Association between dental prosthesis need, nutritional status and quality of life of elderly subjects.

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of prosthesis need on nutritional status and oral health-related quality of life (OHrQoL) in elderly and to check the disparity between prosthesis need and prosthesis want in the Indian elderly. METHODS: A total of 946 geriatric participants reporting to a geriatric medicine clinic were recruited in the study. Mini-nutritional assessment (MNA), geriatric oral health assessment (GOHAI) indices, prosthesis need according to WHO criteria, and prosthesis want was recorded along with age, gender, socioeconomic status and posterior occluding pair. RESULTS: Significant associations exist between prosthesis need and age (p = 0.005), MNA (p = 0.006) and GOHAI (p = 0.000). Prosthesis demand too was influenced by age (p = 0.004), posterior occluding pairs (p = 0.000), MNA (p = 0.012) and GOHAI (p = 0.000). GOHAI was negatively correlated with upper (r = -0.445) and lower prosthesis need (r = -0.460). Participants with some prosthesis need had significantly lower MNA and GOHAI scores as compared to those with no prosthesis need. Though prosthesis need was high (79.7 %), demand was low (39.3 %). CONCLUSION: Prosthesis need affects nutritional status and OHrQoL in elderly, and a wide gap exists between need and want of prosthesis.

Clinical study to evaluate the wear of natural enamel antagonist to zirconia and metal ceramic crowns.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Tooth wear is a complex process, which, if not prevented, may adversely affect the integrity of the stomatognathic system. Different restorative dental materials may affect the amount of wear on natural enamel antagonists. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vivo study was to evaluate and compare the wear of enamel opposing natural enamel, zirconia, and metal ceramic crowns after 1 year. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten participants between 18 and 35 years of age requiring 2 complete crowns, 1 on either side of maxillary or mandibular molar region, and having healthy natural teeth in the opposing arch were selected. For each participant, 1 monolithic polished zirconia crown and 1 glazed metal ceramic crown were fabricated and cemented. To evaluate the wear of the antagonistic natural enamel (premolar and molar), polyvinyl siloxane impressions were made immediately (baseline) and at 1 year after cementation. The wear of natural enamel against natural enamel was evaluated as the control. The resulting casts were scanned (using a 3D white light scanner), and 3D software was used to calculate the maximum amount of linear wear. RESULTS: One-way repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to analyze data. Mean ±SD occlusal wear of the antagonistic enamel 1 year after the cementation of metal ceramic crowns was 69.20 ±4.10 µm for premolar teeth and 179.70 ±8.09 µm for molar teeth, whereas for zirconia crowns, it was 42.10 ±4.30 µm for premolar teeth and 127.00 ±5.03 µm for molar teeth. Occlusal wear of natural enamel opposing natural enamel was 17.30 ±1.88 µm in the premolar region and 35.10 ±2.60 µm in the molar region. The Bonferroni post hoc test revealed that the occlusal wear of antagonistic enamel 1 year after the cementation of a metal ceramic crown was significantly higher (P<.001) than that of an opposing zirconia crown or natural enamel. CONCLUSIONS: Zirconia crowns led to less wear of antagonist enamel than metal ceramic crowns, but more than natural enamel.

Comparative evaluation of effects of bleaching on color stability and marginal adaptation of discolored direct and indirect composite laminate veneers under in vivo conditions.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Change in color and loss of marginal adaptation of tooth colored restorative materials is not acceptable. Bleaching is commonly used for treating discolored teeth. However, the literature is scanty regarding its effect on color and marginal adaptation of direct and indirect composite laminate veneers (CLVs) under in vivo conditions. PURPOSE: Purpose of the study was to determine the effect of bleaching on color change and marginal adaptation of direct and indirect CLVs over a period of time when exposed to the oral environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this purpose, a total of 14 subjects irrespective of age and sex indicated for CLV restorations on maxillary anterior teeth were selected following the inclusion and exclusion criteria. For each subject, indirect CLVs were fabricated and looted in the first quadrant (Group 1) and direct CLV's (Group 2), were given in the second quadrant. Color change was assessed clinically using intra-oral digital spectrophotometer and marginal adaptation was assessed on epoxy resin replica of the tooth-restoration interface under scanning electron microscope. After 6 months, the subjects underwent a home bleaching regimen for 14 days using 10% carbamide peroxide. The assessment of color change and marginal adaptation was done at 6 months after veneering (0-180 days), immediately after the bleaching regimen (0-194 days) and 3 months after the bleaching regimen (0-284 days). RESULTS: The difference in median color change (ΔE) between the groups was tested using Wilcoxon rank sum test while the median color change with time within the groups was tested using Wilcoxon signed rank test. The difference in the rates of marginal adaptation was tested between the groups using Chi-square/Fisher's exact test. Bleaching led to statistically significant color change at cervical (CE), middle and incisal (IE) regions when direct and indirect composites were compared (P < 0.05). During intra-group comparison, direct CLV's showed significant color change at CE and IE regions when ΔE was compared at 180 days and 284 days (CE 10 vs. CE 30, P = 0.008, IE 10 vs. IE 30, P = 0.003). No significant differences were found when within group comparison was made for indirect laminates. Intergroup comparison between the groups showed significant difference in marginal adaptation at CE margin at all.time points (at baseline, P = 0.005; at 180 days, P = 0.007; 194 days, P = 0.025; at 284 days, P = 0.067). CONCLUSION: After bleaching, indirect CLVs performed better in terms of color stability whereas direct CLVs performed better in terms of marginal adaptation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Indirect composites should be preferred to direct composites as veneering materials as they have better color stability. Special attention should be given to their marginal adaptation especially in the CE region. Bleaching should be avoided in patients with composite restorations in the mouth.

A minimally invasive surgical approach for large cyst-like periapical lesions: a case series.

Various conservative approaches have been utilized to manage large periapical lesions. This article presents a relatively new, very conservative technique known as surgical fenestration which is both diagnostic and curative. The technique involves partially excising the cystic lining, gently curetting the cystic cavity, performing copious irrigation, and closing the surgical site. This technique allows for decompression and allows the clinician the freedom to take a biopsy of the lesion, as well as perform other procedures such as root resection and retrograde sealing, if required. As the procedure does not perform a complete excision of the cystic lining, it is both minimally invasive and cost-effective. The technique and the concepts involved are reviewed in 4 cases treated with this novel surgical approach.

Effect of "apical clearing" and "apical foramen widening" on apical ramifications and bacterial load in root canals.

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of apical clearing and apical foramen widening in reducing apical ramifications and bacterial load in the apical third of root canals. The mesio-buccal roots of 21 maxillary first molar teeth were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis suspension using a sterile pipette. Samples were incubated at 37°C for 72 hrs and divided into 3 groups: Group A, control group (n=5), no preparation; Group B (n=8) conventional preparation alone; and Group C (n=8), apical clearing and foramen widening in addition to conventional preparation. Bacterial counts were semi-quantitatively analyzed pre- and post-preparation. Samples were demineralized with 5% nitric acid after injection of India ink. Cross sections were obtained at every 0.5 mm from the apex to 3 mm of the root using a vibratome and viewed under a stereomicroscope at 64×magnification to locate any debris or apical ramifications. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for the statistical analysis. A statistically significant difference was observed (p value 0.006) in the number of ramifications among the 3 groups. Group C had a lower average number of ramifications (1) than Group B (2.5) or A (4). The debris score was analyzed at each level (0.5-3 mm). A statistically significant difference was observed at 0.5 mm and 1 mm between Group A and C (p=0.0041) and Group B and C (p=0.0050), whereas no difference was found between Group A and B (p>0.05). These results indicate that there was less debris and fewer apical ramifications in Group C. The microbiological study revealed a lower number of colony forming units (10(2) -10(3)) in Group B or C than in Group A (>10(5)). These results suggest that apical widening and clearing facilitates removal of apical ramifications and bacterial load within root canals.

Comparison of marginal fidelity and surface roughness of porcelain veneers fabricated by refractory die and pressing techniques.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to compare the marginal fidelity and surface roughness of porcelain veneers fabricated by the refractory die and pressing techniques under in vivo conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 72 veneers were prepared for anterior teeth in 12 participants. Veneers on anterior teeth in the first and second quadrants were fabricated using refractory die (group I) and pressing techniques (group II), respectively. Surface roughness was evaluated using a profilometer in three areas (cervical, mesio-incisal, disto-incisal) for each veneer. Marginal adaptation of all the veneers (N = 36/group) was evaluated at each margin (cervical, incisal, mesial, and distal) at 7 days and at 3 months after cementation under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) at 200× magnification. RESULTS: The mean surface roughness of veneers in cervical, mesio-incisal, and disto-incisal areas was 0.41 ± 0.25, 0.33 ± 0.14, and 0.32 ± 0.14 µm, respectively, for group I; and 0.31 ± 0.11, 0.36 ± 0.18, and 0.29 ± 0.11 µm, respectively, for group II. Intra- and intergroup comparisons showed no statistically significant values for all areas (p > 0.05). In 144 margins evaluated for each group, a visible gap was present in 15 (10.4%) and 18 (12.5%) recordings at 7 days for groups I and II, respectively. They increased to 19 (13.1%) and 20 (13.8%) after 3 months. These gaps were further broken down into percent distribution of total recordings at the cervical, incisal, mesial, and distal margins. Intragroup comparison was made using the Cochrane test. The chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used for intergroup comparison of margins, revealing no statistical difference (p > 0.05) CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of the study, the surface roughness and marginal fidelity of porcelain veneers fabricated by refractory die technique and pressing technique were comparable.

Global Perspectives of Oral Health Policies and Oral Healthcare Schemes for Older Adult Populations.

The aim of this study was to present a concise summary of the oral health policies and oral healthcare schemes for older adult populations in a number of selected countries around the world. In this paper, the current and planned national/regional oral health policies and oral healthcare schemes of nine countries (Australia, Brazil, China including Hong Kong, India, Japan, Switzerland, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States) are reported. Barriers and challenges in oral health promotion in terms of devising oral health policies, implementing oral health schemes, and educating the future dental workforce are discussed. In response to the aging of population, individual countries have initiated or reformed their healthcare systems and developed innovative approaches to deliver oral health services for older adults. There is a global shortage of dentists trained in geriatric dentistry. In many countries, geriatric dentistry is not formally recognized as a specialty. Education and training in geriatric dentistry is needed to produce responsive and competent dental professionals to serve the increasing number of older adults. It is expected that oral health policies and oral healthcare services will be changing and reforming in the coming decades to tackle the enduring oral health challenges of aging societies worldwide.

Effect of cyclic loading on marginal adaptation and bond strength in direct vs. indirect class II MO composite restorations.

This study evaluated the effect of cyclic loading on the marginal adaptation and microtensile bond strength of direct vs indirect Class II composite restorations in an in-vitro model. Forty Class II cavities were prepared on the mesial surface of extracted human maxillary first premolars and divided into two groups: Group I--direct composite restorations and Group II--indirect composite restorations. Groups I and II were further divided into subgroups: A (without cyclic loading) and B (with cyclic loading of 150,000 cycles at 60N). The gingival margin of the proximal box was evaluated at 200x magnification for marginal adaptation in a low vacuum scanning electron microscope. The restorations were sectioned perpendicular to the bonded surface into 1 mm thickslabs. The slabswere further trimmed at the interface to produce a cross-sectional surface area of approximately 1 mm2. All specimens were subjected to microtensile bond strength testing. The marginal adaptation was analyzed using descriptive studies and bond strength data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test. The indirect composite restorations performed better under cyclic loading.

Apically extruded debris with three contemporary Ni-Ti instrumentation systems: an ex vivo comparative study.

AIM: To comparatively evaluate the amount of apically extruded debris when ProTaper hand, ProTaper rotary and ProFile systems were used for the instrumentation of root canals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty minimally curved, mature, human mandibular premolars with single canals were randomly divided into three groups of ten teeth each. Each group was instrumented using one of the three instrumentation systems: ProTaper hand, ProTaper rotary and ProFile. Five milliliters of sterile water were used as an irrigant. Debris extruded was collected in preweighed polyethylene vials and the extruded irrigant was evaporated. The weight of the dry extruded debris was established by comparing the pre- and postinstrumentation weight of polyethylene vials for each group. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test and Mann-Whitney U test were applied to determine if significant differences existed among the groups ( P< 0.05). RESULTS: All instruments tested produced a measurable amount of debris. No statistically significant difference was observed between ProTaper hand and ProFile system ( P > 0.05). Although ProTaper rotary extruded a relatively higher amount of debris, no statistically significant difference was observed between this type and the ProTaper hand instruments ( P > 0.05). The ProTaper rotary extruded significantly more amount of debris compared to the ProFile system ( P< 0.05). CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that all instruments tested produced apical extrusion of debris. The ProTaper rotary extruded a significantly higher amount of debris than the ProFile.

Association between traditional oral hygiene methods with tooth wear, gingival bleeding, and recession: A descriptive cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Oral hygiene maintenance is crucial for prevention of various oral diseases. Oral hygiene practices across the country vary largely and people in peri-urban and rural areas use traditional methods of oral hygiene like powders, bark, oil and salt etc. Their effect on oral soft and hard tissues need to be studied to understand their beneficial and/ or harmful effects on maintenance of oral hygiene and prevention or causation of oral diseases. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the plaque-cleaning efficacy, gingival bleeding, recession and tooth wear with different traditional oral hygiene methods as compared to use of toothpaste-toothbrush, the most accepted method of oral hygiene practice. STUDY DESIGN: Hospital based cross sectional analytical study. Results: Total 1062 traditional oral hygiene method users were compared with same number of toothpaste-brush users. The maximum number in the former group used tooth powder (76%) as compared to other indigenous methods, such as use of bark of trees etc and out of tooth powder users; almost 75% reported using red toothpowder. The plaque scores and gingival bleeding & recession were found to be more in traditional oral hygiene method users. The toothwear was also more severe among the toothpowder users. CONCLUSIONS: Traditional methods were found to be inferior in plaque control as was documented by increased bleeding and gingival recession. Its effect on hard tissues of teeth was very damaging with higher tooth wear scores on all surfaces.

The requirement for ATP hydrolysis by Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad51 is bypassed by mating-type heterozygosity or RAD54 in high copy.

Rad51 can promote extensive strand exchange in vitro in the absence of ATP hydrolysis, and the Rad51-K191R mutant protein, which can bind but poorly hydrolyze ATP, also promotes strand exchange. A haploid strain expressing the rad51-K191R allele showed an equivalent sensitivity at low doses of ionizing radiation to rad51-K191A or rad51 null mutants and was defective in spontaneous and double-strand break-induced mitotic recombination. However, the rad51-K191R/rad51-K191R diploid sporulated and the haploid spores showed high viability, indicating no apparent defect in meiotic recombination. The DNA repair defect caused by the rad51-K191R allele was suppressed in diploids and by mating-type heterozygosity in haploids. RAD54 expressed from a high-copy-number plasmid also suppressed the gamma-ray sensitivity of rad51-K191R haploids. The suppression by mating-type heterozygosity of the DNA repair defect conferred by the rad51-K191R allele could occur by elevated expression of factors that act to stabilize, or promote catalysis, by the partially functional Rad51-K191R protein.

Association of common chronic infections with coronary artery disease in patients without any conventional risk factors.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Report from the west suggest an association of infections and inflammation with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). Entire microbial burden from several simultaneous chronic infections could be more important than a single infection in promoting atherosclerosis. No study has been done in Indian population, investigating the association of various chronic infections with CAD. We therefore evaluated the presence of markers of chronic infections in CAD patients having no conventional risk factors and healthy individuals in a tertiary care hospital in north India. METHODS: Seropositivity to IgG antibodies was investigated for Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Helicobacter pylori in 30 CAD patients with no conventional risk factors scheduled for coronary artery bypass surgery and in healthy blood donors. Periodontal pathogens were isolated by aerobic and anaerobic culture. RESULTS: All patients except one were < 55 yr of age and six were younger than 40 yr. Seropositivity to C. pneumoniae was significantly higher in CAD patients than healthy controls (63.3 vs. 23.3%, P<0.01). Combined seropositivity to both C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae was significantly higher in CAD patients with myocardial infarction (MI) than those without MI (61.5 vs. 11.8%, P<0.05). Aerobic and anaerobic cultures for the isolation of periodontal pathogens were positive in seven patients and five healthy blood donors. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: C. pneumoniae seropositivity was significantly higher (P<0.001) in CAD patients without any of the conventional risk factors for CAD. Combined seropositivity to C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae was significantly higher (P<0.05) in CAD patients with MI than in those without MI. Possibly CAD in young is not (or less) governed by conventional risk factors, and infectious agents can be potential risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis and CAD in this subset of patients.

A Novel Conservative Approach Combining "SealBio" and "Surgical Fenestration" for Healing of Large Periapical Cystic Lesions of Endodontic Origin: A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the treatment outcome of large periapical cystic lesions treated by combining two novel, conservative approaches, "SealBio" and "Surgical Fenestration". MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five cases (4M:1F, age range 14-38 years, mean age 24.5 years) of large periapical cystic lesions, diagnosed on clinical and radiographic examination, were included in the study. After informed consent, endodontic treatment was initiated; chemo-mechanical preparation and intra-canal dressing of calcium hydroxide was given. At the next sitting after one week, further disinfection root canals was done by "apical clearing", "apical foramen widening" and irrigation. A cotton pellet was kept in the access cavity. After local anaesthesia, full thickness muco-periosteal flap was reflected and the thinned out bone was removed with bone rongers, a small piece of cystic lining was excised and the cystic cavity was copiously flushed with Betadine solution. The remaining cystic lining was gently curetted and the flap was sutured back. "SealBio" was performed after gentle irrigation with saline and intentional over instrumentation. A calcium sulphate based cement was pushed in the cervical third of the canal and the access opening was sealed with glass ionomer cement. Patient was prescribed antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs for 5 days and sutures were removed after 7 days. Patients were followed up clinically and radiographically at regular intervals. CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, treatment outcome after combined technique of "SealBio" and "Surgical fenestration" was found to be highly effective in healing of large periapical cystic lesions. It was simple to perform and very conservative treatment; it required minimal bone removal, obviated the need for complete cyst enucleation, apicectomy and retrograde filling.

Age estimation of living Indian individuals based on aspartic acid racemization from tooth biopsy specimen.

BACKGROUND: Age estimation in living individuals is imperative to amicably settle civil and criminal disputes. A biochemical method based on amino acid racemization was evaluated for age estimation of living Indian individuals. DESIGN: Caries-free maxillary/mandibular premolar teeth (n = 90) were collected from participants with age proof documents and divided into predefined nine age groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dentine biopsy from the labial aspect of the tooth crown was taken with an indigenously developed microtrephine. The samples were processed and subjected to gas chromatography. Dextrorotatory:levorotatory ratios were calculated, and a regression equation was formulated. RESULTS: Across all age groups, an error of 0 ± 4 years between protein racemization age and chronological age was observed. CONCLUSION: Aspartic acid racemization from dentine biopsy samples could be a viable and accurate technique for age estimation of living individuals who have attained a state of skeletal maturity.

Prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease in a rural area of Faridabad District, Haryana, India.

An oral health survey was conducted in 829 individuals in different age groups in Ballabhgarh, Haryana, India, to estimate the prevalence of Dental caries and Periodontal diseases. A survey tool was modified from WHO's STEPwise approach to surveillance and Oral Health Assessment form 2013 from recently released WHO Oral Health Survey: Basic Methods (5th Edition) keeping in mind the South East Asian region. Out of 28 villages, six villages were randomly selected. A random list of study participants (Age-sex specific) was generated from the pooled list of these 6 villages. Local health workes helped in inviting the specific subjects to one centralized location within each village/ locality. The subjects were examined by trained dental surgeons and recordings were done by trained assistants. The prevalence of dental caries in 5-7 year, 12-15 year, 35-44 year and 65-74 year was 33.2%, 31.3%, 64.9% and 50.1% respectively. The prevalence of Periodontal Disease in 35-44 year and 65-74 year found to be 65.2% and 90.4% respectively. Only 37 participants had mucosal lesions, of which leukoplakia and tobacco pouch keratosis was seen in majority. Using the adopted tool, the prevalence of dental caries was found to be highest in 35-44 year (64.9%) age group and the prevalence of periodontal disease was found to be high in 35-44 year (65.2%) age group and highest in 65-74 year (90.4%) age group. Oral health promotion efforts are required to prevent oro-dental diseases in the studied population.

Implications of the growth of dental education in India.

By influencing the supply of trained human resources, the dental education sector can play a significant role in influencing policy goals of ensuring good quality and equitable access to oral health services in developing countries. Our research goal was to assess quantitatively the size of the Indian dental education sector, its growth over time, and the implications of this growth for equity and quality in oral health care. Information on the location of teaching institutions, the year of establishment, type of ownership, and seat capacity was obtained from government sources, the Dental Council of India, and websites of individual institutions to estimate the growth in the undergraduate dental education sector, including the role of the private sector from 1950 to 2005. Data on location of training capacity and institutions were used to assess the geographical distribution of undergraduate dental education capacity in India. Registration data on dentists, the size of available faculty relative to regulatory requirements, and penalties imposed on offending faculty and education institutions were used to assess the impact of the growing Indian dental education sector on graduate quality and equitable access. Dental colleges and enrollment capacity have grown rapidly over the five decades since 1950, mainly due to a growing private sector. There is regional inequality in the location of dental education schools in India with a bias toward economically better-off regions. The growth in the dental education sector has translated into increased overall access, although accompanied by rising inequality in access and possibly lower quality of dental education.

A regeneration-based, nonobturation root-canal treatment for fully-mature teeth: Six years' experience with "SealBio".

OBJECTIVES: To provide scientific evidence on the outcome of a large number of cases treated by SealBio over the longer follow-up period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and thirty-four teeth in 116 patients presenting with pulp and periapical disease were randomly recruited between 2009 and 2014. SealBio was performed, and cases were followed up at regular intervals up to 6-year. RESULTS: Of the total 134 teeth treated, 16 teeth could not be followed up and 9 cases failed (7.62% of cases). In only 4 cases (approximately 3.38% of cases), the failure could be directly attributed to endodontic causes. In the remaining 5 cases, coronal leakage from under the crown margins or dislodged restoration was found after 3-5 years of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: SealBio was found to be a successful, nonobturation, regeneration-based endodontic treatment protocol. By cell homing of endogenous stem cells, a biological seal rather than an artificial seal with gutta-percha and sealer cement is possible to achieve. It is highly cost saving and easier to perform, in addition to other advantages, such as retreatment is much simpler, and postcore restoration is possible after SealBio treatment.

Effect of apical clearing technique on the treatment outcome of teeth with asymptomatic apical periodontitis: A randomized clinical trial.

AIM: This study aims to compare the periapical healing of teeth with asymptomatic apical periodontitis treated either by conventional apical preparation (CAP) or apical clearing technique (ACT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty subjects with bilateral nonvital similar teeth exhibiting comparable periapical index (PAI) score were enrolled and randomly allocated. Group I (CAP, n = 20): Apical preparation three sizes greater (master apical file [MAF]) than the first binding file at the established working length. Group II (ACT, n = 20): Apical preparation three sizes greater than the MAF that was followed by dry reaming. Root canal therapy was accomplished in single-visit for all the teeth. They were pursued radiographically at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Pre- and post-treatment PAI scores were compared. To ascertain the proportion of healed teeth between the two groups, McNemar Chi-square test was applied. RESULTS: At 3, 6, and 9 months' time interval the proportion of healed teeth for Group II (ACT) was greater in comparison to Group I (CAP) (P < 0.05). However, at 12 months follow-up period this difference was not significant (P = 0.08). CONCLUSION: ACT enhanced the healing kinetics. However, the long-term (12 months) radiographic outcome was similar for either technique.

Effectiveness of an educational video in improving oral health knowledge in a hospital setting.

INTRODUCTION: Prevention of oral diseases can be achieved by preventive measures. There is an educational component associated to the preventive aspect. Health education is a cornerstone to the success of a preventive programme. Health education has always been regarded as a primary tool in imparting awareness, bringing changes in healthy behaviors and improved life. AIM: To assess the effectiveness of an Educational Video in improving oral health knowledge of subjects in a hospital setting. METHODOLOGY: The study was conducted in Outpatient Department, CDER, AIIMS. This was a cross sectional interventional study. In the present study a total of 109 subjects were considered those who completed pre and post intervention questionnaire. In order to assess baseline oral health knowledge, a-14 itemed questionnaire was specially designed, based on the contents of video and was pre-tested on 10 patients. Pre-intervention knowledge was assessed and then the 30-minute video was shown. Following this, post-exposure knowledge was assessed using the same questionnaire. Change in the knowledge score amongst the subjects was assessed pre and post-intervention (showing the video film). RESULTS: Paired t- test was used to analyze the data. Pre-intervention mean knowledge score was 9.49±2.09 which increased to 11.55±1.60 post-intervention; the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: It was found that increase in knowledge score was statistically significant after exposure to an educational video film in a hospital setting. Incorporation of video in imparting oral health education can be an effective tool in improving oral health knowledge, which can impact the oral health behavior of people and community.

Comparative evaluation of tooth substance loss and its correlation with the abrasivity and chemical composition of different dentifrices.

CONTEXT: In India, teeth cleaning with tooth powder is common in rural and semi-urban areas. These dentifrices may contain low-quality abrasives, which may have a deleterious effect on dental hard tissues. AIMS: This study aims to evaluate the tooth substance loss caused by different dentifrices and to correlate it with chemical composition, size, and shape of abrasives used. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: An indigenously made automated machine was used for brushing the specimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-four freshly extracted premolars were allocated to eight groups (n = 8). Colgate toothpaste was used as the control group. Each specimen was brushed in a vertical motion for 2½ h at 200 strokes/min with a constant applied load of 200 g corresponding to 6-month brushing. The difference in weight (pre- and post-brushing) was determined by an analytical weighing machine. Chemical analysis was done to determine the presence of iron oxide by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry method. Shape and size of the abrasive particles was evaluated under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: One-way analysis of variance and Paired t-test were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Tooth substance loss was maximum in the group brushed with red tooth powder, which was shown to contain the highest amount of iron oxide and also exhibited large, irregularly shaped abrasive particles under SEM. CONCLUSIONS: Tooth substance loss was documented to be correlated with chemical composition (iron oxide) and the size and shape of abrasive particles used in dentifrices.