF, it significantly increased the incidence of MACE (p < 0.001), and all-cause death (p < 0.001), myocardial infarction (p = 0.001). Furthermore, mid-term WRF patients had higher incidence of future heart failure (p < 0.001) and new-onset atrial fibrillation (p = 0.01). Patients with both mid-term WRF and chronic kidney disease had increased MACE compared to patients with either condition alone (p < 0.001). Similarly, patients with mid-term WRF and acute kidney injury had increased MACE compared to patients with either condition alone (p < 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed mid-term WRF as a strong predictor of MACE (hazard ratio: 2.50, 95% confidence interval 1.57-3.98, p < 0.001). Mid-term WRF after PCI negatively affects MACE, as well as future admission due to heart failure and new-onset atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, and acute kidney injury.

Fucoxanthin Ameliorates Atopic Dermatitis Symptoms by Regulating Keratinocytes and Regulatory Innate Lymphoid Cells.

Fucoxanthin (FX) is a xanthophyll that is contained abundantly in marine plants. The biological action of FX includes its antioxidant and anti-lipogenic activities, while the precise action of its mechanisms on skin cells has not yet been clarified. The current study examined the effect of FX in comparison with tacrolimus (TAC) on NC/Nga mice, which are an atopic dermatitis (AD) model. FX topical treatment dramatically ameliorated itching behavior over the TAC treatment, which was insufficient for improvement of AD symptoms. In Nc/Nga mice, FX or TAC applied to the skin inhibited eosinophil infiltration with decreased expression of Il-33. FX also stimulated Il-2, Il-5, Il-13, Il-10, and TGF-ß expression levels, and Sca1+Il-10+TGF-ß+ regulatory innate lymphoid cells (ILCreg) were dominantly observed in FX treated skin epidermal keratinocytes and dermal layers. This combined evidence demonstrated that FX exerts anti-inflammatory effects on keratinocytes and ameliorates AD symptoms by regulating ILCreg to normalize immune responses in an atopic dermatitis model.

Comparison of leg loader and treadmill exercise for evaluating patients with peripheral artery disease.

The exercise ankle-brachial index (ABI) helps diagnose lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD). Patients with comorbidities may be unable to perform treadmill exercise, the most common stress loading test. While the active pedal plantar flexion (APP) test using the leg loader, simple and easy stress loading device, could be an alternative, there are no data comparing the leg loader and treadmill exercise. Therefore, we aimed to compare APP using the leg loader and treadmill exercise to evaluate PAD. A total of 27 patients (54 limbs) diagnosed with PAD with intermittent claudication and considered for angiography and/or endovascular treatment were recruited prospectively, and both the leg loader and treadmill were performed. There was a strong correlation (r = 0.925, p < 0.001) between the leg loader ABI and treadmill ABI; however, the decrease rate of the leg loader ABI was significantly less than that of treadmill ABI (14.0% [5.6, 30.1] vs. 25.8% [6.1, 53.1], p < 0.001). The number of patients who terminated the exercise prematurely due to dyspnea was four during the treadmill and zero during the leg loader. There was a good correlation between the leg loader ABI and treadmill ABI. Although leg loader, a simple, safe, and easy method, could be an alternative to diagnose PAD, further studies are needed to evaluate the diagnostic value of the leg loader in patients with borderline ABI or those unable to perform the treadmill.

Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index Predicts Cardiovascular Events in Patients at Risk for Heart Failure.

BACKGROUND: The geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) is a simple and objective nutritional assessment tool for elderly patients. Lower GNRI values are associated with a worse prognosis in patients with heart failure (HF). However, few data are available regarding the prognostic effect of the GNRI value for risk stratification in patients at risk for HF.Methods and Results:We retrospectively investigated 1,823 consecutive patients at risk for HF (Stage A/B) enrolled in the IMPACT-ABI Study. GNRI on admission was calculated as follows: 14.89×serum albumin (g/dL)+41.7×body mass index/22. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the median GNRI value (107.1). The study endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular (CV) events, including CV death and hospitalization for worsening HF. Over a 4.7-year median follow-up, CV events occurred in 130 patients. In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, patients with low GNRI (<107.1, n=904) showed worse prognoses than those with high GNRI (≥107.1, n=919) (20.2% vs. 12.4%, P<0.001). In the multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis, low GNRI was significantly associated with the incidence of CV events (hazard ratio: 1.48, 95% confidence interval: 1.02-2.14; P=0.040). CONCLUSIONS: The simple and practical assessment of GNRI may be useful for predicting CV events in patients with Stage A/B HF.

Prediction of 1-year clinical outcomes using the SYNTAX score in patients with prior heart failure undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: sub-analysis of the SHINANO registry.

Although coronary artery disease (CAD) is common in patients with heart failure (HF), little is known about the prognostic significance of coronary lesion complexity in patients with prior HF undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The aim of this study was to investigate whether the coronary Synergy between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with TAXus and Cardiac Surgery (SYNTAX) score could improve risk stratification in HF patients with CAD. Two hundred patients (mean age 73 ± 11 years, left ventricular ejection fraction 49 ± 15 %) with prior HF who underwent PCI were divided into two groups stratified by SYNTAX score (median value 12) and tracked prospectively for 1 year. The study endpoint was the composite of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including all-cause death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and hospitalization for worsening HF. Adverse events were observed in 39 patients (19.5 %). Patients with high SYNTAX scores (n = 100) showed worse prognoses than those with low scores (n = 100) (26.0 vs. 13.0 %, respectively, P = 0.021). In multivariate Cox-regression analysis, SYNTAX score ≥12 was significantly associated with MACE (hazard ratio: 1.99, 95 % confidence interval: 1.02-3.97; P = 0.045). In patients with prior HF and CAD, high SYNTAX scores predicted a high incidence of MACE. These results suggest that the SYNTAX score might be a useful parameter for improving risk stratification in these patients.

Validation and Comparison of the Prognosis Predicting Ability of Inflammation-Based Scores Following Endovascular Treatment for Peripheral Artery Disease.

We assessed the prognostic ability of several inflammation-based scores and compared their long-term outcomes in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) following endovascular treatment (EVT). We included 278 patients with PAD who underwent EVT and classified them according to their inflammation-based scores (Glasgow prognostic score [GPS], modified GPS [mGPS], platelet to lymphocyte ratio [PLR], prognostic index [PI], and prognostic nutritional index [PNI]). Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) at 5 years were examined, and C-statistics in each measure were calculated to compare their MACE predictive ability. During the follow-up period, 96 patients experienced MACE. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that higher scores of all measures were associated with a higher MACE incidence. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis showed that GPS 2, mGPS 2, PLR 1, and PNI 1, compared with GPS 0, mGPS 0, PLR 0, and PNI 0, were associated with an increased risk of MACE. C-statistics for MACE for PNI (.683) were greater than those for GPS (.635, P = .021), mGPS (.580, P = .019), PLR (.604, P = .024), and PI (.553, P < .001). PNI is associated with MACE risk and has a better prognosis-predicting ability than other inflammation-scoring models for patients with PAD following EVT.

The Impact of Hyperuricemia on Patients With Low Body Mass Index After Endovascular Treatments: Data From the I-PAD Registry.

We investigated the prognostic effects of hyperuricemia and high or low body mass index (BMI) in peripheral artery disease (PAD) after endovascular therapy (EVT). Between July 2015-2016, 357 consecutive patients with PAD who underwent EVT were enrolled. Patients were divided into 2 groups: BMI < 25 kg/m2 (low BMI) and ≥ 25 kg/m2 (high BMI); they were also divided into 2 more groups based on the presence/absence of hyperuricemia. The primary and secondary endpoints were major adverse cardiovascular and limb events (MACLE), and all-cause death at 3 years post-EVT. Patients with hyperuricemia had significantly lower freedom from MACLE than patients without hyperuricemia at 3 years (57.0 vs 71.9%, p = .0068). The overall survival of patients with hyperuricemia was significantly lower than that of patients without hyperuricemia (63.9 vs 81.7%, p = .0012). Patients with hyperuricemia who had low BMI experienced significantly lower freedom from MACLE than those without hyperuricemia who had low BMI (48.2 vs 69.9%, p = .002). The overall survival of patients with hyperuricemia who had low BMI was significantly lower than that of patients without hyperuricemia who had low BMI (55.2 vs 77.1%, p = .003). Patients with hyperuricemia had significantly more MACLE and a lower survival at 3 years than patients without hyperuricemia, even if they had a low BMI.

An Infected Popliteal Aneurysm after Plain Old Balloon Angioplasty.

The case was a 76-year-old man with chronic limb-threatening ischemia. Plain old balloon angioplasty (POBA) was performed on the popliteal artery. Subsequently, he suffered from cellulitis around the POBA site, followed by reocclusion. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in a blood culture. After re-revascularization with POBA, both purulent gonitis and an infected popliteal aneurysm were observed to occur. We performed aneurysmectomy and bypass grafting with the saphenous vein and then continued antibiotic therapy. Although treatment consisted of endovascular therapy (EVT) with nothing left behind, management was difficult because of secondary infectious complications. We conclude that prophylactic antibiotics before EVT should be considered in such cases.

Early vascular response of ultra-thin bioresorbable polymer sirolimus-eluting stents assessed by optical frequency domain imaging: the EVALUATION study.

This study aimed to evaluate the early vascular response of ultra-thin strut bioresorbable polymer sirolimus-eluting stents (BP SES) using optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI). Ultra-thin strut BP SES have superior outcomes in terms of efficacy and safety endpoints when compared to other thin strut new-generation stents. However, the factors contributing to the superiority of BP SES over other thin strut new-generation stents are unclear. A total of 32 patients with multivessel disease requiring staged procedures at 1 month were enrolled from 3 cardiovascular institutions; of these, 31 were immediately assessed by OFDI (n = 31). All patients were assessed at 1 month after ultra-thin strut BP SES implantation. The primary endpoint was % of uncovered struts. A total of 1723 cross sections (17,014 struts) were analyzed at baseline and 1 month after percutaneous coronary intervention. The % uncovered struts at 1-month follow-up was 7.7% (4.0, 13.8). Furthermore, the covered strut % (88.4% and 80.4%, P = 0.013) and malapposition rate (2.7% and 4.3%, P = 0.012) were significantly different between the 60-µm and 80-µm stents. Ultra-thin strut BP SES implantation may feasibly achieve early vascular responses due to the ultra-thin struts. This may ultimately lead to lower stent thrombosis and target lesion failure rates.Clinical trial registration University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (No. UMIN000033406).

Association of the Prognosis of Ankle-brachial Index Improvement One Year Following Endovascular Therapy in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease: Data from the I-PAD NAGANO Registry.

Objective Despite reports on the effects of ankle-brachial index (ABI) improvement following endovascular therapy (EVT) on the limb prognosis, studies evaluating cardiovascular events are limited. We investigated whether or not ABI improvement 1 year following EVT was associated with cardiovascular events. Methods The I-PAD NAGANO registry is an observational multicenter cohort study that enrolled 337 patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) who underwent EVT between August 2015 and July 2016. From this cohort, we identified 232 patients whose ABI data 1 year following EVT were available, after excluding patients with critical limb ischemia. We divided the patients into two groups according to the degree of ABI improvement 1 year following EVT (ΔABI) - the ΔABI <0.15 group and the ΔABI ≥0.15 group - and compared the outcomes. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), including all - cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke. The secondary endpoints were major adverse limb events (MALEs), defined as a composite of target lesion revascularization and major amputation, all - cause death, MI, and stroke. The median follow-up period was 3.3 years. Results The incidence of MACEs was significantly higher in the ΔABI <0.15 group than in the ΔABI ≥0.15 group (ΔABI <0.15 vs. ΔABI ≥0.15, 25.8% vs. 11.9%, log-rank p=0.036), as was the incidence of stroke (14.1% vs. 2.2%, log-rank p=0.016). A Cox regression analysis revealed that ΔABI ≥0.15 was significantly associated with fewer MACEs (hazard ratio 0.38, 95% confidence interval 0.17-0.83, p=0.016). Conclusion An increase in ABI ≥0.15 at 1 year following EVT was a predictor of reduced MACEs.

Comparison of platelet aggregation response in switching regimen from prasugrel to clopidogrel between CYP2C19 extensive versus non-extensive metabolizers.

Little is known about the response of platelet aggregation in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) when prasugrel is changed to clopidogrel. In this study, we evaluated the pharmacodynamic effects of this medication switch. Twenty-one consecutive ACS patients received prasugrel 20 mg as a loading dose before emergent percutaneous coronary intervention and 3.75 mg as a maintenance dose on days 2-7 (prasugrel phase). From day 8, prasugrel was switched to clopidogrel 75 mg/day (clopidogrel phase). P2Y12 reaction units (PRU) were measured 2-4 h after prasugrel loading, and on days 7, 11, 13, 15, and 42. Eight patients had the CYP2C19 extensive metabolizer (EM) genotype variant, while 13 were non-EM. In the EM group, no changes were observed in PRU level between days 7 and 15 (136.8 ± 51.2 vs. 166.2 ± 41.9, P = 0.07). However, in the non-EM group, a significant increase in PRU levels was observed between days 7 and 15 (165.8 ± 57.2 vs. 223.6 ± 60.9, P = 0.002). However, 2 patients in the non-EM group (15%) showed high on-clopidogrel treatment platelet reactivity (HTPR) 2-4 h after prasugrel loading, and during the clopidogrel phase there were significant differences in the incidence of HTPR between the EM and non-EM groups. Ischemic and bleeding events were not observed during this period. In the acute phase of ACS, changing from prasugrel to clopidogrel therapy decreased the effects of suppressing platelet aggregation. However, this change was not associated with increased ischemic or bleeding events.

Predictive Value of Underweight Status for Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease With Claudication.

We evaluated whether underweight status is associated with poor prognosis in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) with claudication, excluding critical limb ischemia. We identified 441 claudicants hospitalized for cardiovascular disease between 2005 and 2012. Patients were divided into 4 groups according to body mass index (BMI): an underweight group (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2; n = 48), a normal group (BMI = 18.5-25.0 kg/m2; n = 286), an overweight group (BMI = 25.0-30.0 kg/m2; n = 92), and an obese group (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2; n = 15). The mean follow-up period was 3.5 ± 1.9 years. The underweight group had significantly lower levels of hemoglobin, albumin, estimated glomerular filtration rate, triglycerides, and hemoglobin A1c; higher levels of C-reactive protein and B-type natriuretic peptide; and a higher prevalence of hemodialysis. The incidence of all-cause death and cardiovascular death was significantly higher in the underweight group (underweight vs normal, 77.1% vs 33.0%; P < .001 and 43.3% vs 14.4%; P < .001, respectively). In a multivariate Cox analysis, underweight status was an independent predictor of all-cause death (hazard ratio, 2.53; 95% confidence interval, 1.58-4.18; P < .001). Therefore, promoting weight gain, as well as managing cardiovascular disease, may be important for underweight patients with PAD.

Comparison of mid-term outcomes between patients with and without atrial fibrillation undergoing coronary stenting in the second-generation drug-eluting stent era: from the SHINANO registry.

Little is known about the mid-term outcomes of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who undergo coronary stenting in the second-generation drug-eluting stent (DES) era. We evaluated the 1-year outcomes of AF patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with second-generation DES. This retrospective cohort analysis used integrated data from the SHINANO registry, a prospective observational multicenter cohort study, which enrolled 1923 consecutive patients undergoing PCI for any coronary artery disease. We retrospectively recruited 917 of these patients (mean age, 71.3 ± 10.0 years; male, 77 %) who received PCI with 2nd generation DES. The primary endpoint was net adverse clinical events (NACE: cardiac death, stroke, MI, stent thrombosis, and major bleeding) at 1 year. The secondary endpoints were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE: cardiac death, stroke, and MI), stroke, MI, and major bleeding at 1 year. One-year follow-up was completed in 871 (94.9 %) patients, of whom 85 had AF. The incidence of NACE (15.4 vs. 7.3 %, P = 0.008), MACE (10.6 vs. 5.4 %, P = 0.047), and major bleeding (6.0 vs. 2.3 %, P = 0.049) were all significantly higher in AF compared to non-AF patients. On multivariate analysis, AF was an independent predictor of NACE (HR 2.32, 95 % CI 1.24-4.34, P = 0.008). In the second-generation DES era, patients with AF undergoing PCI still have a poorer prognosis, with more thrombotic and bleeding events, than those without AF. More attention should be paid to the thrombotic and bleeding risk in AF patients undergoing PCI.