RESUMO
ConspectusOne-dimensional organic nanotubes feature unique properties, such as confined chemical environments and transport channels, which are highly desirable for many applications. Advances in synthetic methods have enabled the creation of different types of organic nanotubes, including supramolecular, hydrogen-bonded, and carbon nanotube analogues. However, challenges associated with chemical and mechanical stability along with difficulties in controlling aspect ratios remain a significant bottleneck. The fascination with structured porous materials has paved the way for the emergence of reticular solids such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and organic cages. Reticular materials with tubular morphology promise architectural stability with the additional benefit of permeant porosity. Despite this, the current synthetic approaches to these reticular nanotubes focus more on structural design resulting in less reliable morphological uniformity. This Account, highlights the design motivation behind various classes of organic nanotubes, emphasizing their porous interior space. We explore the strategic assembly of organic nanotubes based on their bonding characteristics, from weak supramolecular to robust covalent interactions. Special attention is given to reticular nanotubes, which have gained prominence over the past two decades due to their distinctive micro and mesoporous structures. We examine the synergy of covalent and noncovalent interactions in constructing assembly of these nanotube structures.This Account furnishes a comprehensive overview of our efforts and advancements in developing porous covalent organic nanotubes (CONTs). We describe a general synthetic approach for creating robust imine-linked nanotubes based on the reticular chemistry principles. The use of spatially oriented tetratopic triptycene-based amine and linear ditopic aldehyde building blocks facilitates one-dimensional nanotube growth. The interplay between directional covalent bonds and solvophobic interactions is crucial for forming uniform, well-defined, and high aspect ratio nanotubes. The nanotubes derive their permeant porosity and thermal and chemical stability from their covalent architecture. We also highlight the adaptability of our synthetic methodology to guide the transformation of one-dimensional nanotubes to toroidal superstructures and two-dimensional thin fabrics. Such morphological transformation can be directed by tuning the reaction time or incorporating additional intermolecular interactions to control the intertwining behavior of individual nanotubes. The cohesion of covalent and noncovalent interactions in the tubular nanostructures manifests superior viscoelastic mechanical properties in the assembled CONT fabrics. We establish a strong correlation between structural framework design and nanostructures by translating reticular synthesis to morphological space and gaining insights into the assembly processes. We anticipate that the present Account will lay the foundation for exploring new designs and chemistry of organic nanotubes for many application platforms.
RESUMO
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are two-dimensional, crystalline porous framework materials with numerous scopes for tunability, such as porosity, functionality, stability and aspect ratio (thickness to length ratio). The manipulation of π-stacking in COFs results in truly 2D materials, namely covalent organic nanosheets (CONs), adds advantages in many applications. In this Minireview, we have discussed both top-down (COFsâCONs) and bottom-up (moleculesâCONs) approaches with precise information on thickness and lateral growth. We have showcased the research progress on CONs in a few selected applications, such as batteries, catalysis, sensing and biomedical applications. This Minireview specifically highlights the reports where the authors compare the performance of CONs with COFs by demonstrating the impact of the thickness and lateral growth of the nanosheets. We have also provided the possible scope of exploration of CONs research in terms of inter-dimensional conversion, such as graphene to carbon nanotube and future technologies.
RESUMO
Developing an anode material that has better performance efficiency than commercial graphite while keeping the features of economic scalability and environmental safety is highly desirable yet challenging. MOFs are a promising addition to the ongoing efforts, however, the relatively poor performance, chemical instability, and large-scale economic production of efficiency-proven pristine MOFs restrict their utility in real-life energy storage applications. Furthermore, hierarchical porosity for lucid mass diffusion, high-density lithiophilic sites are some of the structural parameters for improving the electrode performance. Herein, we have demonstrated the potential of economically scalable salicylaldehydate 3D-conjugated-MOF (Fe-Tp) as a high-performance anode in Li-ion batteries: the anode-specific capacity achieved up to 1447 mA h g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and 89% of cyclic stability after 500 cycles at 1.0 A g-1.for pristine MOF. More importantly, incorporating 10% Fe-Tp doping in commercial graphite (MOFite) significantly enhanced lithium storage, doubling capacitance after 400 cycles. It signifies the potential practical utility of Fe-Tp as a performance booster for commercial anode material.
RESUMO
Recent years have seen the emergence of capacitive deionization (CDI) as a promising desalination technique for converting sea and wastewater into potable water, due to its energy efficiency and eco-friendly nature. However, its low salt removal capacity and parasitic reactions have limited its effectiveness. As a result, the development of porous carbon nanomaterials as electrode materials have been explored, while taking into account of material characteristics such as morphology, wettability, high conductivity, chemical robustness, cyclic stability, specific surface area, and ease of production. To tackle the parasitic reaction issue, membrane capacitive deionization (mCDI) was proposed which utilizes ion-exchange membranes coupled to the electrode. Fabrication techniques along with the experimental parameters used to evaluate the desalination performance of different materials are discussed in this review to provide an overview of improvements made for CDI and mCDI desalination purposes.
RESUMO
Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are ordered supramolecular solid structures, however, nothing much explored as centimetre-scale self-standing films. The fabrication of such crystals comprising self-supported films is challenging due to the limited flexibility and interaction of the crystals, and therefore studies on two-dimensional macrostructures of HOFs are limited to external supports. Herein, we introduce a novel chemical gradient strategy to fabricate a crystal-deposited HOF film on an in situ-formed covalent organic polymer film (Tam-Bdca-CGHOF). The fabricated film showed versatility in chemical bonding along its thickness from covalent to hydrogen-bonded network. The kinetic-controlled Tam-Bdca-CGHOF showed enhanced proton conductivity (8.3×10-5 â S cm-1 ) compared to its rapid kinetic analogue, Tam-Bdca-COP (2.1×10-5 â S cm-1 ), which signifies the advantage of bonding-engineering in the same system.
RESUMO
The ordered open organic frameworks membranes are attractive candidates for flow-assisted molecular separations. The physicochemical properties of such membranes mostly depend on their selectively chosen functional building blocks. In this work, we have introduced a novel concept of functional switchability of three-dimensional covalent organic framework (3D-COF) membranes through a simple solvent-influenced fragmentation method. This room-temperature interfacial synthesis provides free-standing 3D-COF membranes with distinct physicochemical properties from the same building monomers. Notably, the change of solvent from chloroform to ethyl acetate switches the membrane property from hydrophilic (water contact angle 60°) to hydrophobic (water contact angle 142°) nature. The hydrophobic 3D-COF membrane selectively passes oil molecules from an oil-water emulsion with a gravitational flux of 1536â L m-2 h-1 .
RESUMO
A bowl-shaped calix[4]arene with its exciting host-guest chemistry is a versatile supramolecular building block for the synthesis of distinct coordination cages or metal-organic frameworks. However, its utility in the synthesis of crystalline covalent organic frameworks (COFs) remains challenging, presumably due to its conformational flexibility. Here, we report the synthesis of a periodic 2D extended organic network of calix[4]arenes joined by a linear benzidine linker via dynamic imine bonds. By tuning the interaction among neighboring calixarene units through varying the concentration in the reaction mixture, we show the selective formation of interpenetrated (CX4-BD-1) and non-interpenetrated (CX4-BD-2) frameworks. The cone-shaped calixarene moiety in the structural backbone allows for the interweaving of two neighboring layers in CX4-BD-1, making it a unique example of interpenetrated 2D layers. Due to the high negative surface charge from calixarene units, both COFs have shown high performance in charge-selective dye removal and an exceptional selectivity for cationic dyes irrespective of their molecular size. The charge distribution of the COFs and the resulting selectivity for the cationic dyes were further investigated using computational methods.
RESUMO
CXCR4 is involved in various diseases such as inflammation, tumor growth, and cancer metastasis through the interaction with its natural endogenous ligand, chemokine CXCL12. In an effort to develop imaging probes for CXCR4, we developed a novel small molecule CXCR4-targeted PET agent (compound 5) by combining our established benzenesulfonamide scaffold with a labeling component by virtue of click chemistry. 5 shows nanomolar affinity (IC50 = 6.9 nM) against a known CXCR4 antagonist (TN14003) and inhibits more than 65% chemotaxis at 10 nM in vitro assays. Radiofluorinated compound 5 ([18F]5) demonstrates a competitive cellular uptake against CXCL12 in a dose-dependent manner. Further, microPET images of [18F]5 exhibits preferential accumulation of radioactivity in the lesions of λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema, human head and neck cancer orthotopic xenograft, and metastatic lung cancer of each mouse model.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos/farmacologia , Receptores CXCR4/antagonistas & inibidores , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Animais , Carragenina/administração & dosagem , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Edema/induzido quimicamente , Edema/tratamento farmacológico , Edema/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/metabolismo , Injeções Subcutâneas , Ligantes , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Estrutura Molecular , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos/síntese química , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos/química , Receptores CXCR4/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/síntese química , Sulfonamidas/química , Distribuição Tecidual , BenzenossulfonamidasRESUMO
Owing to their chemical and thermal stabilities, high uptake capacities, and easy recyclability, covalent organic polymers (COPs) have shown promise as pollutant sponges. Herein, we describe the use of diazo coupling to synthesize two cationic COPs, COP1++ and COP2++ , that incorporate a viologen-based molecular switch and an organic macrocycle, calix[4]arene. The COPs form nanosheets that have height profiles of 6.00â nm and 8.00â nm, respectively, based on AFM measurements. The sheets remain morphologically intact upon one- or two-electron reductions of their viologen subunits. MD simulations of the COPs containing dicationic viologens indicate that the calix[4]arenes adopt a partial cone conformation and that, in height, the individual 2D polymer layers are 5.48â Å in COP1++ and 5.65â Å in COP2++ , which, together with the AFM measurements, suggests that the nanosheets are composed of 11 and 14â layers, respectively. Whether their viologens are in dicationic, radical cationic, or neutral form, the COPs exhibit high affinity for iodine, reaching up to 200 % mass increase when exposed to iodine vapor at 70 °C, which makes the materials among the best-performing nanosheets for iodine capture reported in the literature. In addition, the COPs effectively remove Congo red from solution in the pH range of 2-10, reaching nearly 100 % removal within 15â minutes at acidic pH.
RESUMO
Chemical proteomics relies primarily on click-chemistry-based protein labeling and biotin-streptavidin enrichment, but these techniques have inherent limitations. Enrichment of intracellular proteins using a totally synthetic host-guest complex is described, overcoming the problem associated with the classical approach. We achieve this by affinity-based protein labeling with a target-specific probe molecule conjugated to a high-affinity guest (suberanilohydroxamic acid-ammonium-adamantane; SAHA-Ad) and then enriching the labeled species using a cucurbit[7]uril bead. This method shows high specificity for labeled molecules in a MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lysate. Moreover, this method shows promise for labeling proteins in live cells.
Assuntos
Adamantano/química , Compostos de Amônio/química , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos com Pontes/química , Imidazóis/química , Proteínas/isolamento & purificação , Proteômica/métodos , Vorinostat/química , Marcadores de Afinidade/análise , Marcadores de Afinidade/isolamento & purificação , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Proteínas/análise , Coloração e Rotulagem/métodosRESUMO
Over the past decades, numerous efforts have been devoted to synthesizing nanostructured materials with specific morphology because their size and shape play an important role in determining their functions. Self-assembly using weak and reversible interactions or bonds has provided synthetic routes toward various nanostructures because it allows a "self-checking" and "self-error-correcting" process under thermodynamic control. By contrast, the use of irreversible covalent bonds, despite the potential to generate more robust structures, has been disfavored in the synthesis of well-defined nanomaterials largely due to the lack of such self-error-correcting mechanisms. To date, the use of irreversible bonds is largely limited to covalent fixation of preorganized building blocks on a template, which, though capable of producing shape-persistent and robust nanostructured materials, often requires a laborious and time-consuming multistep processes. Constructing well-defined nanostructures by self-assembly using irreversible covalent bonds without help of templates or preorganization of components remains a challenge. This Account describes our recent discoveries and progress in self-assembly of nanostructured materials through strong, practically irreversible covalent bond formation and their applications in various areas including drug delivery, anticancer therapy, and heterogeneous catalysis. The key to the success of this approach is the use of rationally designed building blocks possessing multiple in-plane reactive groups at the periphery. These blocks can then successfully grow into flat oligomeric patches through irreversible covalent bond formation without the aid of preorganization or templates. Further growth of the patches with or without curvature generation drives the system to the formation of polymer nanocapsules, two-dimensional (2D) polymer films, and toroidal nanotubular microrings. Remarkably, the final morphology can be specified by a few simple parameters: the reaction medium, bending rigidity of the system, and orientation of the reactive groups. Theoretical studies support the spontaneous formation of such nanostructured materials in terms of energetics and successfully predict or explain their size distributions. Although the lack of self-error-correcting mechanisms results in defect sites in these nanostructures, the high efficiency and relative simplicity of our novel approach demonstrates the potential power of using irreversible covalent bonds to generate a diverse range of shape-persistent and robust nanostructures that is likely to enrich the repertoire of self-assembled nanomaterials.
RESUMO
The design of synthetic, monovalent host-guest molecular recognition pairs is still challenging and of particular interest to inquire into the limits of the affinity that can be achieved with designed systems. In this regard, cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]), an important member of the host family cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n], n = 5-8, 10, 14), has attracted much attention because of its ability to form ultra-stable complexes with multiple guests. The strong hydrophobic effect between the host cavity and guests, ion-dipole and dipole-dipole interactions of guests with CB portals helps in cooperative and multiple noncovalent interactions that are essential for realizing such strong complexations. These highly selective, strong yet dynamic interactions can be exploited in many applications including affinity chromatography, biomolecule immobilization, protein isolation, biological catalysis, and sensor technologies. In this review, we summarize the progress in the development of high affinity guests for CB[7], factors affecting the stability of complexes, theoretical insights, and the utility of these high affinity pairs in different challenging applications.
Assuntos
Biotecnologia/métodos , Compostos Macrocíclicos/química , Compostos Macrocíclicos/metabolismo , Adamantano , Avidina , Bioensaio , Biotina , Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes , Cromatografia de Afinidade , Compostos Ferrosos , Metalocenos , OctanosRESUMO
Fluorescence-based single-vesicle fusion assays provide a powerful method for studying mechanisms underlying complex biological processes of SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor)-mediated vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release. A crucial element of these assays is the ability of the fluorescent probe(s) to reliably detect key intermediate events of fusion pore opening and content release/mixing. Here, we report a new, reliable, and efficient single-vesicle content-mixing assay using a high affinity, fluorophore tagged host-guest pair, cucurbit[7]uril-Cy3 and adamantane-Cy5 as a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) pair. The power of these probes is demonstrated by the first successful observation of flickering dynamics of the fusion pore by in vitro assay using neuronal SNARE-reconstituted vesicles.
Assuntos
Transferência Ressonante de Energia de Fluorescência/métodos , Corantes Fluorescentes/análise , Fusão de Membrana , Proteínas SNARE/metabolismo , Adamantano/análise , Adamantano/metabolismo , Animais , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos com Pontes/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos com Pontes/metabolismo , Carbocianinas/análise , Carbocianinas/metabolismo , Corantes Fluorescentes/metabolismo , Humanos , Imidazóis/análise , Imidazóis/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Proteínas SNARE/análiseRESUMO
Developing a material that can combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria, a major global health threat, is an urgent requirement. To tackle this challenge, we synthesized a multifunctional subphthalocyanine (SubPc) polymer nanosphere that has the ability to target, label, and photoinactivate antibiotic-resistant bacteria in a single treatment with more than 99 % efficiency, even with a dose as low as 4.2â J cm(-2) and a loading concentration of 10â nM. The positively charged nanosphere shell composed of covalently linked SubPc units can increase the local concentration of photosensitizers at therapeutic sites. The nanosphere shows superior performance compared to corresponding monomers presumably because of their enhanced water dispersibility, higher efficiency of singlet-oxygen generation, and phototoxicity. In addition, this material is useful in fluorescence labeling of living cells and shows promise in photoacoustic imaging of bacteria inâ vivo.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Indóis/farmacologia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Nanosferas/química , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/síntese química , Antibacterianos/química , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Escherichia coli/citologia , Fluorescência , Indóis/síntese química , Indóis/química , Isoindóis , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/citologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estrutura Molecular , Tamanho da Partícula , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/síntese química , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
A facile method has been developed for synthesizing polymer nanocapsules and thin films using multiple in-plane stitching of monomers by the formation of reversible disulfide linkages. Owing to the reversibility of the disulfide linkages, the nanostructured materials readily transform their structures in response to environmental changes at room temperature. For example, in reducing environments, the polymer nanocapsules release loaded cargo molecules. Moreover, reversible morphological transformations between these structures can be achieved by simple solvent exchanges. This work is a novel approach for the formation of robust nano/microstructured materials that dynamically respond to environmental stimuli.
Assuntos
Dissulfetos/química , Nanocápsulas/química , Polímeros/síntese química , Termodinâmica , Conformação Molecular , Tamanho da Partícula , Polímeros/química , Propriedades de SuperfícieRESUMO
In the present study, we performed large eddy simulation (LES) of axisymmetric, and 75% stenosed, eccentric arterial models with steady inflow conditions at a Reynolds number of 1000. The results obtained are compared with the direct numerical simulation (DNS) data (Varghese et al., 2007, "Direct Numerical Simulation of Stenotic Flows. Part 1. Steady Flow," J. Fluid Mech., 582, pp. 253-280). An inhouse code (WenoHemo) employing high-order numerical methods for spatial and temporal terms, along with a 2nd order accurate ghost point immersed boundary method (IBM) (Mark, and Vanwachem, 2008, "Derivation and Validation of a Novel Implicit Second-Order Accurate Immersed Boundary Method," J. Comput. Phys., 227(13), pp. 6660-6680) for enforcing boundary conditions on curved geometries is used for simulations. Three subgrid scale (SGS) models, namely, the classical Smagorinsky model (Smagorinsky, 1963, "General Circulation Experiments With the Primitive Equations," Mon. Weather Rev., 91(10), pp. 99-164), recently developed Vreman model (Vreman, 2004, "An Eddy-Viscosity Subgrid-Scale Model for Turbulent Shear Flow: Algebraic Theory and Applications," Phys. Fluids, 16(10), pp. 3670-3681), and the Sigma model (Nicoud et al., 2011, "Using Singular Values to Build a Subgrid-Scale Model for Large Eddy Simulations," Phys. Fluids, 23(8), 085106) are evaluated in the present study. Evaluation of SGS models suggests that the classical constant coefficient Smagorinsky model gives best agreement with the DNS data, whereas the Vreman and Sigma models predict an early transition to turbulence in the poststenotic region. Supplementary simulations are performed using Open source field operation and manipulation (OpenFOAM) ("OpenFOAM," http://www.openfoam.org/) solver and the results are inline with those obtained with WenoHemo.
Assuntos
Vasos Sanguíneos/fisiopatologia , Hemodinâmica , Hidrodinâmica , Modelos Cardiovasculares , Constrição PatológicaRESUMO
Curcumin is a natural product with several thousand years of heritage. Its traditional Asian application to human ailments has been subjected in recent decades to worldwide pharmacological, biochemical and clinical investigations. Curcumin's Achilles heel lies in its poor aqueous solubility and rapid degradation at pH ~ 7.4. Researchers have sought to unlock curcumin's assets by chemical manipulation. One class of molecules under scrutiny are the monocarbonyl analogs of curcumin (MACs). A thousand plus such agents have been created and tested primarily against cancer and inflammation. The outcome is clear. In vitro, MACs furnish a 10-20 fold potency gain vs. curcumin for numerous cancer cell lines and cellular proteins. Similarly, MACs have successfully demonstrated better pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles in mice and greater tumor regression in cancer xenografts in vivo than curcumin. The compounds reveal limited toxicity as measured by murine weight gain and histopathological assessment. To our knowledge, MAC members have not yet been monitored in larger animals or humans. However, Phase 1 clinical trials are certainly on the horizon. The present review focuses on the large and evolving body of work in cancer and inflammation, but also covers MAC structural diversity and early discovery for treatment of bacteria, tuberculosis, Alzheimer's disease and malaria.
Assuntos
Curcumina/química , Mimetismo Molecular , Animais , Cristalografia por Raios X , Curcumina/farmacocinética , Curcumina/farmacologia , Curcumina/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Water treatment has experienced a surge in the adoption of membrane separation technology. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a class of metal-free and open-framework materials, have emerged as potential membrane materials owing to their interconnected periodic porosity, tunability, and chemical stability. However, the challenges associated with processing COF powders into self-standing membranes have spurred the emergence of COF composite membranes. This review article highlights the rationale behind developing COF composite membranes and their categories, including mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) and thin film composite (TFC) membranes. The common fabrication techniques of each category are presented. In addition, the influence of COF additives on the performance of the resultant composite membranes is systematically discussed, with a focus on the recent progress in applying COF composite membranes in the separation of different categories of water pollutants, including organic ions/molecules, toxic solvents, proteins, toxic heavy metals, and radionuclides.
RESUMO
Fluorescent covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as promising candidates for imaging living cells due to their unique properties and adjustable fluorescence. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of recent advancements in fluorescent COFs for bioimaging applications. We discuss the strategies used to design COFs with desirable properties such as high photostability, excellent biocompatibility, and pH sensitivity. Additionally, we explore the various ways in which fluorescent COFs are utilized in bioimaging, including cellular imaging, targeting specific organelles, and tracking biomolecules. We delve into their applications in sensing intracellular pH, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and specific biomarkers. Furthermore, we examine how functionalization techniques enhance the targeting and imaging capabilities of fluorescent COFs. Finally, we discuss the challenges and prospects in the field of fluorescent COFs for bioimaging in living cells, urging further research in this exciting area.
Assuntos
Corantes Fluorescentes , Estruturas Metalorgânicas , Corantes Fluorescentes/química , Humanos , Estruturas Metalorgânicas/química , Imagem Óptica/métodos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Materiais Biocompatíveis , Animais , Concentração de Íons de HidrogênioRESUMO
The charge-trapping mechanism in conjugated polymers is a performance obstacle in many optoelectronic devices harnessed for non-volatile memory applications. Herein, a carbonyl-decorated organic 2D-polymer (TpDb)-based charge-trapping memory device has been developed with a wide memory window (3.2 V) with low programming and erasing voltages of +3/-2 and -3/+2. The TpDb was synthesized by a potentially scalable solid-state aldol condensation reaction. The inherent structural defects and the semi-conjugated nature of the enone network in TpDb offer effective charge-trapping through the localization of charges in specific functional groups (CîO). The interlayer hydrogen bonding enhances the packing density of the 2D-polymer layers thereby improving the memory storage properties of the material. Furthermore, the TpDb exhibits excellent features for non-volatile memory applications including over 10 000 cycles of write/read endurance and a prolonged retention performance of 104 seconds at high temperatures (100 °C).