Diagnostic potential of protein serum biomarkers for distinguishing small and non-small cell lung cancer in patients with suspicious lung lesions.

BACKGROUND: Biomarkers play a role in identifying, managing, and predicting cancer outcomes. In lung cancer, they are used at various time points. Doubts remain regarding their accuracy for differential diagnosis and histological subtyping. A diagnostic test study was conducted. It included malignant lesions and controls with benign lesions. Before lung biopsy, all patients had the following biomarkers measured in serum (Pro-GRP,NSE,CYFRA21-1,SCC-Ag,CEA). METHODS: The predictive capacity of serum biomarkers was evaluated to discriminate between lung cancer and benign pathology. The accuracy was also assessed for distinguishing between SCLC and NSCLC and explored their ability to perform histological subtyping. RESULTS: 93 patients were included, 60 with lung cancer, 33 with benign pathology. Pro-GRP and NSE were elevated in SCLC compared with NSCLC or nonmalignant disease. The most accurate for differentiating between malignant and benign pathology were CEA and CYFRA21-1. Pro-GRP had a poor predictive capacity for distinguishing NSCLC from SCLC. However, combined with CEA and CYFRA21-1, performance improved. For SCLC, the diagnostic capacity of Pro-GRP increased by combining with biomarkers, such as NSE/CYFRA21-1. CONCLUSIONS: Biomarkers lacked the sensitivity and specificity for independent differential diagnosis or histological subtyping. However, the observed patterns in biomarker levels associated with specific histological subtypes suggest potential utility in a multi-biomarker approach or in conjunction with other diagnostic tools. This insight could guide future research to improve diagnostic accuracy and personalized treatment strategies in lung cancer.

Biomarkers are crucial for identifying, managing, and predicting outcomes in lung cancer, though they lack accuracy in differentiating histological subtypes.CEA and CYFRA21-1 were the most accurate biomarkers for distinguishing between malignant and benign pathology.Pro-GRP and NSE levels were elevated in SCLC compared to NSCLC. Pro-GRP alone had poor predictive capacity for differentiating NSCLC from SCLC, but combining it with CEA and CYFRA21-1 improved diagnostic performance.Patterns in biomarker levels suggest that a multi-biomarker approach, especially when combined with other diagnostic tools, could improve diagnostic accuracy.

Cancer health disparities in racial/ethnic minorities in the United States.

There are well-established disparities in cancer incidence and outcomes by race/ethnicity that result from the interplay between structural, socioeconomic, socio-environmental, behavioural and biological factors. However, large research studies designed to investigate factors contributing to cancer aetiology and progression have mainly focused on populations of European origin. The limitations in clinicopathological and genetic data, as well as the reduced availability of biospecimens from diverse populations, contribute to the knowledge gap and have the potential to widen cancer health disparities. In this review, we summarise reported disparities and associated factors in the United States of America (USA) for the most common cancers (breast, prostate, lung and colon), and for a subset of other cancers that highlight the complexity of disparities (gastric, liver, pancreas and leukaemia). We focus on populations commonly identified and referred to as racial/ethnic minorities in the USA-African Americans/Blacks, American Indians and Alaska Natives, Asians, Native Hawaiians/other Pacific Islanders and Hispanics/Latinos. We conclude that even though substantial progress has been made in understanding the factors underlying cancer health disparities, marked inequities persist. Additional efforts are needed to include participants from diverse populations in the research of cancer aetiology, biology and treatment. Furthermore, to eliminate cancer health disparities, it will be necessary to facilitate access to, and utilisation of, health services to all individuals, and to address structural inequities, including racism, that disproportionally affect racial/ethnic minorities in the USA.

Effect of neoadjuvant therapy on breast cancer biomarker profile.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer clinical management requires the assessment of hormone receptors (estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR)), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and cellular proliferation index Ki67, by immunohistochemistry (IHC), in order to choose and guide therapy according to tumor biology. Many studies have reported contradictory results regarding changes in the biomarker profile after neoadjuvant therapy (NAT). Given its clinical implications for the disease management, we aimed to analyze changes in ER, PR, HER2, and Ki67 expression in paired core-needle biopsies and surgical samples in breast cancer patients that had either been treated or not with NAT. METHODS: We included 139 patients with confirmed diagnosis of invasive ductal breast carcinoma from the Colombian National Cancer Institute. Variation in biomarker profile were assessed according to NAT administration (NAT and no-NAT treated cases) and NAT scheme (hormonal, cytotoxic, cytotoxic + trastuzumab, combined). Chi-squared and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to identify changes in biomarker status and percentage expression, respectively, in the corresponding groups. RESULTS: We did not find any significant variations in biomarker status or expression values in the no-NAT group. In cases previously treated with NAT, we did find a statistically significant decrease in Ki67 (p < 0.001) and PR (p = 0.02605) expression. When changes were evaluated according to NAT scheme, we found a significant decrease in both Ki67 status (p = 0.02977) and its expression values (p < 0.001) in cases that received the cytotoxic treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that PR and Ki67 expression can be altered by NAT administration, whereas cases not previously treated with NAT do not present IHC biomarker profile variations. The re-evaluation of these two biomarkers after NAT could provide valuable information regarding treatment response and prognosis for breast cancer patients.

Nischarin inhibition alters energy metabolism by activating AMP-activated protein kinase.

Nischarin (Nisch) is a key protein functioning as a molecular scaffold and thereby hosting interactions with several protein partners. To explore the physiological importance of Nisch, here we generated Nisch loss-of-function mutant mice and analyzed their metabolic phenotype. Nisch-mutant embryos exhibited delayed development, characterized by small size and attenuated weight gain. We uncovered the reason for this phenotype by showing that Nisch binds to and inhibits the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which regulates energy homeostasis by suppressing anabolic and activating catabolic processes. The Nisch mutations enhanced AMPK activation and inhibited mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling in mouse embryonic fibroblasts as well as in muscle and liver tissues of mutant mice. Nisch-mutant mice also exhibited increased rates of glucose oxidation with increased energy expenditure, despite reduced overall food intake. Moreover, the Nisch-mutant mice had reduced expression of liver markers of gluconeogenesis associated with increased glucose tolerance. As a result, these mice displayed decreased growth and body weight. Taken together, our results indicate that Nisch is an important AMPK inhibitor and a critical regulator of energy homeostasis, including lipid and glucose metabolism.

Genetic ancestry is related to potential sources of breast cancer health disparities among Colombian women.

Breast cancer health disparities are linked to clinical-pathological determinants, socioeconomic inequities, and biological factors such as genetic ancestry. These factors collectively interact in complex ways, influencing disease behavior, especially among highly admixed populations like Colombians. In this study, we assessed contributing factors to breast cancer health disparities according to genetic ancestry in Colombian patients from a national cancer reference center. We collected non-tumoral paraffin embedded (FFPE) blocks from 361 women diagnosed with breast cancer at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to estimate genetic ancestry using a 106-ancestry informative marker (AIM) panel. Differences in European, Indigenous American (IA) and African ancestry fractions were analyzed according to potential sources of breast cancer health disparities, like etiology, tumor-biology, treatment administration, and socioeconomic-related factors using a Kruskal-Wallis test. Our analysis revealed a significantly higher IA ancestry among overweight patients with larger tumors and those covered by a subsidized health insurance. Conversely, we found a significantly higher European ancestry among patients with smaller tumors, residing in middle-income households, and affiliated to the contributory health regime, whereas a higher median of African ancestry was observed among patients with either a clinical, pathological, or stable response to neoadjuvant treatment. Altogether, our results suggest that the genetic legacy among Colombian patients, measured as genetic ancestry fractions, may be reflected in many of the clinical-pathological variables and socioeconomic factors that end up contributing to health disparities for this disease.

Characterization of HER2-Low Breast Tumors among a Cohort of Colombian Women.

HER2-low tumors have shown promise in response to antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) in recent clinical trials, underscoring the need to characterize this group's clinical phenotype. In this study, we aimed to explore the clinicopathological features, survival rates, and HER2 amplicon mRNA expression of women affected with HER2-low breast cancer, compared with HER2-negative and HER2-positive groups. We included 516 breast cancer patients from Colombia, for whom we compared clinicopathological features, mRNA expression of three HER2 amplicon genes (ERBB2, GRB7 and MIEN1), survival and risk of mortality between HER2-low cases (1+ or 2+ with negative in situ hybridization (ISH) result) with HER2-positive (3+ or 2+ with positive ISH test) and HER2-negative (0+) cases. A higher proportion of patients with better-differentiated tumors and a lower proliferation index were observed for HER2-low tumors compared to the HER2-positive group. Additionally, HER2-low tumors showed higher mRNA expression of the ERBB2 gene and longer overall survival rates compared to HER2-negative cases. Nonetheless, a Cox-adjusted model by ER status and clinical stage showed no statistically significant differences between these groups. Our results show differences in important clinicopathological features between HER2-low and both HER2-positive and negative tumors. Given this unique phenotype, it is crucial to evaluate the potential advantages of ADC therapies for this emerging subtype of breast cancer.

Genetic ancestry and radical prostatectomy findings in Hispanic/Latino patients.

Background: African ancestry is a known factor associated with the presentation and aggressiveness of prostate cancer (PC). Hispanic/Latino populations exhibit varying degrees of genetic admixture across Latin American countries, leading to diverse levels of African ancestry. However, it remains unclear whether genetic ancestry plays a role in the aggressiveness of PC in Hispanic/Latino patients. We explored the associations between genetic ancestry and the clinicopathological data in Hispanic/Latino PC patients from Colombia. Patients and methods: We estimated the European, Indigenous and African genetic ancestry, of 230 Colombian patients with localized/regionally advanced PC through a validated panel for genotypification of 106 Ancestry Informative Markers. We examined the associations of the genetic ancestry components with the Gleason Grade Groups (GG) and the clinicopathological characteristics. Results: No association was observed between the genetic ancestry with the biochemical recurrence or Gleason GG; however, in a two groups comparison, there were statistically significant differences between GG3 and GG4/GG5 for European ancestry, with a higher mean ancestry proportion in GG4/GG5. A lower risk of being diagnosed at an advanced age was observed for patients with high African ancestry than those with low African ancestry patients (OR: 0.96, CI: 0.92-0.99, p=0.03). Conclusion: Our findings revealed an increased risk of presentation of PC at an earlier age in patients with higher African ancestry compared to patients with lower African ancestry in our Hispanic/Latino patients.

Metabolic pathways enriched according to ERG status are associated with biochemical recurrence in Hispanic/Latino patients with prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: The role of ERG-status molecular subtyping in prognosis of prostate cancer (PCa) is still under debate. In this study, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) according to ERG-status to explore their enriched pathways and implications in prognosis in Hispanic/Latino PCa patients. METHODS: RNA from 78 Hispanic PCa tissues from radical prostatectomies (RP) were used for RNA-sequencing. ERGhigh /ERGlow tumor groups were determined based on the 1.5-fold change median expression in non-tumor samples. DEGs with a False Discovery Rate (FDR) < 0.01 and a fold change >2 were identified between ERGhigh and ERGlow tumors and submitted to enrichment analysis in MetaCore. Survival and association analyses were performed to evaluate biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free survival. RESULTS: The identification of 150 DEGs between ERGhigh and ERGlow tumors revealed clustering of most of the non-BCR cases (60%) into de ERGhigh group and most of the BCR cases (60.8%) in ERGlow group. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed a worst BCR-free survival for ERGlow patients, and a significant reduced risk of BCR was observed for ERGhigh cases (OR = 0.29 (95%CI, 0.10-0.8)). Enrichment pathway analysis identified metabolic-related pathways, such as the renin-angiotensin system and angiotensin maturation system, the linoleic acid metabolism, and polyamines metabolism in these ERG groups. CONCLUSIONS: ERGlow tumor cases were associated with poor BCR-free survival in our Hispanic/Latino patients, with metabolism-related pathways altered in the BCR progression. IMPACT: Our findings suggest the need to dissect the role of diet, metabolism, and lifestyle as risk factors for more aggressive PCa subtypes.

Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are a prognosis biomarker in Colombian patients with triple negative breast cancer.

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is highly immunogenic and high levels of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have been associated with a better prognosis and higher probability to achieve pathological complete response. Here, we explore the potential role of stromal TILs level and composition as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in TNBC. 195 Tumor biospecimens from patients diagnosed with TNBC were included. Stromal TILs (sTILs), positive CD4/CD8 cells were evaluated. Differences in clinic-pathological characteristics according to immune infiltration were assessed. The predictive and prognostic value of immune infiltration was analyzed by multivariate models. Higher immune infiltration was observed in patients with favorable clinical-pathological features. Survival analysis showed that longer overall survival times were observed in patients with a higher infiltration of sTILs (p = 0.00043), CD4 + (p = 0.0074) and CD8 + (p = 0.008). In the multivariate analysis, low levels of sTILs were found to be associated with a higher mortality hazard (HR: 1.59, 95% CI 1.01-2.48). CD4 and CD8 immune infiltration were associated with higher odds for pathological complete response (OR: 1.20, 95% CI 1.00-1.46, OR: 1.28, 1.02-1.65, respectively). Our results suggest that immune infiltration could be used as a prognostic marker for overall survival in TNBC patients.

Androgen receptor expression and prognosis in Hispanic/Latino women with triple negative breast cancer.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype that has no available molecular targets. It occurs most often in premenopausal African-American and Hispanic/Latino women. In Colombia, its prevalence has been reported to be 20.6%. Androgen receptor (AR) belongs to the steroid nuclear receptor family and has been recently considered a potential biomarker for breast cancer. Considering the high prevalence of TNBC in Colombian women and the lack of knowledge of AR expression, our aim was to determine the frequency of AR expression and its association with pathological variables. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 149 women diagnosed with TNBC between 2011 and 2014 were included. Clinical and pathological data were obtained from medical and pathology reports. Information on hormone receptor status, Ki67 expression and HER2 was reevaluated by a pathologist. AR expression was considered positive when it exceeded 1% of nuclear staining in tumor cells. RESULTS: AR expression was detected in 41.6% of the samples. Although we did not find statistically significant differences in clinic-pathological variables according to AR expression, patients with AR expression over 50% were younger (53.92 years vs. 60.78 years, p=0.027) and presented higher Ki67 expression (64.06% vs. 47.32%, p=0.05), compared to patients with a low AR expression. The median overall survival in our sample of TNBC patients was 2.45 years. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of AR in our sample was similar to the expression in populations of European descent. We found statistically significant differences in age at diagnosis and Ki67 expression according to AR expression.

Immune Lymphocyte Infiltrate and its Prognostic Value in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) occurs more frequently in young (<50 years) non-Hispanic black and Hispanic/Latina women. It is considered the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer, although, recently, immune infiltrate has been associated with long-term survival, lower risk of death and recurrence, and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The aim of this review was to evaluate the clinical impact of the immune infiltrate in TNBC by discussing whether its prognostic value varies across different populations. A comprehensive systematic search in databases such as PubMed and Web of Science was conducted to include papers focused on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in TNBC in different population groups and that were published before January 2021. TNBC patients with higher levels of TILs had longer overall survival and disease-free survival times compared with TNBC patients with low TIL levels. Similar results were observed for CD4+, CD8+ TIL populations. On the other hand, patients with high TIL levels showed a higher rate of pathological complete response regardless of the population group (Asian, European, and American). These results altogether suggest that TIL subpopulations might have a prognostic role in TNBC, but the underlying mechanism needs to be elucidated. Although the prognosis value of TILs was not found different between the population groups analyzed in the revised literature, further studies including underrepresented populations with different genetic ancestries are still necessary to conclude in this regard.

Association of genetic ancestry with HER2, GRB7 AND estrogen receptor expression among Colombian women with breast cancer.

Background: Our previous study reported higher mRNA levels of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-amplicon genes ERBB2 and GRB7 in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer patients with relatively high Indigenous American (IA) ancestry from Colombia. Even though the protein expression of HER2 and GRB7 is highly correlated, they may also express independently, an event that could change the patients' prognosis. In this study, we aimed to explore the differences in ER, HER2 and GRB7 protein expression according to genetic ancestry, to further assess the clinical implications of this association. Methods: We estimated genetic ancestry from non-tumoral breast tissue DNA and assessed tumoral protein expression of ER, HER2, and GRB7 by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of Colombian patients from different health institutions. We used binomial and multinomial logistic regression models to test the association between genetic ancestry and protein expression. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests were used to evaluate the effect of HER2/GRB7 co-expression on patients' survival. Results: Our results show that patients with higher IA ancestry have higher odds of having HER2+/GRB7- breast tumors, compared to the HER2-/GRB7- subtype, and this association seems to be stronger among ER-positive tumors (ER+/HER2+/GRB7-: OR=3.04, 95% CI, 1.47-6.37, p<0.05). However, in the multivariate model this association was attenuated (OR=1.80, 95% CI, 0.72-4.44, p=0.19). On the other hand, it was observed that having a higher European ancestry patients presented lower odds of ER+/HER2+/GRB7- breast tumors, this association remained significant in the multivariate model (OR=0.36, 95% CI, 0.13 - 0.93, p= 0.0395). The survival analysis according to HER2/GRB7 co-expression did not show statistically significant differences in the overall survival and recurrence-free survival. Conclusions: Our results suggest that Colombian patients with higher IA ancestry and a lower European fraction have higher odds of ER+/HER2+/GRB7- tumors compared to ER+/HER2-/GRB7- disease. However, this association does not seem to be associated with patients' overall or recurrence-free survival.

Breast Cancer Health Disparities in Hispanics/Latinas.

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: Breast cancer incidence and mortality rates are lower in some Hispanic/Latino subpopulations compared to Non-Hispanic White women. However, studies suggest that the risk of breast cancer-specific mortality is higher in US Hispanics/Latinas. In this review we summarized current knowledge on factors associated with breast cancer incidence and risk of mortality in women of Hispanic/Latino origin. RECENT FINDINGS: Associative studies have proposed a multiplicity of factors likely contributing to differences in breast cancer incidence and survival between population groups, including socioeconomic/sociodemographic factors, lifestyle choices as well as access to and quality of care. Reports of association between global genetic ancestry overall as well as subtype-specific breast cancer risk among Hispanic/Latinas suggest that incidence and subtype distribution could result from differential exposure to environmental and lifestyle related factors correlated with genetic ancestry as well as germline genetic variation. SUMMARY: Hispanic/Latino in the United States have been largely underrepresented in cancer research. It is important to implement inclusive programs that facilitate the access of this population to health services and that also include education programs for the community on the importance of screening. In addition, it is important to continue promoting the inclusion of Hispanics/Latinos in genomic studies that allow understanding the biological behavior of this disease in the context of all human genetic diversity.

Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Breast Cancer Is Associated with Indigenous American Ancestry in Latin American Women.

Women of Latin American origin in the United States are more likely to be diagnosed with advanced breast cancer and have a higher risk of mortality than non-Hispanic White women. Studies in U.S. Latinas and Latin American women have reported a high incidence of HER2 positive (+) tumors; however, the factors contributing to this observation are unknown. Genome-wide genotype data for 1,312 patients from the Peruvian Genetics and Genomics of Breast Cancer Study (PEGEN-BC) were used to estimate genetic ancestry. We tested the association between HER2 status and genetic ancestry using logistic and multinomial logistic regression models. Findings were replicated in 616 samples from Mexico and Colombia. Average Indigenous American (IA) ancestry differed by subtype. In multivariate models, the odds of having an HER2+ tumor increased by a factor of 1.20 with every 10% increase in IA ancestry proportion (95% CI, 1.07-1.35; P = 0.001). The association between HER2 status and IA ancestry was independently replicated in samples from Mexico and Colombia. Results suggest that the high prevalence of HER2+ tumors in Latinas could be due in part to the presence of population-specific genetic variant(s) affecting HER2 expression in breast cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: The positive association between Indigenous American genetic ancestry and HER2+ breast cancer suggests that the high incidence of HER2+ subtypes in Latinas might be due to population and subtype-specific genetic risk variants.

Genetic Epidemiology of Breast Cancer in Latin America.

The last 10 years witnessed an acceleration of our understanding of what genetic factors underpin the risk of breast cancer. Rare high- and moderate-penetrance variants such as those in the BRCA genes account for a small proportion of the familial risk of breast cancer. Low-penetrance alleles are expected to underlie the remaining heritability. By now, there are about 180 genetic polymorphisms that are associated with risk, most of them of modest effect. In combination, they can be used to identify women at the lowest or highest ends of the risk spectrum, which might lead to more efficient cancer prevention strategies. Most of these variants were discovered in populations of European descent. As a result, we might be failing to discover additional polymorphisms that could explain risk in other groups. This review highlights breast cancer genetic epidemiology studies conducted in Latin America, and summarizes the information that they provide, with special attention to similarities and differences with studies in other populations. It includes studies of common variants, as well as moderate- and high-penetrance variants. In addition, it addresses the gaps that need to be bridged in order to better understand breast cancer genetic risk in Latin America.

Risk Factors for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer among Latina Women.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Latina women. Although they have a lower incidence of the disease when compared with other population groups such as non-Hispanic white and African-American women, some studies have shown that Latina women have a higher risk of mortality when compared with non-Hispanic white women. This phenomenon can be explained in part by the higher prevalence of aggressive subtypes in Latina women, particularly the triple negative. Such differences in breast cancer-intrinsic subtype distribution between population groups might be a consequence of a variety of risk factors differentially present among population groups. Here, we provide a full description of risk factors that might be associated with the high prevalence of the triple-negative subtype in Latina women. We assessed demographic (socioeconomic status), modifiable (reproductive patterns, obesity, and physical activity), and nonmodifiable (family history, germline BRCA mutations, and genetic ancestry) risk factors. The observed inconsistencies among different epidemiologic studies in Latinas warrant further research focused on breast cancer subtype-specific risk factors in this population.

Breast Cancer in Latinas: A Focus on Intrinsic Subtypes Distribution.

Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women worldwide. It is classified into intrinsic subtypes characterized by different molecular profiles and prognosis. The prevalence of the different intrinsic subtypes varies between population groups. IHC surrogates based on the expression of the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 have been widely used to study the distribution of intrinsic subtypes in non-Hispanic whites and African Americans, but data are limited for Hispanic/Latina women. Similarly, most studies analyzing gene expression profiles only include women of European descent. This review focuses on studies that describe the distribution of breast cancer subtypes in Hispanic/Latina women and highlights the need for more research in this population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(1); 3-10. ©2017 AACR.

Ancestry as a potential modifier of gene expression in breast tumors from Colombian women.

BACKGROUND: Hispanic/Latino populations are a genetically admixed and heterogeneous group, with variable fractions of European, Indigenous American and African ancestries. The molecular profile of breast cancer has been widely described in non-Hispanic Whites but equivalent knowledge is lacking in Hispanic/Latinas. We have previously reported that the most prevalent breast cancer intrinsic subtype in Colombian women was Luminal B as defined by St. Gallen 2013 criteria. In this study we explored ancestry-associated differences in molecular profiles of Luminal B tumors among these highly admixed women. METHODS: We performed whole-transcriptome RNA-seq analysis in 42 Luminal tumors (21 Luminal A and 21 Luminal B) from Colombian women. Genetic ancestry was estimated from a panel of 80 ancestry-informative markers (AIM). We categorized patients according to Luminal subtype and to the proportion of European and Indigenous American ancestry and performed differential expression analysis comparing Luminal B against Luminal A tumors according to the assigned ancestry groups. RESULTS: We found 5 genes potentially modulated by genetic ancestry: ERBB2 (log2FC = 2.367, padj<0.01), GRB7 (log2FC = 2.327, padj<0.01), GSDMB (log2FC = 1.723, padj<0.01, MIEN1 (log2FC = 2.195, padj<0.01 and ONECUT2 (log2FC = 2.204, padj<0.01). In the replication set we found a statistical significant association between ERBB2 expression with Indigenous American ancestry (p = 0.02, B = 3.11). This association was not biased by the distribution of HER2+ tumors among the groups analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that genetic ancestry in Hispanic/Latina women might modify ERBB2 gene expression in Luminal tumors. Further analyses are needed to confirm these findings and explore their prognostic value.

Increased expression of deleted in malignant brain tumors (DMBT1) gene in precancerous gastric lesions: Findings from human and animal studies.

Helicobacter pylori infection triggers a cascade of inflammatory stages that may lead to the appearance of non-atrophic gastritis, multifocal atrophic, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and cancer. Deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 (DMBT1) belongs to the group of secreted scavenger receptor cysteine-rich proteins and is considered to be involved in host defense by binding to pathogens. Initial studies showed its deletion and loss of expression in a variety of tumors but the role of this gene in tumor development is not completely understood. Here, we examined the role of DMBT1 in gastric precancerous lesions in Caucasian, African American and Hispanic individuals as well as in the development of gastric pathology in a mouse model of H. pylori infection. We found that in 3 different populations, mucosal DMBT1 expression was significantly increased (2.5 fold) in individuals with dysplasia compared to multifocal atrophic gastritis without intestinal metaplasia; the increase was also observed in individuals with advanced gastritis and positive H. pylori infection. In our animal model, H. pylori infection of Dmbt1-/- mice resulted in significantly higher levels of gastritis, more extensive mucous metaplasia and reduced Il33 expression levels in the gastric mucosa compared to H. pylori-infected wild type mice. Our data in the animal model suggest that in response to H. pylori infection DMBT1 may mediate mucosal protection reducing the risk of developing gastric precancerous lesions. However, the increased expression in human gastric precancerous lesions points to a more complex role of DMBT1 in gastric carcinogenesis.