Metalloid transporters in plants: bridging the gap in molecular structure and physiological exaptation.

The rhizosphere contains both essential nutrients and potentially harmful substances for plant growth. Plants, as sessile organisms, must efficiently absorb the necessary nutrients while actively avoiding the uptake of toxic compounds. Metalloids, which are elements that exhibit properties of both metals and nonmetals, can have different effects on plant growth, ranging from being essential and beneficial to being toxic. The toxicity of metalloids in plants arises due to either the dosage of exposure or the specific elemental type. To utilize or detoxify these elements, plants have developed various transporters that regulate their uptake and distribution in plants. Arguably, genomic sequence analysis suggests the presence of such transporter families throughout the plant kingdom, from chlorophytes to higher plants. These transporters form defined families with related transport preferences. The isoforms within these families have evolved with specialized functions regulated by defined selectivity. Hence, understanding transporters' chemistry to atomic detail is important to achieve desired genetic modifications for crop improvement. Here, we outline various adaptations in plant transport systems to deal with metalloids, including their uptake, distribution, detoxification, and homeostasis in plant tissues. Structural parallels are drawn to other nutrient transporter systems to support emerging themes of functional diversity of active sites of transporters, elucidating adaptations of plants to utilize and extrude metalloid concentrations. Considering the observed physiological importance of metalloids, this review intends to highlight the shared and disparate features in metalloid transport systems and their corresponding nutrient transporters.

Fluorescence Study of Pr3+ Doped CdS Nanoparticles and its Applications in Sensors and Detectors.

Fluorescence spectra of Pr3+ doped CdS nanoparticles, synthesized by chemical precipitation method, have been recorded at room temperature. The synthesized particles are nearly spherical shaped and the grain size is decreased with the increase in Pr3+ concentration. The chemical identity of the nanoparticles was confirmed by EDAX spectrum, the absorption peaks was confirmed by FTIR spectrum and then the recorded values were compared with the CIE diagram. The oscillator strengths of the 4f ↔ 4I transitions are parameterized in terms of three phenomenological Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Ωλ (λ = 2, 4 and 6). Using the fluorescence data and these Ωλ parameters, theoretical and experimental study of various radiative properties viz., spontaneous emission probability (A), radiative life time , fluorescence branching ratio and stimulated emission cross-section were evaluated. The values of these parameters indicate that 3P0→ 3H4 transition can be considered to be good laser transition in the visible colour region. Also, excitation with 493 nm, leads to similar blue regions. The synthesized Pr3+ doped CdS nanomaterials could be useful for sensing and detecting devices, particularly for temperature sensing measurement and bio-sensing detection.

Recent temporal trends, characteristics and outcomes of patients with non-COVID-19 community-acquired pneumonia at two tertiary hospitals in Australia: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) leads to considerable morbidity and mortality globally. However, data on CAP burden in Australia, especially during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, are limited. AIMS: We characterised and assessed clinical outcomes of non-COVID-19 CAP hospitalisations over a 6-year period at two major hospitals in South Australia. METHODS: All non-COVID-19 CAP hospitalisations were identified using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth revision, Australian modification (ICD-10-AM) codes, between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2023, at two tertiary hospitals in Adelaide. Clinical outcomes included in-hospital and 30-day mortality, length of stay (LOS) in, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and 30-day readmissions. Multilevel regression models were utilised to identify predictors of clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Over the 6-year period, there were 7853 non-COVID-19 CAP hospitalisations, with a temporal increase from 100 per 100 000 population in 2018 to 208 per 100 000 population in 2023 (P < 0.001). The mean (SD) age was 75.1 (17.6) years, and 54.6% were males. The mean age declined over time (P < 0.05), while other characteristics remained stable. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most commonly identified bacterium (21.8% of cases). In-hospital mortality occurred in 7.8% of patients, with 30-day mortality and readmission rates of 14.3% and 16.9% respectively. LOS declined significantly during the pandemic years; however, mortality remained stable over time. Frailty status, malnutrition and number of comorbidities significantly predicted 30-day mortality and LOS, in addition to pneumonia severity and ICU admission. CONCLUSIONS: There has been an increasing trend of hospitalisations for non-COVID-19 CAP during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a concomitant trend towards shorter LOS and no significant shift in other clinical outcomes.

One-Pot Domino Reaction: Direct Access to Polysubstituted 1,4-Benzothiazine 1,1-Dioxide via Water-Gas Shift Reaction Utilizing DMF/H2O.

Benzothiazine 1,1-dioxide (BTDO) is a privileged chemical motif, and its metal-free domino access is in high demand. Current BTDO production methods require costly metal catalysts or harsh reaction conditions. A facile domino approach to BTDO via a water-gas shift reaction (WGSR) employing sodium 2-nitrobenzenesulfinates and α-bromo ketones is presented. This strategy is cost-effective and environmentally beneficial. The optimized reaction conditions demonstrated remarkable chemical tolerance to a wide range of electrically and sterically varied substituents on both coupling partners.

Cu(II)-Catalyzed Aminocyclization of N-Propargyl Hydrazones to Substituted Pyrazolines.

An efficient route for the copper(II)-catalyzed synthesis of substituted pyrazolines from readily accessible N-propargyl hydrazones has been reported under open flask conditions via intramolecular C-N bond formation. N-acyl and N-tosyl-substituted pyrazolines have been prepared in moderate to excellent yields. Mechanistic investigations using NMR, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and Hammett analyses suggest that the Cu(II) catalyst generally acts as a Lewis acid to form an iminium-ion intermediate via cyclization, which afforded the desired pyrazolines upon hydrolysis. One progesterone receptor antagonist has also been synthesized utilizing this reaction methodology.

The value of distinguishing patients with isolated subsegmental pulmonary embolism presenting to two tertiary hospitals in Australia: an observational study.

Isolated-subsegmental-pulmonary-embolism (SSPE) is increasingly diagnosed with the use of computed-tomography-pulmonary-angiogram (CTPA). There remains clinical equipoise for management of SSPE with previous studies not accounting for frailty while determining clinical outcomes. Clinical outcomes among patients with isolated SSPE were compared with those with a more proximal PE after accounting for frailty and other risk-factors. This study included all patients with a positive CTPA for pulmonary embolism (PE) admitted between 2017 and 2021 to two Australian-tertiary-hospitals. Frailty was determined by use of the hospital-frailty-risk-score (HFRS). Competing-risk-analysis and Cox-proportional hazard models determined the cumulative-risk of VTE and mortality within 3 months and 1 year of index PE event after adjustment for frailty and other variables. Of 334 patients with positive CTPA for PE, 111 (33.2%) had isolated-SSPE. The mean (SD) age was 64.3 (17.7) years, 50.9% were males and 9.6% were frail. The risk of recurrent VTE within 3-months (0.9% vs. 1.8%, P = 0.458) and within 1-year of follow-up (2.7% vs. 6.3%, P = 0.126) did not differ significantly between patients with isolated SSPE and those with more proximal PE. After adjusted analyses, the cumulative-incidence of recurrent VTE was not different among patients with isolated SSPE within 1 year of index event [subdistribution-hazard-ratio (HR) 0.84, 95% CI 0.19 to 3.60]. Similarly, mortality within 1 year of index event was also not different between the two groups (aHR 1.72, 95% CI 0.92-3.23). The prevalence of SSPE was 33.2% and even after adjustment for frailty these patients had no different clinical outcomes than those with proximal PE.

Why do we evaluate 30-day readmissions in general medicine? A historical perspective and contemporary data.

Reducing preventable readmissions is important to help manage current strains on healthcare systems. The metric of 30-day readmissions is commonly cited in discussions regarding this topic. While such thresholds have contemporary funding implications, the rationale for individual cut-off points is partially historical in nature. Through the examination of the basis for the analysis of 30-day readmissions, greater insight into the possible benefits and limitations of such a metric may be obtained.

Impact of Malnutrition on Clinical Outcomes of Acutely Hospitalised Heart Failure Patients at Two Tertiary Hospitals in Australia: An Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is common in patients with heart failure (HF) but is often neglected, despite guidelines suggesting that all hospitalised patients should undergo nutritional screening within 24-hours of admission. AIMS: This study investigated the nutritional screening rates and determined the immediate and long-term clinical outcomes in patients with HF admitted at two tertiary hospitals in Australia. METHODS: Nutritional screening was assessed by the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) completion rates. Patients were classified into two categories based on their MUST scores (0=low malnutrition risk and ≥1=at risk of malnutrition). Propensity-score-matching (PSM) was used to match 20 variables depending upon the risk of malnutrition. Clinical outcomes included the days-alive-and-out-of-hospital at 90 days of discharge (DAOH90), length of hospital stay, in-hospital, 30-day and 180-day mortality and 30-day readmissions. RESULTS: There were 5,734 HF admissions between 2013-2020, of whom, only 789 (13.8%) patients underwent MUST screening. The mean (SD) age was 76.2 (14.0) years and 51.9% were males. Five-hundred and fifty-four (554) (70.2%) patients were at low malnutrition risk and 235 (29.8%) at risk of malnutrition. In HF patients, who were at risk of malnutrition, the DAOH90 were lower by 5.9 days (95% CI -11.49 to -0.42, p=0.035) and 180-day mortality was significantly worse (coefficient 0.10, 95% CI 0.02-0.18, p=0.007) compared to those who were at low risk of malnutrition. However, other clinical outcomes were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Nutrition screening is poor in hospitalised HF patients and long-term but not short-term clinical outcomes were worse in malnourished HF patients.

Fluoride risk assessment from agricultural soils in India: a study based on vertical, spatial and geochemical distribution.

Fluoride (F) in agricultural soil is increasing continuously due to injudicious application of F-laden fertilizers, causing global concern about fluorosis disease. The objective of the study was to assess F risk in humans due to soil ingestion, dermal contact, and particulate inhalation during various agricultural activities. The study also emphasized chemical fractionation, distribution, and geochemical understanding of high F incidence. Agricultural surface soil was sampled randomly from 5 km × 5 km square grids besides soil profile samples for studying the vertical distribution of F. Various F fractions in soil (1:1 soil:water ratio, calcium chloride extractable F, hot water soluble F, exchangeable F, Fe-Mn oxide bound F, organic matter bound F, residual F, and total F) were estimated using the sequential fractionation method. Multivariate geochemical analysis and soil F risk were also assessed in humans. The water soluble F (F1:1) and CaCl2 extractable F (FCa) varied between 0.11 to 6.73 mg kg-1 and 1.02 to 6.94 mg F kg-1 soil, respectively. Total fluoride (TF) however, ranged between 115 to 456 mg F kg-1. A higher average of FCa/TF moving down the soil profile indicated a propensity for F endemicity. Weathering, ion-exchange, alkalinity, and clay were found to control the soil geochemistry of the area. The F contamination index explained > 82% variance of F contamination, but the hazard quotient of F for an adult was found < 1, indicating no potential fluorosis risk in the area. This study is the first of its kind in India, where ecological risk due to F from agricultural soil was assessed in humans and will be a benchmark for future researchers.

Understanding the role of SWEET genes in fruit development and abiotic stress in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.).

BACKGROUND: The Sugar Will Eventually Be Exported Transporters (SWEET), consisting of the MtN3 and salvia domain, are sugar transporters having an active role in diverse activities in plants such as pollen nutrition, phloem loading, nectar secretion, reproductive tissue development, and plant-pathogen interaction. The SWEET genes have been characterized only in a few fruit crop species. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, a total of 15 SWEET genes were identified in the pomegranate (Punica granatum) genome. The gene structure, transmembrane (TM) helices, domain architecture, and phylogenetic relationships of these genes were evaluated using computational approaches. Genes were further classified as Semi-SWEETs or SWEETs based on the TM domains. Similarly, pomegranate, Arabidopsis, rice, and soybean SWEETs were studied together to classify into major groups. In addition, analysis of RNAseq transcriptome data was performed to study SWEEET gene expression dynamics in different tissue. The expression suggests that SWEETs are mostly expressed in pomegranate peel. In addition, PgSWEET13 was found to be differentially expressed under high salinity stress in pomegranate. Further, quantitative PCR analysis confirmed the expression of four candidate genes in leaf and stem tissues. CONCLUSION: The information provided here will help to understand the role of SWEET genes in fruit development and under abiotic stress conditions in pomegranate.

Role of transporters in plant disease resistance.

Plants being sessile have evolved numerous mechanisms to meet the changing environmental and growth conditions. Plant pathogens are responsible for devastating disease epidemics in many species. Transporter proteins are an integral part of plant growth and development, and several studies have documented their role in pathogen disease resistance. In this review, we analyze the studies on genome-wide identifications of plant transporters like sugars will eventually be exported transporters (SWEET), multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (NRAMP), and sugar transport proteins (STPs), all having a significant role in plant disease resistance. The mechanism of action of these transporters, their solute specificity, and the potential application of recent molecular biology approaches deploying these transporters for the development of disease-resistant plants are also discussed. The applications of genome editing tools, such as CRIPSR/Cas9, are also presented. Altogether the information included in this article gives a better understanding of the role of transporter proteins during plant-pathogen interaction.

Significance of solute specificity, expression, and gating mechanism of tonoplast intrinsic protein during development and stress response in plants.

Tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs), belonging to the aquaporin family, are transmembrane channels located mostly at the tonoplast of plant cells. The TIPs are known to transport water and many other small solutes such as ammonia, urea, hydrogen peroxide, and glycerol. In the present review, phylogenetic distribution, structure, transport dynamics, gating mechanism, sub-cellular localization, tissue-specific expression, and co-expression of TIPs are discussed to define their versatile role in plants. Based on the phylogenetic distribution, TIPs are classified into five distinct groups with aromatic-arginine (Ar/R) selectivity filters, typical pore-morphology, and tissue-specific gene expression patterns. The tissue-specific expression of TIPs is conserved among diverse plant species, more particularly for TIP3s, which are expressed exclusively in seeds. Studying TIP3 evolution will help to understand seed development and germination. The solute specificity of TIPs plays an imperative role in physiological processes like stomatal movement and vacuolar sequestration as well as in alleviating environmental stress. TIPs also play an important role in growth and developmental processes like radicle protrusion, anther dehiscence, seed germination, cell elongation, and expansion. The gating mechanism of TIPs regulates the solute flow in response to external signals, which helps to maintain the physiological functions of the cell. The information provided in this review is a base to explore TIP's potential in crop improvement programs.

Symmetry mismatch controlled ferroelastic domain ordering and the functional properties of manganite films on cubic miscut substrates.

We have studied the magnetotransport properties and strain release mechanisms in ferroelastic La0.9Sr0.1MnO3 (LSMO) epitaxial thin films on SrTiO3 (STO)(001) substrates with different miscut angles. The substrate miscut angle plays a critical role in releasing shear strain and has a huge impact on the properties of the films. The strain relaxes by monoclinic distortion for films on low miscut substrates and for higher miscut substrates, the strain relaxation causes the formation of periodic twin domains with larger periodicities. We observe that the Curie temperature (TC) decreases systematically, and magnetoresistance (MR) increases with increasing the miscut angle. Such changes in the magnetic and transport properties could be due to the increased density of phase boundaries (PBs) with the increase of miscut angle. This work provides a way to tailor film microstructures and subsequent functional properties of other complex oxide films on miscut substrates with symmetry mismatch.

Development of adsorbent from Mentha plant ash and its application in fluoride adsorption from aqueous solution: a mechanism, isotherm, thermodynamic, and kinetics studies.

In the present study, Mentha plant ash was modified by Na and Al for the synthesis of adsorbent and applied for the removal of Fluoride from an aqueous solution. Mixture of acid washed Mentha plant ash (MPA) and NaOH (in the ratio 1:1.3) thermally treated at 600°C in a muffle furnace then treated with aqueous solution of sodium aluminate. The characterization of sodium aluminum modified ash (Na-Al-MA) powder was done such as SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), Particle Size Analysis (PSA), Fourier transformed spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta Potential, XRD (X-ray Diffraction) analysis, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The removal of fluoride from an aqueous solution carried out with Na-Al-MA by batch adsorption process. The Na-Al-MA was found to be very effective as adsorbent. The maximum removal of fluoride was achieved Ì´ 86% at neutral pH and at room temperature. It was investigated that Langmuir adsorption isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic was best fitted for fluoride adsorption. The fluoride adsorption on Na-Al-MA was an exothermic process. A possible mechanism including electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and metal-fluoride interaction for fluoride adsorption on Na-Al-MA have described in this study. Novelty statement: Utilization of Mentha plant ash for the development of adsorbent and its application in adsorptive removal of fluoride from aqueous solution is the novelty of this work. Adsorbent preparation may be the better way of waste biomass management.

Nutritional risk assessed by the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool as a predictor of frailty in acutely hospitalised older patients: An observational study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Frailty and malnutrition are overlapping geriatric syndromes and leads to poor clinical outcomes in older patients. This study determined whether Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) can predict frailty in older hospitalised patients. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: This prospective study recruited 243 patients ≥65 years in a tertiary-teaching hospital in Australia. Frailty assessment was performed by use of the Edmonton-Frail-Scale (EFS), while malnutrition-risk was determined by use of the MUST. Patients with an EFS score >8 were classified as frail, while patients with a MUST score of 1 as at moderate malnutritionrisk and ≥2 as at high malnutrition-risk. Multivariable logistic regression determined whether malnutrition-risk predicts frailty after adjustment for various co-variates. RESULTS: The mean (SD) age was 83.9 (6.5) years) and 126 (51.9%) were females. One-hundred and forty-nine (61.3%) patients were classified as frail, while 66 (27.2%) were found to be at high malnutrition-risk according to the MUST. Frail patients were more likely to be older with a higher Charlson-index and on polypharmacy than non-frail patients. Patients who were at high malnutrition- risk were more likely to be living alone and on vitamin D supplementation than those at low malnutritionrisk. Patients who were at a high malnutrition-risk but not those who were at moderate malnutrition-risk, were more likely to be deemed frail (aOR 2.6, 95% CI 1.2-5.5, p=0.015) when compared to those who were at low malnutrition-risk. CONCLUSIONS: Only patients who were classified as at high malnutrition-risk according to the MUST are more likely to be deemed frail.

The overlap of frailty and malnutrition in older hospitalised patients: An observational study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Frailty and malnutrition are geriatric syndromes with common risk-factors. Limited studies have investigated these two conditions simultaneously in hospitalised patients. This study investigated the overlap of frailty and malnutrition in older hospitalised patients. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: This prospective study enrolled 263 patients ≥65 years in a tertiary-teaching hospital in Australia. Frailty status was assessed by use of the Edmonton-Frail-Scale (EFS) and malnutrition risk was determined by use of the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST). Patients were divided into four categories for comparison: normal, at malnutrition- risk only, frail-only and both frail and at malnutrition risk. Multivariable regression models compared clinical outcomes: length of hospital stay (LOS), in-hospital mortality, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and 30- day readmissions after adjustment for age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) and living-status. RESULTS: The mean (SD) age was 84.1 (6.6) years and 51.2% were females. The prevalence of patients who were at malnutrition- risk only was 14.8%, frailty only 27.8% and 33.5% were both frail and at malnutrition-risk. Frail-only patients were more likely to be older, from a nursing home and with a higher CCI than malnourished only patients. Frail patients had a worse HRQoL (coefficient -0.08, 95% -0.0132--0.031, p=0.002) and were more likely to have a longer LOS (coefficient 5.91, 95% CI 0.77-11.14, p=0.024) than patients at-risk of malnutrition. Other clinical outcomes were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: There is a substantial overlap of frailty and malnutrition in older hospitalised patients and frailty is associated with worse clinical outcomes than malnutrition.

Metallic contamination of global river sediments and latest developments for their remediation.

This review article represents the comparative study of heavy metal concentration in water and sediments of 43 important global rivers. The review is a solitary effort in the area of heavy metal contamination of river-sediments during last ten years. The interpretation of heavy metal contamination in sediments has been verified with different indices, factors, codes and reference guidelines, which is based on geochemical data linked to background value of metals. It is observed that health hazards arise due to dynamics of movement of metals between water and sediments, which is primarily influenced by several factors such as physical, chemical, biological, hydrological and environmental. Also, the reason behind accumulation and assimilation of heavy metals on river water system is explained with appropriate mechanisms. Several factors e.g. pH, ORP, organic matter etc. are mainly involved in the distribution, accumulation and assimilation of metals in the sediment phase to water phase. Remediation technologies such as in-situ and ex-situ have been discussed for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated sediments. We have also compared the performance efficiencies of the technologies adopted by different researchers during the period 2003 to 2019 for the removal of metal bound sediments. Many researchers have preferred in-situ over ex-situ remediation due to low cost and time saving remediation effects. In this work we have also incorporated the safety measures and strategies which can prevent the metal accumulation in sediments of river system.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of influenza A and B virus infection in adult Australian hospitalised patients.

BACKGROUND: Influenza B is often perceived as a less severe strain of influenza. The epidemiology and clinical outcomes of influenza B have been less thoroughly investigated in hospitalised patients. The aims of this study were to describe clinical differences and outcomes between influenza A and B patients admitted over a period of 4 years. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data of all laboratory confirmed influenza patients ≥18 years at two tertiary hospitals in South Australia. Patients were confirmed as influenza positive if they had a positive polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) test of a respiratory specimen. Complications during hospitalisation along with inpatient mortality were compared between influenza A and B. In addition, 30 day mortality and readmissions were compared. Logistic regression model compared outcomes after adjustment for age, Charlson index, sex and creatinine levels. RESULTS: Between January 2016-March 2020, 1846 patients, mean age 66.5 years, were hospitalised for influenza. Of whom, 1630 (88.3%) had influenza A and 216 (11.7%) influenza B. Influenza B patients were significantly younger than influenza A. Influenza A patients were more likely be smokers with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) than influenza B. Complications, including pneumonia and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) were similar between two groups, however, septic shock was more common in patients with influenza B. Adjusted analyses showed similar median length of hospital stay (LOS), in hospital mortality, 30-day mortality and readmissions between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza B is less prevalent and occurs mostly in younger hospitalised patients than influenza A. Both strains contribute equally to hospitalisation burden and complications. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ANZCR) no ACTRN12618000451202 date of registration 28/03/2018.

CVD grown carbon nanofibers: an efficient DSPE sorbent for cleanup of multi-class pesticide residue in high fat and low water commodities by QuEChERS using GC-ECD.

An inexpensive, effective, and efficient dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) sorbent was developed as an alternative to traditionally used sorbents (primary secondary amine and C18) for fatty matrices using the QuEChERS method. Catalytic chemical vapor deposition grown carbon nanofibers dispersed on activated carbon fibers (Ni-ACF/CNF) having a BET specific surface area of 738 (m2/g) were for the first time evaluated as a DSPE material for sample cleanup before gas chromatographic analysis. Based on cleanup performance and recoveries, 10 mg of Ni-ACF/CNF was found optimal for the determination of twenty-seven multi-class pesticides in high fat and low water commodities/matrices (peanut, soybean, sesame, and flaxseed). The recoveries obtained for all analytes were in the range ~ 72 to ~ 117%, with relative standard deviation values ≤ 15%. The limits of detection and quantification values were 0.7-4.2 ng/g and 2.3-13.9 ng/g, respectively. The matrix match calibration curve was linear in the range 20-500 ng/g with a correlation coefficient of ≥ 0.993. The results reveal that the Ni-ACF/CNF is a competent DSPE sorbent, similar to primary secondary amines and C18 sorbent materials, for pesticide determination by QuEChERS methods in high fat and low water commodities. Graphical abstract.

Vitamin C deficiency in Australian hospitalised patients: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin C has anti-oxidant properties and acts as a cofactor for several enzymes. Hypovitaminosis C has been associated with bleeding, endothelial dysfunction and death. The prevalence of hypovitaminosis C is unknown in Australian hospitalised patients, and its clinical relevance is uncertain. AIMS: To determine the prevalence, characteristics and clinical outcomes of hospitalised patients with hypovitaminosis C. METHODS: This observational study included general-medical inpatients in a tertiary-level hospital in Australia. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine plasma vitamin C levels. As per Johnston's criteria, vitamin C levels of ≥28 µmol/L were classified as normal and <28 µmol/L as low. Clinical outcomes determined included length of hospital stay (LOS), nosocomial complications, intensive care unit admission and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: A total of 200 patients participated in this study, and vitamin C levels were available for 149 patients, of whom 35 (23.5%) had normal vitamin C levels, and 114 (76.5%) had hypovitaminosis C. Patients with hypovitaminosis C were older and had higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Median LOS was 2 days longer in patients with hypovitaminosis C (6 days (interquartile range (IQR) 4, 8) vs 4 days (IQR 3, 6), P = 0.02), and they had fourfold higher odds of staying in hospital for >5 days than those with normal vitamin C levels. Other clinical outcomes were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Hypovitaminosis C is common in hospitalised patients and is associated with prolonged LOS. Further research is needed to ascertain the benefits of vitamin C supplementation in vitamin C-depleted patients.