Reactive oxygen species in plants: an invincible fulcrum for biotic stress mitigation.

Climate change-associated environmental vagaries have amplified the incidence of pests and pathogens on plants, thus imparting the increased quest for management strategies. Plants respond to stresses through intricate signaling networks that regulate diverse cellular mechanisms. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are cardinal towards the maintenance of normal plant activities as well as improving stress management. Plants that exhibit a fine balance between ROS levels and its management apparently mitigate stresses better. There have been very many compendiums on signaling and management of ROS during several abiotic stresses. However, expansion of knowledge related to ROS induction and homeostasis during biotic stresses is pertinent. Hence, considering its importance, we provide insights in this review on how plants signal and manage ROS upon an oxidative burst during their interaction with pathogens and herbivores. Substantial degree of molecular changes and pivotal roles of ROS have been detected during phyto-pathogen/herbivore interactions, opening novel platforms to understand signaling/management of events under varied biotic stresses. It is interesting to know that, though plants react to biotic stresses through oxidative burst, receptors and elicitors involved in the signal transduction differ across stresses. The review provides explicit details about the specific signaling of ROS production in plants under pathogen and herbivore attack. Furthermore, we also provide an update about tackling the accumulated ROS under biotic stresses as another pivotal step. ROS signaling and homeostasis can be exploited as critical players and a fulcrum to tackle biotic stresses, thus paving the way for futuristic combinatorial stress management strategies. KEY POINTS: • The review is a comprehension of redox signaling and management in plants during herbivory and pathogen infection • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an important factor during normal plant activities as well as in their response to stresses. Diverse modes of ROS signaling and management have been observed during both biotic stresses independently • Exploration of plant biology in multi-stress resistant plants like the crop wild relatives could pave the way for combinatorial management of stress for a better tomorrow.

A comprehensive review on the influence of light on signaling cross-talk and molecular communication against phyto-microbiome interactions.

Generally, plant growth, development, and their productivity are mainly affected by their growth rate and also depend on environmental factors such as temperature, pH, humidity, and light. The interaction between plants and pathogens are highly specific. Such specificity is well characterized by plants and pathogenic microbes in the form of a molecular signature such as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and microbes-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), which in turn trigger systemic acquired immunity in plants. A number of Arabidopsis mutant collections are available to investigate molecular and physiological changes in plants under the presence of different light conditions. Over the past decade(s), several studies have been performed by selecting Arabidopsis thaliana under the influence of red, green, blue, far/far-red, and white light. However, only few phenotypic and molecular based studies represent the modulatory effects in plants under the influence of green and blue lights. Apart from this, red light (RL) actively participates in defense mechanisms against several pathogenic infections. This evolutionary pattern of light sensitizes the pathologist to analyze a series of events in plants during various stress conditions of the natural and/or the artificial environment. This review scrutinizes the literature where red, blue, white, and green light (GL) act as sensory systems that affects physiological parameters in plants. Generally, white and RL are responsible for regulating various defense mechanisms, but, GL also participates in this process with a robust impact! In addition to this, we also focus on the activation of signaling pathways (salicylic acid and jasmonic acid) and their influence on plant immune systems against phytopathogen(s).

Molecular docking used as an advanced tool to determine novel compounds on emerging infectious diseases: A systematic review.

Emerging infectious diseases (EID) as well as reappearing irresistible infections are expanding worldwide. Utmost of similar cases, it was seen that the EIDs have long been perceived as a predominant conclusion of host-pathogen adaption. Here, one should get to analyze their host-pathogen interlink and their by needs to look ways, as an example, by exploitation process methodology particularly molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation, have been utilized in recent time as the most outstanding tools. Hence, we have overviewed some of important factors that influences on EIDs especially HIV/AIDs, H1N1 and coronavirus. Moreover, here we specified the importance of molecular docking applications especially molecular dynamics simulations approach to determine novel compounds on the emerging infectious diseases. Additionally, in vivo and in vitro studies approach to determine novel compounds on the emerging infectious diseases that has implemented to evaluate the limiting affinities between small particles as well as macromolecule that can further, used as a target of HIV/AIDs, H1N1, and coronavirus were also discussed. These novel drug molecules approved in vivo and in vitro studies with reaffirm results and hence, it is clear that the computational methods (mainly molecular docking and molecular dynamics) are found to be more effective technique for drug discovery and medical practitioners.

Current Research Trends and Prospects for Yield and Quality Improvement in Sesame, an Important Oilseed Crop.

Climate change is shifting agricultural production, which could impact the economic and cultural contexts of the oilseed industry, including sesame. Environmental threats (biotic and abiotic stresses) affect sesame production and thus yield (especially oil content). However, few studies have investigated the genetic enhancement, quality improvement, or the underlying mechanisms of stress tolerance in sesame. This study reveals the challenges faced by farmers/researchers growing sesame crops and the potential genetic and genomic resources for addressing the threats, including: (1) developing sesame varieties that tolerate phyllody, root rot disease, and waterlogging; (2) investigating beneficial agro-morphological traits, such as determinate growth, prostrate habit, and delayed response to seed shattering; (3) using wild relatives of sesame for wide hybridization; and (4) advancing existing strategies to maintain sesame production under changing climatic conditions. Future research programs need to add technologies and develop the best research strategies for economic and sustainable development.