Burnout syndrome and depression in students of a Colombian medical school, 2018.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Burnout syndrome (BS) has been evaluated in few populations of medical students, and its relationship with depression is even less studied. The objective was to determine the frequency of BS in medical students of the Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC), in Tunja, Colombia, as well as its association with depression and other social, economic, demographic, and academic factors. METHODS: An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out on 182 UPTC medical students during 2018. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI-SS) was applied, with which 3 components were obtained to determine positive SB. This was crossed in the Stata 15 program for depression and other social, economic, demographic, and academic covariates with the Generalised Linear Model (GLM). RESULTS: Of 182 respondents, 51.4% were women. The median age was 21 years (20-23 years). 14% had BS, of which 48% had depression. In the multiple regression, BS was significantly associated with a higher frequency of depression (RPa = 5.54; IC95%, 2.36-13.02; P < 0.001) and the feeling of insufficient money (RPa = 4.37; IC95%, 1.95-9.83; P < 0.001), in contrast to a negative association with smoking (RPa = 0.13; IC95%, 0.06-0.30; P < 0.001) and being a woman (RPa = 0.32; IC95%, 0.12-0.82; P = 0.018). The age of onset of marijuana use was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: BS shows a high association with increased depression and a feeling that the money is not enough at the end of the month, but it showed a negative association with tobacco consumption and being a woman. Such students should be detected to provide them with adequate academic support.

Association between the use of Sci-Hub and consultation of scientific journals by medical students from six Latin American countries: A secondary analysis.

Introduction and objective: Sci-Hub is a website that allows users to download full-text versions of millions of scientific articles for free. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between the use of Sci-Hub and consultation of scientific journals by medical students from six Latin American countries. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a 2017 cross-sectional study of medical students from six Latin American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, and Peru). Consultation of scientific journals was considered as the dependent variable, while the independent variable was the use of Sci-Hub. Responses were categorized as: "do not know"; "did not use it"; "used it at least once a week"; "used it more than once a week"; and "used it every day of the month". In simple and multiple regression analyses, multivariate random-effects models were used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR), with 95% confident intervals (CI). Results: Of the 6632 participants, 38.2% consulted scientific journals and 10.3% used Sci-Hub once a week. Using Sci-Hub at least once a week was associated with a 20% increase in the prevalence of consulting scientific journals (PR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.10-1.31, p < 0.001). The variables positively associated with Sci-Hub use included being in the sixth year of medical school (PR: 2.34), affiliation to more than one academic research group (PR: 1.81), being a medical student in Colombia (PR: 1.63), intermediate (PR: 1.16) and advanced levels of English (PR: 1.23), and daily use of PubMed (PR: 1.66), SciELO (PR: 1.87), and/or SCOPUS (PR: 1.58). Conclusion: Amongst medical students surveyed from the above six Latin American countries, the use of Sci-Hub at least once a week was significantly associated with the self-reported prevalence of consulting scientific journals.

Síndrome de burnout y depresión en estudiantes de una escuela médica colombiana, 2018 / Burnout Syndrome and Depression in Students of a Colombian Medical School, 2018

RESUMEN Introducción y objetivos: El Síndrome de Burnout (SB) se ha evaluado en escasas poblaciones de estudiantes de medicina, y aún menos su relación con la depresión. El objetivo es determinar la frecuencia de SB en estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC), de Tunja, Colombia, así como su asociación con depresión y otros factores sociales, económicos, demográficos y académicos. Métodos: Estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal realizado en 182 estudiantes de Medicina de la UPTC durante 2018; se les aplicó la prueba Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI-SS), con lo que se obtuvieron los 3 componentes para determinar SB positivo, y se cruzó en el programa Stata 15 según la depresión y otras covariables sociales, económicas, demográficas y académicas con los Modelos Lineales Generalizados (GLM). Resultados: De los 182 encuestados, el 51,4% era mujeres, con una mediana de edad de 21 [20-23] arios. El 14% tenía SB; de ellos, el 48% tenía depresión. En la regresión múltiple, se asoció significativamente el SB con una mayor frecuencia de depresión (RPa = 5,54; IC95%, 2,36-13,02; p < 0,001) y sentir que el dinero no alcanza (RPa = 4,37; IC95%, 1,95-9,83; p < 0,001), al contrario que la asociación negativa con tabaquismo (RPa = 0,13; IC95%, 0,06-0,30; p < 0,001) y ser mujer (RPa = 0,32; IC95%, 0,12-0,82; p = 0,018). La edad de inicio del consumo de marihuana no fue significativa. Conclusiones: El SB sí muestra una alta asociación con el incremento de depresión y sentir que el dinero no alcanza a fin de mes, pero se mostró una asociación negativa con el consumo de tabaco y ser mujer, por lo cual se debe detectar a dichos estudiantes con el fin de brindarles un apoyo académico adecuado. © 2021 Asociación Colombiana de Psiquiatría. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. Todos los derechos reservados.

ABSTRACT Introduction and objectives: Burnout Syndrome (BS) has been evaluated in few populations of medical students, and its relationship with depression is even less studied. The objective was to determine the frequency of BS in medical students of the Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC), in Tunja, Colombia, as well as its association with depression and other social, economic, demographic, and academic factors. Methods: An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out on 182 UPTC medical students during 2018. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI-SS) was applied, with which 3 components were obtained to determine positive SB. This was crossed in the Stata 15 program for depression and other social, economic, demographic, and academic covariates with the Generalised Linear Model (GLM). Results: Of 182 respondents, 51.4% were women. The median age was 21 years (20-23 years). 14% had BS, of which 48% had depression. In the multiple regression, BS was significantly associated with a higher frequency of depression (RPa = 5.54; IC95%, 2.36-13.02; P< 0.001) and the feeling of insufficient money (RPa = 4.37; IC95%, 1.95-9.83; P < 0.001), in contrast to a negative association with smoking (RPa = 0.13; IC95%, 0.06-0.30; P < 0.001) and being a woman (RPa = 0.32; IC95%, 0.12-0.82; P = 0.018). The age of onset of marijuana use was not significant. Conclusions: BS shows a high association with increased depression and a feeling that the money is not enough at the end of the month, but it showed a negative association with tobacco consumption and being a woman. Such students should be detected to provide them with adequate academic support.

Factores asociados a la capacidad científica-académica básica en estudiantes de medicina de Latinoamérica / Factors associated with basic scientific-academic capacity in medical students from Latin America

Resumen Introducción: existe evidencia limitada en cuanto al entrenamiento estudiantil en capacidades científicas y académicas esenciales para la formación médica. Objetivo: identificar los factores asociados a la capacidad científica-académica básica en estudiantes de medicina de 11 países de Latinoamérica. Métodos: se hizo un estudio transversal de análisis de datos secundarios a través de un cuestionario autoadministrado en estudiantes de medicina de 11 países latinoamericanos. La variable dependiente fue la presencia de capacidad básica, definida como el autorreporte de capacitación y uso de al menos una de tres bases de datos (PubMed, SCOPUS, UpToDate), capacitación en búsqueda bibliográfica y lectura crítica, uso académico de al menos una de tres tecnologías de información (laptop, smartphone, tablet) y consulta a revistas científicas. Se estimaron razones de prevalencia (RP) utilizando modelos lineales generalizados multinivel de efectos mixtos (MEGLM). Se realizó un modelo anidado para evaluar la inclusión de covariables en el modelo parsimónico utilizando LRTest. Resultados: de 11.587 estudiantes, solo el 1,4 % presentó capacidad básica científica-académica. Los factores asociados de forma positiva fueron la procedencia de universidad privada (RP: 4,85, p < 0,001), estar afiliado a una sociedad científica estudiantil (SOCEM) (RP: 3,20, p < 0,001), pertenecer a grupos de investigación (RP: 2,97, p < 0,001) y ser parte de más de un grupo extracurricular (RP: 4,29, p = 0,012). Los factores asociados de forma negativa fueron proceder de Bolivia (RP: 0,05, p = 0,005), Argentina (RP: 0,06, p = 0,011) y Perú (RP: 0,14, p < 0,001). Conclusión: existe un pobre entrenamiento en capacidades científicasacadémicas básicas en estudiantes de medicina. Proceder de universidad privada y estar afiliado a sociedades científicas o grupos afines se asoció a una mayor frecuencia de adquirir dichas herramientas.

Abstract Introduction: There is limited evidence regarding student training on scientific and academic skills that are essential for medical training. Objective: To identify the factors associated to basic scientific-academic capacity in medical students from 11 countries in Latin America. Methods: Cross-sectional study of secondary data analysis, through a self-administered questionnaire in medical students from 11 Latin American countries. The dependent variable was the presence of basic capacity, defined as the self-report of training and use of at least 1 of 3 databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, UpToDate), training in bibliographic search and critical reading, academic use of at least 1 of 3 information technologies (laptop, smartphone, tablet) and consulting scientific journals. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated using Multilevel mixed Effects Generalized Linear Models (MEGLM). A nested model was performed to evaluate the inclusion of covariables in the parsimony model using LRTest. Results: Of 11.587 students, only 1.4% had basic scientific-academic capacity. The factors associated in a positive way were being from private universities (PR: 4.85, p < 0.001), affiliation to a student scientific society (PR: 3.20, p < 0.001), research groups (PR: 2.97, p < 0.001) and more than one extracurricular group (PR: 4.29, p = 0.012). The factors associated negatively were being from Bolivia (PR:0.05, p = 0.005), Argentina (PR: 0.06, p = 0.011) and Peru (PR: 0.14, p < 0.001). Conclusion: There is inadequate training in basic scientific-academic skills in medical students. Proceeding from a private university and affiliation to scientific societies or related groups increases the prevalence of acquiring such abilities.

Factores asociados a la satisfacción estudiantil con docentes, infraestructura e investigación en escuelas médicas latinoamericanas

Introducción: La satisfacción estudiantil con los programas académicos es importante en la educación médica, para crear futuros galenos competentes. No hay estudios latinoamericanos multicéntricos que determinen sus factores asociados, pare mejorar el currículo médico. Objetivo: Determinar el porcentaje y factores asociados a la satisfacción estudiantil con docentes, infraestructura e investigación en 9 escuelas médicas latinoamericanas. Métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo de datos secundarios obtenidos mediante cuestionario administrado a estudiantes de medicina de 9 universidades latinoamericanas; indagó variables socioeducativas y la satisfacción estudiantil respecto a docentes, infraestructura e investigación de las universidades. Para el análisis se usaron modelos lineales generalizados. Resultados: De 2 649 encuestados, 57 % eran mujeres con mediana de 22 años. Menos del 50 % estuvo satisfecho con infraestructura e investigación; solo frente a docencia hubo 66 % de satisfacción; Colombia fue el de mayor satisfacción con los docentes, con 82 % de encuestados satisfechos, mientras que Chile fue el país más satisfecho respecto a la infraestructura e investigación universitaria, con 67 % y 68 %, respectivamente. Estudiar en universidad privada se asoció a satisfacción con docentes (p= 0,002), infraestructura (p= 0,001) e investigación (p= 0,018), esta última mayor en mujeres (p= 0,033), pero menor en quienes sentían que les alcanzaba el dinero del mes (p= 0,001). Conclusiones: La satisfacción médico-estudiantil en universidades latinoamericanas tiende hacia la baja, están más satisfechos los de universidades privadas, tienen mayor satisfacción frente a la investigación las mujeres y menor quienes sienten que les alcanza el dinero hasta fin de mes.

Introduction: Student satisfaction with academic programs is important in medical education to create future competent doctors. There are not multicenter Latin American studies that determine its factors related, to improve medical curricula. Objective: To determine the percentage and factors associated with student satisfaction with teachers, infrastructure, and research in 9 Latin American medical schools. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study of secondary data obtained through an administered questionnaire to medical students from 9 Latin American universities between 2016-2017, which inquired about socio-educational variables and student satisfaction regarding teachers, infrastructure, and university research. Generalized Linear Models-GLM was used for the analysis. Results: Of 2 649 surveyed, 57% were women, the median was 22 years. Less than 50% were satisfied with infrastructure and research, only compared to teaching there was 66% satisfaction, Colombia ranking as the one with the highest satisfaction with teachers, with 82% of satisfied respondents, while Chile was the most satisfied country regarding infrastructure and university research with 67% and 68%, respectively. Studying at a private university was associated with teacher satisfaction (p= 0.002), infrastructure (p= 0.001) and research (p= 0.018), the latter was higher in women (p= 0.033), but lower in those who felt that the money of the month was reaching them (p= 0.001). Conclusions: Medical-student satisfaction with Latin American universities is tending downward, with those studying at private universities being more satisfied, women having greater satisfaction with research and less for those who feel that they have enough money until the end of the month.

Características laborales y académicas de los recursos humanos del sistema de salud en ocho países de Latinoamérica / Labor characteristics and postgraduate studies of human resources in health in eight Latin American countries

RESUMEN Introducción: la mayoría de las investigaciones muestran la situación de los recursos humanos del sistema de salud en países primermundistas, por lo que es necesario caracterizar nuestra realidad latinoamericana en este aspecto. Objetivo: caracterizar el tipo de trabajo y la formación de posgrado de los recursos humanos del área de salud en ocho países de Latinoamérica. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo a través de encuestas autoaplicadas sobre las características de los centros de labores y capacitaciones de posgrado que se han tenido. Resultados: de las 1.283 personas que respondieron la encuesta, el 87,1 % laboraba en un hospital (salario promedio mensual: 840 dólares), el 23,3 % también lo hacía en una clínica (salario promedio mensual: 1.200 dólares). Además, solo el 20,5 % trabajaba en un establecimiento del primer nivel de atención (salario promedio mensual: 420 dólares). El 31,2 % había realizado un curso de posgrado, el 23,2 % un diplomado, el 17,8 % una maestría y, el 5,1 %, un doctorado. Conclusiones: los recursos humanos en salud trabajan principalmente en hospitales con sueldos diferentes según el lugar donde laboran. Los médicos son los que tienen mayor remuneración, pero en el sector privado las diferencias son menos marcadas. Menos de la tercera parte han hecho cursos u otras actividades académicas culminadas hace ya varios años. Esto sirve para la mejora de las características laborales y de capacitación.

SUMMARY Introduction: Most research shows the situation of first world countries regarding human resources of health; therefore, it is necessary to characterize our Latin American reality. Objective: To characterize the type of work and postgraduate training of health human resources in eight Latin American countries. Methods: A descriptive study was carried out, through self-applied surveys on the characteristics of its work center, and post-graduate training that them has had. Results: Of the 1283 people who responded to the survey, 87.1% worked in a hospital (average monthly salary: 840 dollars), 23.3% also worked in a clinic (average monthly salary: 1200 dollars). In addition, only 20.5% worked in an establishment of the first level of care (average monthly salary: 420 dollars). 31.2% had completed a post-graduate course, 23.2% had a diploma, 17.8% had a master's degree and 5.1% had a doctoral degree. Conclusions: The human resources in health work mainly in hospitals and the salaries are different according to the place where they work. The physicians are those who have higher remuneration, but in the private sector the salaries are more similar than in the other sectors. Less than a third have taken courses or other academic activities, having been completed several years ago. This serves to improve the work and training characteristics.

Use, knowledge, and perception of the scientific contribution of Sci-Hub in medical students: Study in six countries in Latin America.

INTRODUCTION: Sci-Hub is a useful web portal for people working in science as it provides access to millions of free scientific articles. Satisfaction and usage should be explored in the Latino student population. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use, knowledge, and perception of the scientific contribution of Sci-Hub in medical students from Latin America. METHODOLOGY: A multicenter, observational, analytical study was conducted in 6632 medical students from 6 countries in Latin America. We surveyed from a previously validated instrument, delving into knowledge, monthly average usage, satisfaction level, and perception of the scientific contributions provided by Sci-Hub. Frequencies and percentages are described, and generalized linear models were used to establish statistical associations. RESULTS: Only 19.2% of study participants knew of Sci-Hub and its function, while the median use was twice a month. 29.9% of Sci-Hub-aware participants claimed they always find the desired scientific information in their Sci-Hub search; 62.5% of participants affirmed that Sci-Hub contributes to scientific investigation; only 2.2% reported that Sci-Hub does not contribute to science. CONCLUSION: The majority of Latino students are not aware of Sci-Hub.

Factores asociados al conocimiento de revistas científicas en estudiantes de medicina de Latinoamérica / Factors associated to knowledge about scientific journals among Latin American medical students

Las revistas científicas son uno de los medios de difusión científica más importantes para la ciencia, y su papel en el avance de la medicina es crucial. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los factores asociados al conocimiento de revistas científicas en estudiantes de medicina de 40 escuelas en Latinoamérica. El diseño realizado fue transversal de análisis de datos secundarios. Se definió el conocimiento de revista científica si el estudiante respondía correctamente al nombre de cualquier revista científica. Se obtuvieron valores p mediante modelos lineales generalizados multinivel de efectos mixtos. De 11 587 participantes, la mediana de edad fue de 21 años y el 53,8 por ciento era del sexo femenino. Solo el 1,4 por ciento reportó conocimiento en revistas científicas. Se asociaron a una mayor frecuencia de conocimiento de revistas científicas la edad en años (RP= 1,06; IC: 95 por ciento : 1,04-1,07); estudiar en universidad privada (RP= 1,50; IC: 95 por ciento : 1,19-1,66); estar afiliado a una sociedad científica (RP= 1,31; IC: 95 por ciento : 1,09-1,56); el grupo de investigación (RP= 1,55; IC: 95 por ciento : 1,24-1,93) y más de 1 grupo extracurricular (RP= 2,02; IC: 95 por ciento : 1,39-2,93), así como reportar nivel de inglés intermedio (RP= 2,12; IC 95 por ciento : 1,68-2,67) y avanzado (RP= 2,12; IC 95 por ciento : 1,65-2,72); la capacitación en la búsqueda bibliográfica (RP= 1,40; IC: 95 por ciento : 1,19-1,66); la base de datos (RP= 1,40; IC 95 por ciento : 1,18-1,52); la lectura crítica (RP= 1,34; IC: 95 por ciento : 1,18-1,52) y los gestores de referencia (RP= 1,32; IC 95 por ciento : 1,16-1,51). Se concluye que el conocimiento de revistas científicas parece incrementarse en estudiantes entrenados en investigación y afiliados a grupos científicos. Se recomienda reforzar las habilidades científicas-académicas esenciales en la formación médica(AU)

Scientific journals are among the most important scientific dissemination means, and their role in the advancement of medicine is crucial. The purpose of the study was to determine the factors associated to knowledge about scientific journals among students from 40 Latin American medical schools. The study was based on a cross-sectional secondary data analysis design. Knowledge about scientific journals was defined when the student responded correctly to the name of any scientific journal. P-values were obtained using generalized linear mixed effect multilevel models. Of the total 11 587 participants, 53.8 percent were female; mean age was 21 years. Only 1.4 percent reported knowledge about scientific journals. The following variables were associated to greater knowledge about scientific journals: age in years (AR= 1.06; CI 95 percent : 1.04-1.07), studying in a private university (AR= 1.50; CI: 95 percent : 1.19-1.66); being affiliated to a scientific society (AR= 1.31; CI: 95 percent : 1.09-1.56); the research group (AR= 1.55; CI: 95 percent : 1.24-1.93) and more than 1 extracurricular group (AR= 2.02; CI: 95 percent : 1.39-2.93); as well as reporting an intermediate level in English (AR= 2.12; CI: 95 percent : 1.68-2.67); or an advanced level in English (AR= 2.12; CI: 95 percent : 1.65-2.72); training in bibliographic search (AR= 1.40; CI: 95 percent : 1.19-1.66); the database (AR= 1.40; CI: 95 percent : 1.18-1.52); critical reading (AR= 1.34; CI: 95 percent : 1.18-1.52) and reference managers (AR= 1.32; CI 95 percent : 1.16-1.51). It is concluded that knowledge about scientific journals seems to be greater among students trained in research and affiliated to scientific groups. It is recommended to reinforce the scientific-academic skills essential to medical training(AU)