Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in India: Findings from the national serosurvey, May-June 2020.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Population-based seroepidemiological studies measure the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a country. We report the findings of the first round of a national serosurvey, conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among adult population of India. METHODS: From May 11 to June 4, 2020, a randomly sampled, community-based survey was conducted in 700 villages/wards, selected from the 70 districts of the 21 States of India, categorized into four strata based on the incidence of reported COVID-19 cases. Four hundred adults per district were enrolled from 10 clusters with one adult per household. Serum samples were tested for IgG antibodies using COVID Kavach ELISA kit. All positive serum samples were re-tested using Euroimmun SARS-CoV-2 ELISA. Adjusting for survey design and serial test performance, weighted seroprevalence, number of infections, infection to case ratio (ICR) and infection fatality ratio (IFR) were calculated. Logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with IgG positivity. RESULTS: Total of 30,283 households were visited and 28,000 individuals were enrolled. Population-weighted seroprevalence after adjusting for test performance was 0.73 per cent [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.34-1.13]. Males, living in urban slums and occupation with high risk of exposure to potentially infected persons were associated with seropositivity. A cumulative 6,468,388 adult infections (95% CI: 3,829,029-11,199,423) were estimated in India by the early May. The overall ICR was between 81.6 (95% CI: 48.3-141.4) and 130.1 (95% CI: 77.0-225.2) with May 11 and May 3, 2020 as plausible reference points for reported cases. The IFR in the surveyed districts from high stratum, where death reporting was more robust, was 11.72 (95% CI: 7.21-19.19) to 15.04 (9.26-24.62) per 10,000 adults, using May 24 and June 1, 2020 as plausible reference points for reported deaths. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was low among the adult population in India around the beginning of May 2020. Further national and local serosurveys are recommended to better inform the public health strategy for containment and mitigation of the epidemic in various parts of the country.

Evaluation of Microscopic observation drug susceptibility (MODS) assay as a rapid, sensitive and inexpensive test for detection of tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: Microscopic observation drug susceptibility (MODS) assay has been suggested as a low cost method for rapid, accurate detection of tuberculosis (TB) and multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). METHODS: A total of 2424 samples collected from 1063 eligible patients of suspected pulmonary or extrapulmonary TB were subjected to MODS assay. Performance of MODS was compared with culture and drug susceptibility testing (DST) by conventional solid Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) media or liquid Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) culture. RESULTS: When compared to reference gold standard of positivity in either solid or liquid reference culture, the MODS assay had sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 91.3%, 98.2%, 96.0% and 95.9% respectively. MODS took a median time of 10.3 days to culture positivity as compared to 13.8 days using MGIT and 30.5 days using LJ culture. Culture and DST being concurrent in MODS, the median turnaround time for DST was the same as that for culture i.e. 10.3 days. The overall median turn around time for culture positivity and DST using manual MGIT and LJ medium was 23.6 days and 61.2 days respectively. The concordance between MODS culture and the reference susceptibility method was 97.7% for rifampicin, 95.6% for isoniazid, 98.5% for rifampicin and isoniazid. The cost of performing a single MODS assay was INR 200. CONCLUSION: MODS is a rapid and sensitive, yet simple and inexpensive test that may be helpful to enhance diagnostic accuracy, and case detection of TB and MDR-TB in resource constrained settings.

Nanoscale conductive pattern of the homoepitaxial AlGaN/GaN transistor.

The gallium nitride (GaN)-based buffer/barrier mode of growth and morphology, the transistor electrical response (25-310 °C) and the nanoscale pattern of a homoepitaxial AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) have been investigated at the micro and nanoscale. The low channel sheet resistance and the enhanced heat dissipation allow a highly conductive HEMT transistor (Ids > 1 A mm(-1)) to be defined (0.5 A mm(-1) at 300 °C). The vertical breakdown voltage has been determined to be ∼850 V with the vertical drain-bulk (or gate-bulk) current following the hopping mechanism, with an activation energy of 350 meV. The conductive atomic force microscopy nanoscale current pattern does not unequivocally follow the molecular beam epitaxy AlGaN/GaN morphology but it suggests that the FS-GaN substrate presents a series of preferential conductive spots (conductive patches). Both the estimated patches density and the apparent random distribution appear to correlate with the edge-pit dislocations observed via cathodoluminescence. The sub-surface edge-pit dislocations originating in the FS-GaN substrate result in barrier height inhomogeneity within the HEMT Schottky gate producing a subthreshold current.

Effect of extreme conditions of Antarctica on human leukocyte antigen-G in Indian expeditioners.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Immune activation and inflammation play critical roles in the stressful environmental conditions like high altitude, extreme cold, etc. Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) is a non classical major histocompatiblity complex class I (MHC class- I) protein, upregulated in the context of transplantation, malignancy and inflammation. We hypothesized serum HLA-G as a possible stress biomarker and studied levels of soluble form of HLA-G (sHLA-G) in Indian Antarctic expeditioners. METHODS: sHLA-G ELISA was performed in the serum of summer (n=27) and winter (n=22) Indian Antarctic expeditioners. The summer expeditioners were evaluated at three different time points, i.e. before leaving India, after one month ship borne journey, and after staying one month at Indian research base, Maitri in Antarctica, while winter expeditioners were evaluated at five different time points, i.e. before leaving India, and in the month of March, May, August and November at Antarctica. RESULTS: o0 ne month ship borne journey did not cause any significant change in the sHLA-G level as compared to the baseline level of the summer expeditioners. sHLA-G levels were not changed significantly in the months of March, May, August and November as compared to the baseline level of the winter expeditioners. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that the extreme conditions of Antarctica did not cause any significant change in the sHLA-G level in both summer and winter expeditioners.

Synthesis and characterization of novel histidine functionalized chitosan nanoformulations and its bioactivity in tomato plant.

The use of novel active ingredients for the functional modification of chitosan nanoformulations has attracted global attention. In this study, chitosan has been functionalized via histidine to craft novel chitosan-histidine nanoformulation (C-H NF) using ionic gelation method. C-H NF exhibited elite physico-biochemical properties, influencing physiological and biochemical dynamics in Tomato. These elite properties include homogenous-sized nanoparticles (314.4 nm), lower PDI (0.218), viscosity (1.43 Cps), higher zeta potential (11.2 mV), nanoparticle concentration/ml (3.53 × 108), conductivity (0.046 mS/cm), encapsulation efficiency (53%), loading capacity (24%) and yield (32.17%). FTIR spectroscopy revealed histidine interaction with C-H NF, while SEM and TEM exposed its porous structure. Application of C-H NF to Tomato seedling and potted plants through seed treatment and foliar spray positively impacts growth parameters, antioxidant-defense enzyme activities, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, and chlorophyll and nitrogen content. We claim that the histidine-functionalized chitosan nanoformulation enhances physico-biochemical properties, highlighting its potential to elevate biochemical and physiological processes of Tomato plant.

Heart rate variabilty changes during first week of acclimatization to 3500 m altitude in Indian military personnel.

Acute exposure to hypobaric hypoxia induces the changes in autonomic control of heart rate. Due to emergencies or war like conditions, rapid deployment of Indian military personnel into high altitude frequently occurs. Rapid deployment to high altitude soldiers are at risk of developing high altitude sickness. The present study was conducted to evaluate the acute exposure to high altitude hypobaric hypoxia (3500 m altitude) on the autonomic nervous control of heart rate in Indian military personnel during first week of acclimatization Indices of heart rate variability (viz; R-R interval, total power, low frequency, high frequency, ratio of low to high frequency) and pulse arterial oxygen saturation were measured at sea level and 3500m altitude. Power spectrum of heart rate variability was quantified by low frequency (LF: 0.04-0.15 Hz) and high frequency (HF: 0.15-0.5 Hz) widths. The ratio of LF to HF was also assessed as an index of the sympathovagal balance. Mean R-R interval decreased significantly on day 2 on induction to altitude which tended to increase on day 5. Total power (TP) decreased high altitude and tended to recover within a week. Both HF and LF power showed decrement at 3500m in comparison to sea level. The ratio of LF to HF (LF/HF) at 3500m was significantly higher at 3500m. SpO2 values decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at high altitude on day-2 which increased on day-5. We conclude that autonomic control of the heart rate measured by heart rate variability was altered on acute induction to 3500m which showed a significant decrease in parasympathetic tone and increase in sympathetic tone, then acclimatization seems to be characterized by progressive shift toward a higher parasympathetic tone.

Paenibacillus lentimorbus enhances growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in chromium-amended soil.

Chromium (Cr), with its great economic importance in industrial use, is a major metal pollutant of the environment. It affects soil microbial activity and soil fertility, resulting in losses in yield of plants. Paenibacillus lentimorbus B-30488(r) (B-30488(r)) tolerated 200 µg ml(-1) of Cr under in vitro conditions and produced the plant growth promoting substance indole acetic acid in the presence of Cr. Our in vitro study indicates enhancement in B-30488(r) biofilm formation by sodium alginate (SA) and calcium chloride (CaCl(2)) both in absence and presence of supplemented Cr(VI) as compared to unsupplemented control. The plant growth promoting effects caused by the B-30488(r) biofilm in rhizosphere of chickpea under Cr(VI) stress suggests a phytoprotective role of B-30488(r) biofilm. Our study reflects the multifarious role of strain B-30488(r) and presents it as a potent plant growth promoting and bioremediation agent useful in Cr-contaminated rhizosphere soil, whereby the SA and CaCl(2) induced B-30488(r) biofilm on plant root acts as a shield in preventing the direct access of toxic Cr to plant tissues, thus reducing its uptake in plants.

Site specific toxicological risk from fluoride exposure through ingestion of vegetables and cereal crops in Unnao district, Uttar Pradesh, India.

A study was carried out to assess toxicological risk from the fluoride (F) exposure due to ingestion of vegetables and cereal crops such as rice and wheat grown in potentially fluoridated area (brick kiln and sodic areas), of different age groups in Unnao district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Fluoride contents in vegetables and cereal were found to be in the order brick kiln sites>sodic sites>normal sites. Among vegetables maximum F concentration was found in spinach and mint, whereas in cereal crops, wheat accumulated more F than rice. The exposure dose of F was determined using estimated daily intake (EDI) and bio-concentration factor (BCF) of F. The children of age group 3-14 years in the potentially fluoridated area were found to be at the risk of fluorosis. The mean BCF value of F was the highest in mint (36.6 mg/kg(dwt) plant/mg/kg(dwt) soil), followed by spinach (33.99 mg/kg(dwt) plant.mg/kg(dwt) soil).

Potential fluoride contamination in the drinking water of Marks Nagar, Unnao district, Uttar Pradesh, India.

This study was conducted in the summer season (May, 2007). The fluoride concentration along with other physico-chemical parameters in ground water samples was determined in Marks Nagar of Unnao district, Uttar Pradesh (India), since it is the only source of drinking water for the villagers. The fluoride concentration in the water varied from 0.8 to 13.9 mgl(-1) with a mean of 4.02 mgl(-1). The correlation analysis revealed that fluoride had a positive correlation with pH, CO(3), HCO(3), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), whereas a negative correlation with Ca and Mg was found. A soil profile was also dug in the area to assess depth-wise fluoride content in the soil. The soil samples and underneath calcium carbonate (CaCO(3)) concretion were analyzed for fluoride content. The percent of soluble fluoride to total fluoride in the soil varied from 25.15 to 4.76% down the soil profile. The soluble fluoride was found to decrease with the increase in the clay content in the soil. The total leachable fluoride in CaCO(3) concretions was found to be 6.08%. It was inferred from this study that the soil and underneath layer of CaCO(3) concretions may be the potential source of fluoride contamination in the shallow drinking water sources of the area.

nSARS-Cov-2, pulmonary edema and thrombosis: possible molecular insights using miRNA-gene circuits in regulatory networks.

BACKGROUND: Given the worldwide spread of the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (nSARS-CoV-2) infection pandemic situation, research to repurpose drugs, identify novel drug targets, vaccine candidates have created a new race to curb the disease. While the molecular signature of nSARS-CoV-2 is still under investigation, growing literature shows similarity among nSARS-CoV-2, pulmonary edema, and thromboembolic disorders due to common symptomatic features. A network medicine approach is used to to explore the molecular complexity of the disease and to uncover common molecular trajectories of edema and thrombosis with nSARS-CoV-2. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A comprehensive nSARS-CoV-2 responsive miRNA: Transcription Factor (TF): gene co-regulatory network was built using host-responsive miRNAs and it's associated tripartite, Feed-Forward Loops (FFLs) regulatory circuits were identified. These regulatory circuits regulate signaling pathways like virus endocytosis, viral replication, inflammatory response, pulmonary vascularization, cell cycle control, virus spike protein stabilization, antigen presentation, etc. A unique miRNA-gene regulatory circuit containing a consortium of four hub FFL motifs is proposed to regulate the virus-endocytosis and antigen-presentation signaling pathways. These regulatory circuits also suggest potential correlations/similarity in the molecular mechanisms during nSARS-CoV-2 infection, pulmonary diseases and thromboembolic disorders and thus could pave way for repurposing of drugs. Some important miRNAs and genes have also been proposed as potential candidate markers. A detailed molecular snapshot of TGF signaling as the common pathway, that could play an important role in controlling common pathophysiologies among diseases, is also put forth. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s41544-020-00057-y.

Fluoride occurrence and assessment of exposure dose of fluoride in shallow aquifers of Makur, Unnao district Uttar Pradesh, India.

The water samples from the shallow aquifers of Makur, Unnao district, Uttar Pradesh, was analyzed for fluoride content (F( - )) and other water quality parameters such as pH, EC, CO(3) (2-), HCO(3) (-), Cl( - ), Na( + ), Ca(2 + ), Mg(2 + ) and RSC. It was found that the F( - ) concentration of water varied between 1.05 to 13.9 mgl( - 1) which exceeded the maximum desirable limits of 1.0 mgl( - 1) of F( - ) as laid down by BIS and 68% of water exceeded maximum permissible limits of 1.5 mgl( - 1) as prescribed by WHO. The correlation study of fluoride indicated that F( - ) has a significant (p < 0.05) positive relationship with pH (r = +0.59) and RSC (r = 0.54), while a significant negative correlation with Ca+Mg (r = -0.53) and Mg (r = -0.49). The exposure doses of fluoride in infants was found between 0.35 to 3.26 mg kg( - 1)day( - 1) (if dug well water was used) whereas 0.36 to 4.63 mg kg( - 1)day( - 1) (when shallow hand pumps) The exposure doses of water in case of children (20 kg body weight) varied between 0.157 to 1.47 mg kg( - 1)day( - 1) (for dugwell) and 0.162 to 2.08 mg kg( - 1)day( - 1) (for shallow hand pumps) whereas in case of adults (70 kg body weight), it varied between 0.09 to 0.839 mg kg( - 1)day( - 1) (for dugwell) and 0.092 to 1.19 mg kg( - 1)day( - 1) (shallow hand pumps) which is quite high against the standard value of 0.05 mg/kg/day which is the minimum risk level (MRL) calculated by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). The maximum exposure dose to fluoride for adults in the study area found to be 23.8 times higher than the ATSDR's MRL.

Nickel toxicity on seed germination and growth in radish (Raphanus sativus) and its recovery using copper and boron.

Effect of various concentrations of nickel (100, 200, 500 and 1000 microM) and recovery treatments of boron (50 and 100 microM) and copper (15 and 75 microM) each with 200 microM and 500 microM of nickel on germination, growth, biomass, chlorophyll, carotenoids, pheophytin, amylase, protein, sugar as well as activity of catalase and peroxidase were studied in radish (Raphanus sativus cv. Early menu) seedlings. Nickel treatments caused a considerable reduction in germination percentage, growth and biomass. The different pigments were also decreased with nickel treatments. However boron addition with nickel recovered the negative effect on pigment contents. Among biochemical estimations, amylase activity and total proteins were found to be reduced in nickel treatments. Peroxidase and catalase activity were induced other than higher total sugar with nickel treatments. The combination of nickel with boron resulted into increased protein contents. This combination also reduced the catalase and peroxidase activity. The influence of nickel with copper failed to produce significant recovery except 200 microM nickel in combination with 15 microM copper with regard to catalase and peroxidase activity. The effect of nickel on hydrolyzing enzyme amylase was observed to be inhibitory resulting into poor germination followed by poor seedlings growth. The stress protecting enzymes peroxidase and catalase seem to be induced under the influence of nickel, and providing protection to the seedlings. The application of boron with nickel showed improved germination and growth. The level of catalase and peroxidase were found to be significantly reduced showing normal growth and biomass of seedlings.

Phytotoxic effects of chromium and tannery effluent on growth and metabolism of Phaseolus mungo Roxb.

The various dilution levels of treated tannery effluent (T.E.) (10, 25, 50 and 100%) and Cr6+ (0.5, 2.0, 5.0 and 10 ppm) were used in experiment to know their effect on seed germination, seedling growth, pigments and enzymes content in Black gram (Phaseolus mungo Roxb.). Chromium is known as the main toxic component of tannery effluent so its various concentration were given to know their effects. For the recovery of plant damage, protective value of 10 and 25 ppm of zinc, potassium and iron sulphate were also given with 50% treated tannery effluent and 10 ppm Cr6+ levels in separate petridishes. The different concentrations of tannery effluent and Cr6+ showed significant reduction in germination percentage, seedling growth (plumule and radicle length, number of lateral roots, fresh and dry weight, and moisture %) and pigments (chlorophyll, pheophytin and carotenoids) with increase in concentrations. The lower doses of tannery effluent (10%) and Cr6+ (0.5, 2 and 5 ppm) slightly increases the pigments concentration. The amylase activity and total sugar contents were also significantly decreased while catalase and peroxidase activity showed significant increase with rise in concentrations of treatments. The lower concentrations of tannery effluent (dilution 10 and 25%) and Cr6+ (0.5 and 2 ppm) showed significant increase in total protein contents while decrease at higher concentrations. The zinc, potassium and iron treatments led to recover the damage caused by chromium and tannery effluent in all parameters. In recovery treatments zinc showed highest and significant recovery in maximum parameters. Iron also showed almost similar effect to the zinc while potassium showed minimum recovery.

Response of spinach (Spinacea oleracea) to the added fluoride in an alkaline soil.

The influence of soil contamination by inorganic fluoride (NaF) on the uptake and accumulation of fluoride in the shoot and root of spinach (Spinacea oleracea) was investigated in pot experiment under controlled conditions. The soluble fluoride in soil varied between 2.57 mgkg(-1) soil and 16.44 mgkg(-1) soil in the treatment range of 0-800 mgNaF kg(-1) soil. It was found that the concentration of the total fluoride in shoot and root varied between 23.5 mgkg(-1) dry wt. (control) and 219.8 mgkg(-1) dry wt. (at 800 mgNaF kg(-1) soil). The fluoride concentration in shoot and root showed a linear trend. At the added fluoride concentration beyond 200 mgNaF kg(-1) of soil, the spinach root retained more fluoride than shoot. In the treatment range 0-800 mgNaF kg(-1) soil, the water labile fluoride in the juice varied from 0.32 to 0.78 ppm in shoot and 1.03 to 2.79 ppm in the root. No visible symptom of phyto-toxicity was noticed with the treatment from 0 to 800 mgNaF kg(-1) soil. It was inferred from this study that spinach (S. oleracea) accumulates fluoride at tissues level and has a distinct mechanism of partitioning of water labile fluoride and total fluoride in the tissues.

Impact of copper on haematological profile of freshwater fish, Channa punctatus.

The present study was to evaluate heavy metal toxicity stress symptoms in fish blood during long-term exposure of sublethal concentration of copper sulphate (CuSO4). The effects of copper on various heamatological parameters were evaluated exposing Indian fresh water fish, Channa punctatus to a sub-lethal concentration of copper sulphate (0.36 mg l(-1)) for different periods. Exposure of fish to copper showed a significant decrease in the haemoglobin (Hb) content from 10.73 to 6.60%, red blood cells (RBC) from 2.86 to 1.84 x 10(6)/mm3 and packed cell volume (PCV) from 31.00 to 23.33% at the end of 45th day as compared to control. Whereas the white blood cells (WBC) increased from 60.00 to 92.48 x10(3)/mm3, clotting time (CT) from 27.66 to 43.00 second, erythrocyte sedimentation rate from 5.0 to 13.66 mm/hr and mean corpuscular volume from 108.11 to 126.85 cmu, significantly, with increase in exposure periods. Although mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) values showed significant increase during 15 and 30 days exposures, both the values were found significantly increased at the end of the experimental period. The differential leucocytes count (DLC) showed a significant increase in the populations of lymphocytes and eosinophils, whereas neutrophils, monocytes and basophiles were found decreased after exposure to copper.

Overlap Syndrome with Rowell's Syndrome, Antiphospholipid Syndrome, Primary Sterility, and Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Case Report, Brief Review, and Analysis of Cases of Rowell's Syndrome Reported from India and Abroad.

Rowell's syndrome (RS) is recognized since 1963 as a presentation of lupus erythematosus (LE) with erythema multiforme-like lesions and characteristic immunological changes. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) encompasses antibodies to phospholipids/phospholipid-binding cofactor proteins and/or circulating lupus anticoagulant with clinical manifestations of thrombosis such as recurrent spontaneous abortions, etc. A 32-year-old female with primary infertility since marriage (7 years) and sequential appearance, for the past 6 months, of various lupus-specific cutaneous lesions, "targetoid" lesions on palms, musculoskeletal, ocular and auditory (sensorineural hearing loss [SNHL]) complaints with positive serological profile for SMD-1, SS-A/Ro, SS-B/La, U1-snRNP, Ku, antiphospholipid and anticardiolipin antibodies, and histopathologically confirmed LE is presented as a case of concurrent overlap syndrome, RS and APS, primary infertility, and SNHL. A brief review of RS including analysis of data of cases reported from India hereto vis-a-vis that of cases worldwide up to 2012 has also been done.

Role of miRNAs in hypoxia-related disorders.

Hypoxia is a complex pathophysiological condition. The physiological and molecular responses to this stress have been extensively studied. However, the management of its ill effects still poses a challenge to clinicians. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNA molecules that control post-transcriptional gene expression. The regulatory role of miRNAs in hypoxic environments has been studied in many hypoxia-related disorders, however a comprehensive compilation and analysis of all data and the significance of miRNAs in hypoxia adaption is still lacking. This review summarizes the miRNAs related to various hypoxia-related disorders and highlights the computational approaches to study them. This would help in designing novel strategies toward efficient management of hypoxia-related disorders.

Metabolic syndrome in vitiligo patients among a semi-urban Maharashtrian population: A case control study.

AIM: To assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its correlation with the severity and duration of vitiligo. METHODS: One hundred vitiligo patients and 100 age-and-sex matched controls were included, whose waist circumference and blood pressure were measured; fasting serum cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose levels quantified; disease severity assessed and metabolic syndrome defined by National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) criteria. RESULTS: Metabolic syndrome (24%:12%), hypertriglyceridemia (41%:24%), impaired glucose tolerance (25%:16%) [P<0.05] and low HDL (P=0.044) were significantly more prevalent in cases as compared to controls as were the mean values of triglycerides and fasting blood sugar. Increased mean age of vitiligo patients correlated with the presence of metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION: Metabolic syndrome had significant presence in but remained unaffected by the severity of vitiligo in our study patients.