Cytotoxicity Enhancement of α-Mangostin with Folate-Conjugated Chitosan Nanoparticles in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells.

α-mangostin (AM) is a promising natural anticancer agent that can be used in cancer research. However, its effectiveness can be limited by poor solubility and bioavailability. To address this issue, chitosan-based nanoparticles (CSNPs) have been investigated as a potential delivery system to enhance the cytotoxicity to cancer cells and improve selectivity against normal cells. In this study, we developed folate-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles (F-CS-NPs) using a carbodiimide-based conjugation method to attach folate to chitosan (CS), which have different molecular weights. The NPs were crosslinked using tripolyphosphate (TPP) via ionic gelation. To characterize the F-CS-NPs, we utilized various analytical techniques, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to evaluate the particle size and morphology, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to confirm the presence of functional groups, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) to measure the absorption spectrum and confirm the presence of folate. The particle size of AM-F-CS-NPs ranged from 180 nm to 250 nm, with many having favorable charges ranging from +40.33 ± 3.4 to 10.69 ± 1.3 mV. All NPs exhibited the same spherical morphology. The use of F-CS-NPs increased drug release, followed by a sustained release pattern. We evaluated the cytotoxicity of AM, AM-F-CS-HMW, and AM-F-CS-LMW NPs against MCF-7 cells and found IC50 values of 8.47 ± 0.49, 5.3 ± 0.01, and 4.70 ± 0.11 µg/mL, respectively. These results confirm the improved cytotoxicity of AM in MCF-7 cells when delivered via F-CS-NPs. Overall, our in vitro study demonstrated that the properties of F-CS-NPs greatly influence the cytotoxicity of AM in MCF-7 breast cancer cells (significantly different (p < 0.05)). The use of F-CS-NPs as a drug-delivery system for AM may have the potential to develop novel therapies for breast cancer.

Characterisation of Primary Human Hippocampal Astrocyte Cell Culture Following Exposure to Hypoxia.

Background: The present study aimed to understand the characterisation of human hippocampal astrocyte following hypoxia exposure. Based on the preliminary screening, 15 min was chosen as the time point and the cells were exposed to different oxygen percentages. Methods: The Trypan blue viability assay used to examine cell death. Immunofluorescence assay, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was used to portray the morphology of astrocytes. The hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) staining was performed to confirm hypoxia induced cell death and there was a dramatic expression of HIF-1α displayed in exposed astrocyte cells compared to the control. In molecular level, genes were chosen, such as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), GFAP, HIF-1α and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and ran the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: Microscope revealed a filamentous and clear nucleus appearance in a control whereas the rupture nuclei with no rigid structure of the cell were found in the 3% oxygen. The control and hypoxia cells were also stained with the annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (annexin V-FITC). Fluorescence microscope reveals astrocyte cells after hypoxia showed higher expression of nuclei but not in control. Merging PI and FITC showed the differences of nuclei expression between the control and hypoxia. In the molecular analysis, there were significant changes of GFAP, HIF-1α and Bcl-2 in hypoxia exposed cells when compared to the control group. Conclusion: Cells that were exposed to hypoxia (3% oxygen for 15 min) clearly showed damage. General view of human hippocampal astrocyte genomic response to hypoxia was obtained.

α-Mangostin Nanoparticles Cytotoxicity and Cell Death Modalities in Breast Cancer Cell Lines.

α-Mangostin (AMG) is a potent anticancer xanthone that was discovered in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.). AMG possesses the highest opportunity for chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic therapy. AMG inhibits every step in the process of carcinogenesis. AMG suppressed multiple breast cancer (BC) cell proliferation and apoptosis by decreasing the creation of cancerous compounds. Accumulating BC abnormalities and their associated molecular signaling pathways promotes novel treatment strategies. Chemotherapy is a commonly used treatment; due to the possibility of unpleasant side effects and multidrug resistance, there has been substantial progress in searching for alternative solutions, including the use of plant-derived natural chemicals. Due to the limitations of conventional cancer therapy, nanotechnology provides hope for effective and efficient cancer diagnosis and treatment. Nanotechnology enables the delivery of nanoparticles and increased solubility of drugs and drug targeting, resulting in increased cytotoxicity and cell death during BC treatment. This review summarizes the progress and development of AMG's cytotoxicity and the mechanism of death BC cells. The combination of natural medicine and nanotechnology into a synergistic capital will provide various benefits. This information will aid in the development of AMG nanoparticle preparations and may open up new avenues for discovering an effective BC treatment.

Ageing, Drosophila melanogaster and Epigenetics.

Ageing is a phenomenon where the accumulation of all the stresses that alter the functions of living organisms, halter them from maintaining their physiological balance and eventually lead to death. The emergence of epigenetic tremendously contributed to the knowledge of ageing. Epigenetic changes in cells or tissues like deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, modification of histone proteins, transcriptional modification and also the involvement of non-coding DNA has been documented to be associated with ageing. In order to study ageing, scientists have taken advantage of several potential organisms to aid them in their study. Drosophila melanogaster has been an essential model in establishing current understanding of the mechanism of ageing as they possess several advantages over other competitors like having homologues to more than 75% of human disease genes, having 50% of Drosophila genes are homologues to human genes and most importantly they are genetically amenable. Here, we would like to summarise the extant knowledge about ageing and epigenetic process and the role of Drosophila as an ideal model to study epigenetics in association with ageing process.

A comprehensive review on the progress and challenges of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives as a promising therapeutic agent to treat Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. While the precise mechanism behind this rapid progression and multifaceted disease remains unknown, the numerous drawbacks of the available therapies are prevalent, necessitating effective alternative treatment methods. In view of the rising demand for effective AD treatment, numerous reports have shown that tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) is a valuable scaffold in various clinical medicinal molecules and has a promising potential as a therapeutic agent in treating AD due to its significant neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative properties via several mechanisms that target the altered signaling pathways. Therefore, this review comprehensively outlines the potential application of THIQ derivatives in AD treatment and the challenges in imparting the action of these prospective therapeutic agents. The review emphasizes a number of THIQ derivatives, including Dauricine, jatrorrhizine, 1MeTIQ, and THICAPA, that have been incorporated in AD studies in recent years. Subsequently, a dedicated section of the review briefly discusses the emerging potential benefits of multi-target therapeutics, which lie in their ability to be integrated with alternative therapeutics. Eventually, this review elaborates on the rising challenges and future recommendations for the development of therapeutic drug agents to treat AD effectively. In essence, the valuable research insights of THIQ derivatives presented in this comprehensive review would serve as an integral reference for future studies to develop potent therapeutic drugs for AD research.

Towards halal pharmaceutical: Exploring alternatives to animal-based ingredients.

Halal is a crucial concept for Muslim consumers regarding consumed products, including pharmaceutical ingredients, which are essential in modern medicine. To address the issue of using porcine-sourced ingredients in pharmaceuticals, it is essential to search for halal alternatives derived from poultry, animal by-products from meat processing, marine sources, and plants. However, the complexity of this problem is further compounded by the rapid advances in innovation and technology, which can lead to adulteration of ingredients derived from pigs. Other challenges include the sustainability of alternative materials, management of waste or by-products practice, halal awareness, certification, government policies, religious adherence of consumers, food suppliers, marketers, and purchasing of products. The importance of halal and non-halal problems, specifically in the context of pharmaceutical materials, is still rarely discussed, including alternatives derived from poultry, animal by-products, marine sources, and plants. Due to the increasing global population, there is a growing need to increase awareness and concern among Muslim consumers for halal products, including pharmaceuticals. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the importance of halal and non-halal issues in pharmaceutical ingredients, the potential impact on the Muslim community, as well as opportunities and challenges in the search for alternative ingredients.

Revolutionizing Antiviral Therapeutics: Unveiling Innovative Approaches for Enhanced Drug Efficacy.

Since the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic in late 2019, viral infections have become one of the top three causes of mortality worldwide. Immunization and the use of immunomodulatory drugs are effective ways to prevent and treat viral infections. However, the primary therapy for managing viral infections remains antiviral and antiretroviral medication. Unfortunately, these drugs are often limited by physicochemical constraints such as low target selectivity and poor aqueous solubility. Although several modifications have been made to enhance the physicochemical characteristics and efficacy of these drugs, there are few published studies that summarize and compare these modifications. Our review systematically synthesized and discussed antiviral drug modification reports from publications indexed in Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. We examined various approaches that were investigated to address physicochemical issues and increase activity, including liposomes, cocrystals, solid dispersions, salt modifications, and nanoparticle drug delivery systems. We were impressed by how well each strategy addressed physicochemical issues and improved antiviral activity. In conclusion, these modifications represent a promising way to improve the physicochemical characteristics, functionality, and effectiveness of antivirals in clinical therapy.

Chitosan-Based Nano Systems for Natural Antioxidants in Breast Cancer Therapy.

Breast cancer is a major cause of death globally, accounting for around 13% of all deaths. Chemotherapy, the common treatment for cancer, can have side effects that lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an increase in oxidative stress in the body. Antioxidants are important for maintaining the health of cells and helping the immune system function properly. They play a crucial role in balancing the body's internal environment. Using natural antioxidants is an alternative to mitigate the harmful effects of oxidative stress. However, around 80% of natural antioxidants have limited effectiveness when taken orally because they do not dissolve well in water or other solvents. This poor solubility affects their ability to be absorbed by the body and limits their bioavailability. One strategy that has been considered is to increase their water solubility to increase their oral bioavailability. Chitosan-based nanoparticle (CSNP) systems have been extensively explored due to their reliability and simpler synthesis routes. This review focuses on the various methods of chitosan-based nanoformulation for developing effective oral dosage forms for natural antioxidants based on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties. Chitosan (CS) could be a model, because of its wide use in polymeric NPs research, thus providing a better understanding of the role of vehicles that carry natural antioxidants in maintaining the stability and enhancing the performance of cancer drugs.

p-Coumaric acid attenuates the effects of Aß42 in vitro and in a Drosophila Alzheimer's disease model.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative condition in civilizations worldwide. The distinctive occurrence of amyloid-beta (Aß) accumulation into insoluble fibrils is part of the disease pathophysiology with Aß42 being the most toxic and aggressive Aß species. The polyphenol, p-Coumaric acid (pCA), has been known to boost a number of therapeutic benefits. Here, pCA's potential to counteract the negative effects of Aß42 was investigated. First, pCA was confirmed to reduce Aß42 fibrillation using an in vitro activity assay. The compound was next examined on Aß42-exposed PC12 neuronal cells and was found to significantly decrease Aß42-induced cell mortality. pCA was then examined using an AD Drosophila melanogaster model. Feeding of pCA partially reversed the rough eye phenotype, significantly lengthened AD Drosophila's lifespan, and significantly enhanced the majority of the AD Drosophila's mobility in a sex-dependent manner. The findings of this study suggest that pCA may have therapeutic benefits for AD.

Chitosan-Based Nano-Smart Drug Delivery System in Breast Cancer Therapy.

Despite recent advances, cancer remains the primary killer on a global scale. Numerous forms of research have been conducted to discover novel and efficient anticancer medications. The complexity of breast cancer is a major challenge which is coupled with patient-to-patient variations and heterogeneity between cells within the tumor. Revolutionary drug delivery is expected to provide a solution to that challenge. Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) have prospects as a revolutionary delivery system capable of enhancing anticancer drug activity and reducing negative impacts on normal cells. The use of smart drug delivery systems (SDDs) as delivering materials to improve the bioactivity of NPs and to understand the intricacies of breast cancer has garnered significant interest. There are many reviews about CSNPs that present various points of view, but they have not yet described a series in cancer therapy from cell uptake to cell death. With this description, we will provide a more complete picture for designing preparations for SDDs. This review describes CSNPs as SDDSs, enhancing cancer therapy targeting and stimulus response using their anticancer mechanism. Multimodal chitosan SDDs as targeting and stimulus response medication delivery will improve therapeutic results.

Behavioural Effects and RNA-seq Analysis of Aß42-Mediated Toxicity in a Drosophila Alzheimer's Disease Model.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurological ailment worldwide. Its process comprises the unique aggregation of extracellular senile plaques composed of amyloid-beta (Aß) in the brain. Aß42 is the most neurotoxic and aggressive of the Aß42 isomers released in the brain. Despite much research on AD, the complete pathophysiology of this disease remains unknown. Technical and ethical constraints place limits on experiments utilizing human subjects. Thus, animal models were used to replicate human diseases. The Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model for studying both physiological and behavioural aspects of human neurodegenerative illnesses. Here, the negative effects of Aß42-expression on a Drosophila AD model were investigated through three behavioural assays followed by RNA-seq. The RNA-seq data was verified using qPCR. AD Drosophila expressing human Aß42 exhibited degenerated eye structures, shortened lifespan, and declined mobility function compared to the wild-type Control. RNA-seq revealed 1496 genes that were differentially expressed from the Aß42-expressing samples against the control. Among the pathways that were identified from the differentially expressed genes include carbon metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, antimicrobial peptides, and longevity-regulating pathways. While AD is a complicated neurological condition whose aetiology is influenced by a number of factors, it is hoped that the current data will be sufficient to give a general picture of how Aß42 influences the disease pathology. The discovery of molecular connections from the current Drosophila AD model offers fresh perspectives on the usage of this Drosophila which could aid in the discovery of new anti-AD medications.

3-[[(3S)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-Carbonyl]Amino]Propanoic Acid (THICAPA) Is Protective Against Aß42-Induced Toxicity In Vitro and in an Alzheimer's Disease Drosophila.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent type of dementia globally. The accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aß) extracellular senile plaques in the brain is one of the hallmark mechanisms found in AD. Aß42 is the most damaging and aggressively aggregating Aß isomer produced in the brain. Although Aß42 has been extensively researched as a crucial peptide connected to the development of the characteristic amyloid fibrils in AD, the specifics of its pathophysiology are still unknown. Therefore, the main objective was to identify novel compounds that could potentially mitigate the negative effects of Aß42. 3-[[(3S)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carbonyl]amino]propanoic acid (THICAPA) was identified as a ligand for Aß42 and for reducing fibrillary Aß42 aggregation. THICAPA also improved cell viability when administered to PC12 neuronal cells that were exposed to Aß42. Additionally, this compound diminished Aß42 toxicity in the current AD Drosophila model by rescuing the rough eye phenotype, prolonging the life span, and enhancing motor functions. Through next-generation RNA-sequencing, immune response pathways were downregulated in response to THICAPA treatment. Thus, this study suggests THICAPA as a possible disease-modifying treatment for AD.

Drug release study of the chitosan-based nanoparticles.

Recently, multifunctional drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been designed to provide a comprehensive approach with multiple functionalities, including diagnostic imaging, targeted drug delivery, and controlled drug release. Chitosan-based drug nanoparticles (CSNPs) systems are employed as diagnostic imaging and delivering the drug to particular targeted sites in a regulated manner. Drug release is an important factor in ensuring high reproducibility, stability, quality control of CSNPs, and scientific-based for developing CSNPs. Several factors influence drug release from CSNPs, including composition, composition ratio, ingredient interactions, and preparation methods. Early, CSNPs were used for improving drug solubility, stability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacotherapeutics properties. Chitosan has been developed toward a multifunctional drug delivery system by exploring positively charged properties and modifiable functional groups. Various modifications to the polymer backbone, charge, or functional groups will undoubtedly affect the drug release from CSNPs. The drug release from CSNPs has a significant influence on its therapeutic actions. Our review's objective was to summarize and discuss the relationship between the modification in CSNPs as multifunctional delivery systems and drug release properties and kinetics of the drug release model. Kinetic models help describe the release rate, leading to increased efficiency, accuracy, the safety of the dose, optimizing the drug delivery device's design, evaluating the drug release rate, and improvement of patient compatibility. In conclusion, almost all CSNPs showed bi-phasic release, initial burst release drug in a particular time followed controlled manner release in achieving the expected release, stimuli external can be applied. CSNPs are a promising technique for multifunctional drug delivery systems.

Cytotoxicity Enhancement in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells with Depolymerized Chitosan Delivery of α-Mangostin.

The application of α-mangostin (AMG) in breast cancer research has wide intentions. Chitosan-based nanoparticles (CSNPs) have attractive prospects for developing anticancer drugs, especially in their high flexibility for modification to enhance their anticancer action. This research aimed to study the impact of depolymerized chitosan (CS) on the cytotoxicity enhancement of AMG in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. CSNPs effectivity depends on size, shape, crystallinity degree, and charge surface. Modifying CS molecular weight (MW) is expected to influence CSNPs' characteristics, impacting size, shape, crystallinity degree, and charge surface. CSNPs are developed using the method of ionic gelation with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a crosslinker and spray pyrolysis procedure. Nanoparticles' (NPs) sizes vary from 205.3 ± 81 nm to 450.9 ± 235 nm, ZP charges range from +10.56 mV to +51.56 mV, and entrapment efficiency from 85.35% to 90.45%. The morphology of NPs are all the same spherical forms. In vitro release studies confirmed that AMG-Chitosan-High Molecular Weight (AMG-CS-HMW) and AMG-Chitosan-Low Molecular Weight (AMG-CS-LMW) had a sustained-release system profile. MW has a great influence on surface, drug release, and cytotoxicity enhancement of AMG in CSNPs to MCF-7 cancer cells. The preparations AMG-CS-HMW and AMG-CS-LMW NPs considerably enhanced the cytotoxicity of MCF-7 cells with IC50 values of 5.90 ± 0.08 µg/mL and 4.90 ± 0.16 µg/mL, respectively, as compared with the non-nano particle formulation with an IC50 of 8.47 ± 0.29 µg/mL. These findings suggest that CSNPs can enhance the physicochemical characteristics and cytotoxicity of AMG in breast cancer treatment.

Application of Baculovirus Expression Vector system (BEV) for COVID-19 diagnostics and therapeutics: a review.

BACKGROUND: The baculovirus expression vector system has been developed for expressing a wide range of proteins, including enzymes, glycoproteins, recombinant viruses, and vaccines. The availability of the SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence has enabled the synthesis of SARS-CoV2 proteins in a baculovirus-insect cell platform for various applications. The most cloned SARS-CoV-2 protein is the spike protein, which plays a critical role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. It is available in its whole length or as subunits like S1 or the receptor-binding domain (RBD). Non-structural proteins (Nsps), another recombinant SARS-CoV-2 protein generated by the baculovirus expression vector system (BEV), are used in the identification of new medications or the repurposing of existing therapies for the treatment of COVID-19. Non-SARS-CoV-2 proteins generated by BEV for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis or treatment include moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (MMLVRT), angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), therapeutic proteins, and recombinant antibodies. The recombinant proteins were modified to boost the yield or to stabilize the protein. CONCLUSION: This review covers the wide application of the recombinant protein produced using the baculovirus expression technology for COVID-19 research. A lot of improvements have been made to produce functional proteins with high yields. However, there is still room for improvement and there are parts of this field of research that have not been investigated yet.

Genetic Manipulation Strategies for ß-Thalassemia: A Review.

Thalassemias are monogenic hematologic diseases that are classified as α- or ß-thalassemia according to its quantitative abnormalities of adult α- or ß-globin chains. ß-thalassemia has widely spread throughout the world especially in Mediterranean countries, the Middle East, Central Asia, India, Southern China, and the Far East as well as countries along the north coast of Africa and in South America. The one and the only cure for ß-thalassemia is allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantations (HSCT). Nevertheless, the difficulty to find matched donors has hindered the availability of this therapeutic option. Therefore, this present review explored the alternatives for ß-thalassemia treatment such as RNA manipulation therapy, splice-switching, genome editing and generation of corrected induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Manipulation of ß-globin RNA is mediated by antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) or splice-switching oligonucleotides (SSOs), which redirect pre-mRNA splicing to significantly restore correct ß-globin pre-mRNA splicing and gene product in cultured erythropoietic cells. Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9) are designer proteins that can alter the genome precisely by creating specific DNA double-strand breaks. The treatment of ß-thalassemia patient-derived iPSCs with TALENs have been found to correct the ß-globin gene mutations, implying that TALENs could be used as a therapy option for ß-thalassemia. Additionally, CRISPR technologies using Cas9 have been used to fix mutations in the ß-globin gene in cultured cells as well as induction of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH), and α-globin gene deletions have proposed a possible therapeutic option for ß-thalassemia. Overall, the accumulated research evidence demonstrated the potential of ASOs-mediated aberrant splicing correction of ß-thalassemia mutations and the advancements of genome therapy approaches using ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9 that provided insights in finding the permanent cure of ß-thalassemia.

Antiproliferative effect of methanolic extraction of tualang honey on human keloid fibroblasts.

BACKGROUND: Keloid is a type of scar which extends beyond the boundaries of the original wound. It can spread to the surrounding skin by invasion. The use of Tualang honey is a possible approach for keloid treatment. The objective of this study was to determine the antiproliferative effect of methanolic extraction of Tualang honey to primary human keloid fibroblasts and to identify the volatile compounds in methanol extraction of Tualang honey. METHODS: Crude Tualang honey was extracted with methanol and then dried using rota vapor to remove remaining methanol from honey. Normal and keloid fibroblasts were verified and treated with the extracted honey. Cell proliferation was tested with [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yi)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt] (MTS) assay. Extraction of Tualang honey using methanol was carried out and the extracted samples were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The result was analysed using SPSS and tested with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. RESULTS: Methanolic extraction of honey has positive anti proliferative effect on keloid fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner. The presence of fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and octadecanoic acid may contribute to the anti-proliferative effect in keloid fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS: The methanolic honey extraction has an antiproliferative effect on keloid fibroblasts and a range of volatile compounds has been identified from Tualang honey. The antiproliferative effect of keloid fibroblasts towards Tualang honey may involve cell signaling pathway. Identifying other volatile compounds from different organic solvents should be carried out in future.

Bis(2,6-diamino-pyridinium) bis-(hydrogen oxalate) monohydrate.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, 2C(5)H(8)N(3) (+)·2C(2)HO(4) (-)·H(2)O, contains two crystallographically independent 2,6-diamino-pyridinium cations, a pair of hydrogen oxalate anions and a water mol-ecule. Both 2,6-diamino-pyridinium cations are planar, with maximum deviations of 0.011 (2) and 0.015 (1) Å, and are protonated at the pyridine N atoms. The hydrogen oxalate anions adopt twisted conformations and the dihedral angles between the planes of their carboxyl groups are 31.01 (11) and 63.48 (11)°. In the crystal, the cations, anions and water mol-ecules are linked via O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network.

N,N'-(Ethane-1,2-di-yl)bis-(4-chloro-benzene-sulfonamide).

The title mol-ecule, C(14)H(14)Cl(2)N(2)O(4)S(2), lies on an inversion center. The mol-ecule is twisted in the region of the sulfonamide group with a C-S-N-C torsion angle of -67.49 (16)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are connected via inter-molecular N-H⋯O and weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming layers parallel to (100).

Data on RNA-seq analysis of Drosophila melanogaster during ageing.

Ageing is defined as gradual decline of physiological, cellular and molecular state of an organism with time. The age-associated cell dysfunctions usually cause chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancers and other age-related diseases. Many of the genes and pathways involved in ageing are conserved in different species. These genes and pathways have been categorised into nine cellular and molecular hallmarks, namely, genomic instability, telomere attrition, loss of proteostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic alterations, deregulated nutrient sensing, stem cell exhaustion, cellular senescence and altered intercellular communication. Despite countless studies on ageing, the molecular mechanism of ageing is poorly understood. Here, we performed genome wide transcriptome mapping of ageing process in D. melanogaster. In which, transcriptomic analysis conducted on the 1 day and 60 days flies. Illumina Hiseq platform were used to generate raw data. Afterwards, further analysis including differential expression analysis, GO classification and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed. The raw data were uploaded to SRA database and the BioProject ID is PRJNA718442. These data provide the basis for future research in order to discover the genes and pathways involved in ageing.