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INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: The ectopic thyroid gland is a rare disease in which abnormal migration of the embryonic thyroid germ is thought to be the basis for the formation of the ectopic thyroid gland. CASE PRESENTATION: A 37 year old female sought medical attention due to feeling a sensation of swallowing foreign objects, without any other positive symptoms such as pain or difficulty breathing. Preoperative examination revealed a nodule in the left lobe of the thyroid gland and a nodule behind the left lobe. The patient ultimately underwent non-inflatable endoscopic surgery under the axilla to completely remove the tumor located in the suprasternal fossa. Postoperative pathological examination confirmed ectopic thyroid adenoma. The patient's postoperative thyroid function was normal. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: The diagnosis of ectopic thyroid is difficult due to its highly non-specific histological characteristics and positional changes. However, clinical diagnosis and treatment should not overlook the possibility of ectopic thyroid. On the basis of completely removing the lesion, the transaxillary non-inflatable endoscopic surgery also meets the patient's minimally invasive and aesthetic needs. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of ectopic thyroid is difficult, and through transaxillary non-inflatable endoscopic surgery, the tumor can be completely removed and the patient's aesthetic needs can be met.
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BACKGROUND: Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) involving the central nervous system (CNS) is a rare and serious complication associated with solid organ transplantation. We treated a case of PTLD with CNS involvement in a liver transplant recipient and reviewed the literature. METHOD: The clinicopathological features of a 53-year-old man were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Metastasis of the hepatoma was preoperatively considered on the basis of clinical findings. Craniotomy was performed and PTLD was diagnosed pathologically. The patient was treated with antiviral agents, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy; the immunosuppressive medication was reduced. The patient is still alive after follow-up for 14 months. CONCLUSIONS: Definitive diagnosis of PTLD is only established on the basis of histopathologic evaluation of the tissue. Although there are several ways to manage PTLD with CNS involvement, the prognosis is still poor.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Sistema Nervoso Central/patologia , Imunossupressores/efeitos adversos , Transplante de Fígado/efeitos adversos , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/patologia , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Biópsia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/cirurgia , Neoplasias do Sistema Nervoso Central/etiologia , Neoplasias do Sistema Nervoso Central/terapia , Quimioterapia Adjuvante , Cefaleia/etiologia , Cefaleia/patologia , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/cirurgia , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/etiologia , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/terapia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Radioterapia Adjuvante , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The function of the NAD(P)H oxidases (NOXs) family member NOX4 is to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), however, the molecular function of NOX4 has not been fully studied and waiting to be clarified. To elucidate the function of endogenous Nox4 in human thyroid carcinomas, papillomatosis thyroid cancer cells were used to study the cell growth by knocking down the expression of NOX4 and knocking out its functional partner p22phox/CYBA. As a result, the increasement of mitochondrial ROS(mROS) was abolished due to both knockdown of NOX4 and p22phox knockout in hypoxia, which destabilized HIF1α decreasing glycolysis and retarded cell growth. These data suggests that Nox4 is potent oncotarget due to its role in regulating glycolysis through mROS-HIF1α pathway, thereby mediating proliferation in thyroid carcinomas.