Three-state coherent control using narrowband and passband sequences.

In this work, we propose a comprehensive design for narrowband and passband composite pulse sequences by involving the dynamics of all states in the three-state system. The design is quite universal as all pulse parameters can be freely employed to modify the coefficients of error terms. Two modulation techniques, the strength and phase modulations, are used to achieve arbitrary population transfer with a desired excitation profile, while the system keeps minimal leakage to the third state. Furthermore, the current sequences are capable of tolerating inaccurate waveforms, detuning errors, and work well when rotating wave approximation is not strictly justified. Therefore, this work provides versatile adaptability for shaping various excitation profiles in both narrowband and passband sequences.

The fine-scale associations between socioeconomic status, density, functionality, and spread of COVID-19 within a high-density city.

BACKGROUND: Motivated by the need for precise epidemic control and epidemic-resilient urban design, this study aims to reveal the joint and interactive associations between urban socioeconomic, density, connectivity, and functionality characteristics and the COVID-19 spread within a high-density city. Many studies have been made on the associations between urban characteristics and the COVID-19 spread, but there is a scarcity of such studies in the intra-city scale and as regards complex joint and interactive associations by using advanced machine learning approaches. METHODS: Differential-evolution-based association rule mining was used to investigate the joint and interactive associations between the urban characteristics and the spatiotemporal distribution of COVID-19 confirmed cases, at the neighborhood scale in Hong Kong. The associations were comparatively studied for the distribution of the cases in four waves of COVID-19 transmission: before Jun 2020 (wave 1 and 2), Jul-Oct 2020 (wave 3), and Nov 2020-Feb 2021 (wave 4), and for local and imported confirmed cases. RESULTS: The first two waves of COVID-19 were found mainly characterized by higher-socioeconomic-status (SES) imported cases. The third-wave outbreak concentrated in densely populated and usually lower-SES neighborhoods, showing a high risk of within-neighborhood virus transmissions jointly contributed by high density and unfavorable SES. Starting with a super-spread which considerably involved high-SES population, the fourth-wave outbreak showed a stronger link to cross-neighborhood transmissions driven by urban functionality. Then the outbreak diffused to lower-SES neighborhoods and interactively aggravated the within-neighborhood pandemic transmissions. Association was also found between a higher SES and a slightly longer waiting period (i.e., the period from symptom onset to diagnosis of symptomatic cases), which further indicated the potential contribution of higher-SES population to the pandemic transmission. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study may provide references to developing precise anti-pandemic measures for specific neighborhoods and virus transmission routes. The study also highlights the essentiality of reliving co-locating overcrowdedness and unfavorable SES for developing epidemic-resilient compact cities, and the higher obligation of higher-SES population to conform anti-pandemic policies.

Effective non-adiabatic holonomic quantum computation of cavity modes via invariant-based reverse engineering.

In this paper, we propose a protocol to realize non-adiabatic holonomic quantum computation (NHQC) of cavity modes via invariant-based reverse engineering. Coupling cavity modes with an auxiliary atom trapped in a cavity, we derive effective Hamiltonians with the help of laser pulses. Based on the derived Hamiltonians, invariant-based reverse engineering is used to find proper evolution paths for NHQC. Moreover, the systematic-error-sensitivity nullified optimal control method is considered in the parameter selections, making the protocol insensitive to the influence of systematic errors of pulses. We also estimate the imperfections induced by random noise and decoherence. Numerical results show that the protocol holds robustness against these imperfections. Therefore, the protocol may provide useful perspectives to quantum computation with optical qubits in cavity quantum electrodynamics systems. This article is part of the theme issue 'Shortcuts to adiabaticity: theoretical, experimental and interdisciplinary perspectives'.

Experimental and Theoretical Studies on Optical Properties of Tetra(Imidazole) of Palladium (II) Phthalocyanine.

In this work, the optical properties of tetra(imidazole) of palladium phthalocyanine (PdPc(Im)4) in solution form and thin films on glass and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates were investigated via the thermal evaporation technique. The optical band gap was evaluated by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The energy band gap values were determined based on the Tauc graph. In addition, time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) was used to simulate the UV-Vis absorption spectrum of the (PdPc(Im)4) molecule in the Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) solution phase. A good correlation was found between the DFT results and the experimental optical results. The band gap values between the experimental and DFT-simulated values are presented. The energy band gap of (PdPc(Im)4) obtained from the DFT calculations showed that it can be efficiently regulated. Frontier molecular orbitals and molecular electrostatic potentials were also proposed in this work. The surface study of the layers deposited on FTO was considered by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the results demonstrated good homogeneity covering the entire surface. The SEM image showed a homogeneous distribution of the grains with some spherical or rod-shaped structures and no agglomeration structures. This work rendered a strategy for regulating the energy band gap and compared the experimental observations obtained with theoretical studies, which provides a fundamental insight into the optical band for optoelectronic and thin-film solar cells.

Opposite Sensing Response of Heterojunction Gas Sensors Based on SnO2-Cr2O3 Nanocomposites to H2 against CO and Its Selectivity Mechanism.

Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors show poor selectivity when exposed to mixed gases. This is a challenge in gas sensors and limits their wide applications. There is no efficient way to detect a specific gas when two homogeneous gases are concurrently exposed to sensing materials. The p-n nanojunction of xSnO2-yCr2O3 nanocomposites (NCs) are prepared and used as sensing materials (x/y shows the Sn/Cr molar ratio in the SnO2-Cr2O3 composite and is marked as SnxCry for simplicity). The gas sensing properties, crystal structure, morphology, and chemical states are characterized by employing an electrochemical workstation, an X-ray diffractometer, a transmission electron microscope, and an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, respectively. The gas sensing results indicate that SnxCry NCs with x/y greater than 0.07 demonstrate a p-type behavior to both CO and H2, whereas the SnxCry NCs with x/y < 0.07 illustrate an n-type behavior to the aforementioned reduced gases. Interestingly, the SnxCry NCs with x/y = 0.07 show an n-type behavior to H2 but a p-type to CO. The effect of the operating temperature on the opposite sensing response of the fabricated sensors has been investigated. Most importantly, the mechanism of selectivity opposite sensing response is proposed using the aforementioned characterization techniques. This paper proposes a promising strategy to overcome the drawback of low selectivity of this type of sensor.

Effective discrimination of chiral molecules in a cavity.

We present a scheme to realize precise discrimination of chiral molecules in a cavity. Assisted by additional laser pulses, cavity fields can evolve into different coherence states with contrary-sign displacements according to the handedness of molecules. Consequently, the handedness of molecules can be read out with homodyne measurement on the cavity, and the successful probability is nearly unity without very strong cavity fields. Numerical results show that the scheme is insensitive to errors, noise, and decoherence. Therefore, the scheme may provide helpful perspectives for accurate discrimination of chiral molecules.

Effective pulse reverse-engineering for strong field-matter interaction.

In this Letter, we propose a scheme to control the evolution of a two-level quantum system in the strong-coupling regime, based on the idea of reverse engineering. A coherent control field is designed to drive the system along a user-predefined evolution trajectory without utilizing the rotating-wave approximation. As concrete examples, we show that complete population inversion, an equally weighted coherent superposition, and even oscillation-like dynamics can be achieved. Since there are no limitations on the coupling strength between the control field and matter, the scheme is attractive for applications such as accelerating desired system dynamics and fast quantum information processing.

Alpha-lipoic acid improves the reproduction performance of breeder hens during the late egg-laying period.

Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a multifunctional antioxidant, can promote fatty acid mobilization, energy expenditure and scavenge free radicals. The effects of dietary ALA on the reproductive performance of breeder hens were investigated in the current study. In the 5-week experiment, 180 54-week-old Qiling breeder hens were randomly divided into three treatments with five replicates and supplemented with three levels of ALA (0, 300 and 600 mg/kg) in the basic corn-soya bean meal diets. 600 mg/kg ALA treatment group (HLA) significantly improved the eggshell thickness and strength (p < .05). ALA-treated groups improved egg-laying rate compared with the CON group, but with no statistically significant difference (p > .05). The levels of HDL-C, ALB and estradiol (E2) of the serum in the HLA group were elevated compared with the CON group (p < .05). In addition, ALA (600 mg/kg) treatment exhibited a reduced level of serum AST and TG (p < .05). Dietary ALA increased the activity of hepatic lipase in liver (p < .05). Supplemental 600 mg/kg ALA also improved the SOD activity and total antioxidant capacity level, along with a decreased MDA in ovarian tissue (p < .05). Furthermore, the mRNA expressions of ESR1, ESR2, VTG2 and ApoB in the liver and FSHR in follicles were upregulated in the HLA group (p < .05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 600 mg/kg ALA during the late egg-laying period could improve lipid metabolism and reproductive performance of breeder hens.

Quantum state engineering by periodical two-step modulation in an atomic system.

By periodical two-step modulation, we demonstrate that the dynamics of a multilevel system can evolve even in a multiple large detunings regime and provide the effective Hamiltonian (of interest) for this system. We then illustrate this periodical modulation in quantum state engineering, including achieving direct transition from the ground state to the Rydberg state or the desired superposition of two Rydberg states without satisfying the two-photon resonance condition, switching between the Rydberg blockade regime and the Rydberg antiblockade regime, stimulating distinct atomic transitions by the same laser field, and implementing selective transitions in the same multilevel system. Particularly, it is robust against perturbation of control parameters. Another advantage is that the waveform of the laser field has a simple square-wave form, which is readily implemented in experiments. Thus, it offers us a novel method of quantum state engineering in quantum information processing.

Effects of the turbocharged Miller cycle strategy on the performance improvement and emission characteristics of diesel engines.

The turbocharged Miller cycle strategy is studied to improve the power density of diesel engines and reduce emissions. A thermodynamic model and a 1D simulation model of turbocharged diesel engine are established. Results show that the introduction of the Miller cycle reduces the thermal efficiency under naturally aspirated conditions because of the low effective compression ratio, whereas it increases the thermal efficiency under a turbocharged condition owing to the energy recovered by the turbocharger. Under restricted combustion pressure and fixed intake mass, the thermal efficiency first increases and then decreases with increasing Miller cycle ratio, and the peaks occur at approximately 30%-50%. The gain of isochoric combustion ratio overlaps the loss of effective compression ratio due to the Miller cycle on the lower side, whereas it reverses on the higher side. With maximum and equal intake mass, the maximum power initially increases and subsequently decreases with increasing Miller cycle ratio, reaching a peak at 40%. Under a fixed isochoric combustion ratio, the thermal efficiency first increases and then decreases with increasing intake mass, and the optimum intake mass corresponding to the highest thermal efficiency decreases with increasing Miller cycle ratio. The lower the restricted combustion pressure is, the higher the gain in power and thermal efficiency by the Miller cycle strategy. Based on the calculation of the 1D model validated using a practical engine, the power can be increased from 41.6 kW/L to 100 kW/L while the brake thermal efficiency can be increased from 34.98% into 38.55% by increasing the Miller cycle ratio from 19% to 30% and the combustion pressure from 17.7 MPa to 35 MPa. With the application of the supercharged Miller cycle, when the Miller cycle ratio is 30% and the power intensity is increased from 60 kW/L to 100 kW/L, NOx decreases by 32.4%, CO decreases by 28%, showing a tendency to decrease and then stabilize, and HC increases by 5.3%. When the power is 80 kW/L and the Miller cycle ratio is increased from 10% to 30%, NOx decreases by 8.6%, CO decreases by 2%, and HC increases by 0.04%.

A triple-crosslinking strategy for high-performance regenerated cellulose fibers derived from waste cotton textiles.

Regenerated cellulose fibers has attracted increasing attention for high-grade textile raw materials and industrial textiles, but the low mechanical property caused by differences in regenerated raw materials and production levels limits its commercial application in the product diversity. Herein, we proposed a novel triple-crosslinking strategy by coupling with hydrogen bonds, chemical crosslinking, and internal mineralization from multiple pulsed vapor phase infiltration (MPI) to improve the mechanical performance of regenerated cellulose fibers. A binary solvent composed of ionic liquid (IL) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is used to dissolve waste cotton textile and then wet spinning. Dual-crosslinking is firstly achieved by coupling glutaraldehyde (GA) and cellulose reaction. Subsequently, a metal oxide is intentionally infiltrated into inner cellulosic through MPI technology to form a third form of crosslinking, accompanied by the ultra-thin metal oxide nano-layer onto the surface of regenerated cellulose fibers. Results showed that the triple-crosslinking strategy has increased the tensile stress of the fiber by 43.57 % to 287.03 MPa. In all, triple-crosslinking strategy provides a theoretical basis and technical approach for the reinforcement of weak fibers in waste cotton recycling, which is expected to accelerate the development of the waste textile recycling industry and promote of the added-value of regenerated products.

Advances in regenerated cellulosic aerogel from waste cotton textile for emerging multidimensional applications.

Rapid development of society and the improvement of people's living standards have stimulated people's keen interest in fashion clothing. This trend has led to the acceleration of new product innovation and the shortening of the lifespan for cotton fabrics, which has resulting in the accumulation of waste cotton textiles. Although cotton fibers can be degraded naturally, direct disposal not only causes a serious resource waste, but also brings serious environmental problems. Hence, it is significant to explore a cleaner and greener waste textile treatment method in the context of green and sustainable development. To realize the high-value utilization of cellulose II aerogel derived from waste cotton products, great efforts have been made and considerable progress has been achieved in the past few decades. However, few reviews systematically summarize the research progress and future challenges of preparing high-value-added regenerated cellulose aerogels via dissolving cotton and other cellulose wastes. Therefore, this article reviews the regenerated cellulose aerogels obtained through solvent methods, summarizes their structure, preparation strategies and application, aimed to promote the development of the waste textile industry and contributed to the realization of carbon neutrality.

A Spatiotemporal Solution to Control COVID-19 Transmission at the Community Scale for Returning to Normalcy: COVID-19 Symptom Onset Risk Spatiotemporal Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Following the recent COVID-19 pandemic, returning to normalcy has become the primary goal of global cities. The key for returning to normalcy is to avoid affecting social and economic activities while supporting precise epidemic control. Estimation models for the spatiotemporal spread of the epidemic at the refined scale of cities that support precise epidemic control are limited. For most of 2021, Hong Kong has remained at the top of the "global normalcy index" because of its effective responses. The urban-community-scale spatiotemporal onset risk prediction model of COVID-19 symptom has been used to assist in the precise epidemic control of Hong Kong. OBJECTIVE: Based on the spatiotemporal prediction models of COVID-19 symptom onset risk, the aim of this study was to develop a spatiotemporal solution to assist in precise prevention and control for returning to normalcy. METHODS: Over the years 2020 and 2021, a spatiotemporal solution was proposed and applied to support the epidemic control in Hong Kong. An enhanced urban-community-scale geographic model was proposed to predict the risk of COVID-19 symptom onset by quantifying the impact of the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variants, vaccination, and the imported case risk. The generated prediction results could be then applied to establish the onset risk predictions over the following days, the identification of high-onset-risk communities, the effectiveness analysis of response measures implemented, and the effectiveness simulation of upcoming response measures. The applications could be integrated into a web-based platform to assist the antiepidemic work. RESULTS: Daily predicted onset risk in 291 tertiary planning units (TPUs) of Hong Kong from January 18, 2020, to April 22, 2021, was obtained from the enhanced prediction model. The prediction accuracy in the following 7 days was over 80%. The prediction results were used to effectively assist the epidemic control of Hong Kong in the following application examples: identified communities within high-onset-risk always only accounted for 2%-25% in multiple epidemiological scenarios; effective COVID-19 response measures, such as prohibiting public gatherings of more than 4 people were found to reduce the onset risk by 16%-46%; through the effect simulation of the new compulsory testing measure, the onset risk was found to be reduced by more than 80% in 42 (14.43%) TPUs and by more than 60% in 96 (32.99%) TPUs. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, this solution can support sustainable and targeted pandemic responses for returning to normalcy. Faced with the situation that may coexist with SARS-CoV-2, this study can not only assist global cities in responding to the future epidemics effectively but also help to restore social and economic activities and people's normal lives.

Predicting onset risk of COVID-19 symptom to support healthy travel route planning in the new normal of long-term coexistence with SARS-CoV-2.

Due to the increased outdoor transmission risk of new SARS-COV-2 variants, the health of urban residents in daily travel is being threatened. In the new normal of long-term coexistence with SARS-CoV-2, how to avoid being infected by SARS-CoV-2 in daily travel has become a key issue. Hence, a spatiotemporal solution has been proposed to assist healthy travel route planning. Firstly, an enhanced urban-community-scale geographic model was proposed to predict daily COVID-19 symptom onset risk by incorporating the real-time effective reproduction numbers, and daily population variation of fully vaccinated. On-road onset risk predictions in the next following days were then extracted for searching healthy routes with the least onset risk values. The healthy route planning was further implemented in a mobile application. Hong Kong, one of the representative highly populated cities, has been chosen as an example to apply the spatiotemporal solution. The application results in the four epidemic waves of Hong Kong show that based on the high accurate prediction of COVID-19 symptom onset risk, the healthy route planning could reduce people's exposure to the COVID-19 symptoms onset risk. To sum, the proposed solution can be applied to support the healthy travel of residents in more cities in the new normalcy.

Two-photon photodynamic therapy based on FRET using tumor-cell targeted riboflavin conjugated graphene quantum dot.

The photodynamic therapy (PDT) is considered as a noninvasive and photo-controlled treatment for various cancers. However, its potential is not fully developed as current clinically approved photosensitizers (PSs) mainly absorb the light in the UV-visible region (less than 700 nm), where the depth of penetration is inadequate for reaching tumor cells under deeper tissue layers. Furthermore, the lack of specific accumulation capability of the conventional PSs in the tumor cells may cause serious toxicity and low treatment efficiency. To address these problems, riboflavin (Rf) conjugated and amine-functionalized nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (am-N-GQD) are herein proposed. Rf functions as both photosensitizer and targeting ligand by indirect excitation through intra-particle fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) via two-photon (TP) excited am-N-GQD, to enhance the treatment depth, and further am-N-GQD-Rf accumulation in cancer cells using Rf transporter family (RFVTs) and Rf carrier proteins (RCPs). The one-photon (OP) and two-photon(TP)-PDT effect and cellular internalization ability of the am-N-GQD-Rf were investigated in vitro in different cancel cell lines. Besides the excellent cellular uptake as well TP-PDT capability, the superior biocompatibility of am-N-GQD-Rf in vitro makes it promising candidate in PDT.

Achieving remarkable energy storage enhancement in polymer dielectrics via constructing an ultrathin Coulomb blockade layer of gold nanoparticles.

High-energy density polymer dielectrics play a crucial role in various pulsed energy storage and conversion systems. So far, many strategies have been demonstrated to be able to effectively improve the energy density of polymer dielectrics, but sophisticated fabrication processes are usually needed which result in high cost and poor repeatability. Herein, an easy-operated sputtering and hot-pressing process is developed to significantly enhance the energy density of polymer dielectrics. Surprisingly, for the poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) films sputtered with merely 0.0064 vol% gold nanoparticles, the energy density is remarkably improved by 84.3% because of the concurrent enhancements in breakdown strength (by 37.5%) and dielectric permittivity (by 25.5%), which is demonstrated to have originated from the unique Coulomb blockade and micro-capacitor effect of the gold nanoparticles. It is further confirmed that this design strategy is also applicable for commercial biaxially oriented polypropylene and poly(methyl methacrylate). This work offers a novel, easy-operated and universally applicable route to improve the energy density of polymeric dielectrics, which paves the way for their application in modern electronics and power modules.

Gold Sputtering at the Interfaces: An Easily Operated Strategy for Enhancing the Energy Storage Capability of Laminated Polymer Dielectrics.

Polymers with excellent dielectric properties are strongly desired for pulsed power film capacitors. However, the adverse coupling between the dielectric constant and breakdown strength greatly limits the energy storage capability of polymers. In this work, we report an easily operated method to solve this problem via sputtering the interface of bilayer polymer films with ultralow content of gold nanoparticles. Interestingly, the gold nanoparticles can effectively block the movement of charge carriers because of the Coulomb blocking effect, yielding significantly enhanced breakdown strength. Meanwhile, the gold nanoparticles can act as electrodes to form numerous equivalent microcapacitors, resulting in an obviously enhanced dielectric constant. Impressively, the polymer film with merely 0.01 vol % gold nanoparticles exhibits an obvious dielectric constant and breakdown strength, which are 129 and 131% that of the pristine polymer film, respectively. Consequently, a high energy density which is 176% of that of the pristine polymer film is achieved, and a high efficiency of 79.2% is maintained. Moreover, this process can be well combined with the production process of commercial dielectric polymer films, which is beneficial for mass production. This work offers an easily operated way to improve the dielectric capacitive energy storage properties of polymers, which could also be applicable to other materials, such as ceramics and composites.

Surface wettability of various phases of titania thin films: Atomic-scale simulation studies.

In the paper, the wettability of different phases of TiO2 thin films (anatase, brookite, and rutile) have been studied using molecular-dynamics simulation. The principle of micro-wetting is discussed. The simulation results show that the contact angle decreases upon increasing the interaction energy between the water and the titanium dioxide interface during the wetting process. The values of contact angles from large to small are: rutile, brookite and anatase. The calculated equilibrium contact angles are 73.9°, 59.2°, and 43.7°, respectively. The reason is that the structural connection and the arrangement of the surface microtopography directly affect the movement of water droplets on the surface of the material, thus affecting the wettability. In addition, the amount of the interaction energy and the radial distribution function between these three interfaces and the droplets are calculated, and the density change of the droplet is analyzed further which indicate the difference in wetting between the three crystal structures. At the same time, by simulating and comparing the wettability of the trench surface and the original surface of anatase, it is inferred that the rough interface increases the contact angle with the droplet and reduces the wettability.

Progesterone Activates the Histone Lactylation-Hif1α-glycolysis Feedback Loop to Promote Decidualization.

Decidualization is a progesterone-dependent cellular differentiation process that is essential for establishing pregnancy. Robust activation of glycolysis and lactate synthesis during decidualization is remarkable, but their developmental functions remain largely unknown. Herein, we identify that endometrial lactate production plays a critical role in establishing local histone lactylation, a newly identified histone modification, and is important for ensuring normal decidualization. Enhanced endometrial glycolysis is the hallmark metabolic change and is tightly coupled with H4K12la during decidualization. Inhibition of histone lactylation impaired decidualization, in either physiological conception or in vivo and in vitro induced decidualization models. Mechanistic study based on CUT&Tag and ATAC-seq revealed that a transcriptional factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α (Hif1α) is the critical regulatory target of H4K12la, and in turn forms an H4K12la-Hif1α-glycolysis feedback loop to drive decidualization. Moreover, we demonstrate that the loop is directly activated by progesterone during decidualization. Our study not only advances the current knowledge of the role of lactate in regulating uterine function, but also establishes a novel functional link among the major endocrine factors, endometrial metabolic change, and epigenetic modification during endometrial remodeling. These findings present valuable clues to develop clinical intervention strategies to improve pregnancy outcomes following both natural conception and assisted reproduction.

Tracking and controlling the spatiotemporal spread of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in South Africa.

BACKGROUND: South Africa is the focus of the current epidemic caused by Omicron. Understanding the spatiotemporal spread of Omicron in South Africa and how to control it is crucial to global countries. METHODS: To explore the spatiotemporal spread of Omicron in 9 provinces in South Africa, a province-level geographic prediction model of COVID-19 symptom onset risk, is proposed. RESULTS: It has been found that i) The spatiotemporal spread was relatively slow during the first stage and following the emergence of Omicron in Gauteng. The spatial spread of Omicron accelerated after it had become the dominant variant, and continued to spread from Gauteng to the neighboring provinces and main transport nodes. ii) Compared with current Alert Levels 1-4 in all provinces, the imposition of lockdown in the high-onset-risk Gauteng together with the Alert Level 1 in other 8 provinces, was found to more effectively control the spread of Omicron in South Africa. Moreover, it can reduce the spread of the Omicron epidemic in the provinces where main international airports are located to other parts of the world. iii) Due to declining vaccine efficiency over time, even when the daily vaccination rates in each province increased by 10 times, the daily overall onset risk was only reduced by 0.34%-7.86%. CONCLUSIONS: Our study has provided a comprehensive investigation concerning the spatiotemporal dynamics of Omicron and hence provided scientific findings to enable a contribution which will assist in controlling the spatiotemporal spread of Omicron by integrating the prevention measures and vaccination.