RESUMO
Threonine tyrosine kinase (TTK) is a critical component of the spindle assembly checkpoint and plays a pivotal role in mitosis. TTK has been identified as a potential therapeutic target for human cancers. Here, we describe our design, synthesis and evaluation of a class of covalent TTK inhibitors, exemplified by 16 (SYL1073). Compound 16 potently inhibits TTK kinase with an IC50 of 0.016 µM and displays improved selectivity in a panel of kinases. Mass spectrometry analysis reveals that 16 covalently binds to the C604 cysteine residue in the hinge region of the TTK kinase domain. Furthermore, 16 achieves strong potency in inhibiting the growth of various human cancer cell lines, outperforming its relative reversible inhibitor, and eliciting robust downstream effects. Taken together, compound 16 provides a valuable lead compound for further optimization toward the development of drug for treatment of human cancers.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Treonina , Humanos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , /farmacologiaRESUMO
Arabidopsis thaliana ENO2 (AtENO2) plays an important role in plant growth and development. It encodes two proteins, a full-length AtENO2 and a truncated version, AtMBP-1, alternatively translated from the second start codon of the mRNA. The AtENO2 mutant (eno2- ) exhibited reduced leaf size, shortened siliques, a dwarf phenotype and higher sensitivity to abiotic stress. The objectives of this study were to analyze the regulatory network of the ENO2 gene in plant growth development and understand the function of AtENO2/AtMBP-1 to abiotic stresses. An eno2- /35S:AtENO2-GFP line and an eno2- /35S:AtMBP-1-GFP line of Arabidopsis were obtained. Results of sequencing by 454 GS FLX identified 578 upregulated and 720 downregulated differential expressed genes (DEGs) in a pairwise comparison (WT-VS-eno2- ). All the high-quality reads were annotated using the Gene Ontology (GO) terms. The DEGs with KEGG pathway annotations occurred in 110 pathways. The metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites contained more DEGs. Moreover, the eno2- /35S:AtENO2-GFP line returned to the wild-type (WT) phenotype and was tolerant to drought and salt stresses. However, the eno2- /35S:AtMBP-1-GFP line was not able to recover the WT phenotype but it has a higher tolerance to drought and salt stresses. Results from this study demonstrate that AtENO2 is critical for the growth and development, and the AtMBP-1 coded by AtENO2 is important in tolerance of Arabidopsis to abiotic stresses.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Arabidopsis/fisiologia , Arabidopsis/fisiologia , Secas , Estresse Salino , Proteínas de Transporte , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Plantas Geneticamente ModificadasRESUMO
The morphology, infraciliature and SSU rDNA sequence of a new freshwater hymenostomatid ciliate, Anteglaucoma harbinensis gen. nov., spec. nov., collected from a farmland pond in Harbin, China, were investigated. The new genus Anteglaucoma is characterized as follows: small to medium-sized Glaucomidae with oral apparatus in anterior one-third of cell; paroral membrane composed of almost longitudinally arranged dikinetids; three adoral membranelles nearly equal in length and arranged almost longitudinally in parallel; silverline pattern tetrahymenid. The improved diagnosis of family Glaucomidae Corliss 1971 is provided based on the previous and present work. The type species Anteglaucoma harbinensis spec. nov. is defined by having 32-35 somatic kineties; four or five postoral kineties; membranelle 1 and membranelle 2 having five or six kinetosomal rows, membranelle 3 having three kinetosomal rows; single macronuclear nodule; contractile vacuole on average 15% from posterior body end; locomotion characterized by crawling with a rather hectic jerking motion; freshwater habitat. Phylogenetic analyses show that Anteglaucoma clusters in the family Glaucomidae and groups with the genera Glaucoma. The molecular and morphological data indicate that Glaucomidae is related to the family Bromeliophryidae in the phylogenetic trees.
Assuntos
Água Doce/parasitologia , Hymenostomatida/classificação , Análise de Sequência de DNA/métodos , China , DNA de Protozoário/genética , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Hymenostomatida/genética , Hymenostomatida/ultraestrutura , FilogeniaRESUMO
Histone modification is one important sort of the epigenetic modifications, including acetylation, formylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination and SUMOylation. By forming a complicated network, these modifications control the expression of genes. Histone methylation occurs mainly on the lysine residues, and plays a key role during flowering and stress response of plants, through changing the methylation status of lysine residues and the ratio of methylation. Triple-methylation of H3K4 promotes FLC expression but triple-methylation of H3K27 inhibits its expression. H3K4me3 activates the expression of PtdIns5P gene to initiate lipid synthesis signal pathway in response to drought stress. On the contrary, the low levels of H3K27me3 induce the expression of COR15A and ATGOLS3, which encode for low temperature protective proteins of chloroplast (Cor15am) and Galactional Synthase (GOLS), in order to resist cold stress. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of histone lysine methylation involved in DNA methylation, plant flowering and stress response.
Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Histonas/química , Histonas/metabolismo , Lisina/metabolismo , Plantas/genética , Plantas/metabolismo , Metilação , Desenvolvimento Vegetal/genéticaRESUMO
The tolerance of Pseudomonas monteilii X1, isolated from pig manure compost, to Cd and Zn, as well as its capacity for biosorption, were investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of Cd and Zn for the strain were 550 mg/L and 800 mg/L, respectively. Untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed that organic acids and derivatives, lipids and lipid-like molecules, and organic heterocyclic compounds were the main metabolites. The glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism pathway were significantly enriched under Cd2+ stress. The isothermal adsorption and adsorption kinetics experiments determined that the strain had adsorption capacities of 9.96 mg/g for Cd2+ and 23.4 mg/g for Zn2+. Active groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amino groups on the cell surface, were found to participate in metal adsorption. The strain was able to convert Zn2+ into Zn3(PO4)2·4H2O crystal. Overall, this study suggested that Pseudomonas monteilii has potential as a remediation material for heavy metals.
Assuntos
Compostagem , Metais Pesados , Pseudomonas , Suínos , Animais , Cádmio/química , Zinco/química , Esterco , Metais Pesados/análise , Cinética , Compostos Orgânicos , AdsorçãoRESUMO
Inflammation caused by a bacterial infection and the subsequent dysregulation of the host immune-inflammatory response are detrimental to periodontal regeneration. Herein, we present an infection-sensitive scaffold prepared by layer-by-layer assembly of Feraheme-like superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) on the surface of a three-dimensional-printed polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) scaffold. The SPION/PLGA scaffold is magnetic, hydrophilic, and bacterial-adhesion resistant. As indicated by gene expression profiling and confirmed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry analysis, the SPION/PLGA scaffold facilitates macrophage polarization toward the regenerative M2 phenotype by upregulating IL-10, which is the molecular target of repair promotion, and inhibits macrophage polarization toward the proinflammatory M1 phenotype by downregulating NLRP3, which is the molecular target of anti-inflammation. As a result, macrophages modulated by the SPS promote osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) in vitro. In a rat periodontal defect model, the SPION/PLGA scaffold increased IL-10 secretion and decreased NLRP3 and IL-1ß secretion with Porphyromonas gingivalis infection, achieving superior periodontal regeneration than the PLGA scaffold alone. Therefore, this antibacterial SPION/PLGA scaffold has anti-inflammatory and bacterial antiadhesion properties to fight infection and promote periodontal regeneration by immunomodulation. These findings provide an important strategy for developing engineered scaffolds to treat periodontal defects.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Macrófagos , Copolímero de Ácido Poliláctico e Ácido Poliglicólico , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Alicerces Teciduais , Animais , Copolímero de Ácido Poliláctico e Ácido Poliglicólico/química , Copolímero de Ácido Poliláctico e Ácido Poliglicólico/farmacologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Ratos , Porphyromonas gingivalis/efeitos dos fármacos , Alicerces Teciduais/química , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Nanopartículas Magnéticas de Óxido de Ferro/química , Masculino , Regeneração/efeitos dos fármacos , Fenótipo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/citologia , CamundongosRESUMO
Liver fibrosis is a condition characterized by aberrant proliferation of connective tissue in the liver resulting from diverse etiological factors. G protein-coupled receptor GPR55 has recently been identified as a regulator of liver diseases. Herein, we report the discovery of a cyclic peptide P1-1 that antagonizes GPR55 and suppresses collagen secretion in hepatic stellate cells. The alanine scanning and docking study was carried out to predict the binding mode and allowed for further structural optimization of peptide antagonists for GPR55. The subsequent in vivo study demonstrated that P1-1 ameliorates CCl4-induce and MCD-diet-induce acute liver inflammation and fibrosis. Further study indicates that P1-1 reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, attenuates ER stress, and inhibits mitochondria-associated hepatocyte apoptosis. In this work, we provided the first successful example of antagonizing GPR55 for liver inflammation and fibrosis, which validates GPR55 as a promising target for the treatment of liver fibrosis and affords a high-potent GPR55 antagonist P1-1 as a potential therapeutic candidate.
Assuntos
Cirrose Hepática , Receptores de Canabinoides , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G , Animais , Cirrose Hepática/tratamento farmacológico , Cirrose Hepática/patologia , Cirrose Hepática/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Humanos , Receptores de Canabinoides/metabolismo , Camundongos , Masculino , Células Estreladas do Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Estreladas do Fígado/metabolismo , Células Estreladas do Fígado/patologia , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeos Cíclicos/farmacologia , Peptídeos Cíclicos/química , Peptídeos Cíclicos/síntese química , Peptídeos Cíclicos/uso terapêutico , Descoberta de Drogas , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The increased remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in pulmonary fibrosis (PF) generates bioactive ECM fragments called matricryptins, which include elastin-derived peptides (EDPs). The interaction between EDPs and their receptors, including elastin-binding protein (EBP), plays a crucial role in exacerbating fibrosis. Here, we present LXJ-02 for the first time, a novel ultralong-acting inhibitor that disrupts the EDPs/EBP peptide-protein interaction, promoting macrophages to secrete matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12), and showing great promise as a stable peptide. MMP-12 has traditionally been implicated in promoting inflammation and fibrosis in various acute and chronic diseases. However, we reveal a novel role of LXJ-02 that activates the macrophage-MMP-12 axis to increase MMP-12 expression and degrade ECM components like elastin. This leads to the preventing of PF while also improving EDP-EBP interaction. LXJ-02 effectively reverses PF in mouse models with minimal side effects, holding great promise as an excellent therapeutic agent for lung fibrosis.
Assuntos
Desenho de Fármacos , Elastina , Fibrose Pulmonar , Receptores de Superfície Celular , Fibrose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Fibrose Pulmonar/patologia , Fibrose Pulmonar/metabolismo , Animais , Camundongos , Elastina/química , Elastina/metabolismo , Humanos , Metaloproteinase 12 da Matriz/metabolismo , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Peptídeos/química , Peptídeos/síntese química , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , MasculinoRESUMO
Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) is an extracellular enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP), the endogenous agonist for the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. Inhibition of ENPP1 can trigger STING and promote antitumor immunity, offering an attractive therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy. Despite progress in the discovery of ENPP1 inhibitors, the diversity in chemical structures and the efficacy of the agents are far from desirable, emphasizing the demand for novel inhibitors. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of ENPP1 inhibitors based on the pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one scaffold. Optimization efforts led to compound 31 with significant potency in both ENPP1 inhibition and STING pathway stimulation in vitro. Notably, 31 demonstrated in vivo efficacy in a syngeneic 4T1 mouse triple negative breast cancer model. These findings provide a promising lead compound with a novel scaffold for further drug development in cancer immunotherapy.
Assuntos
Neoplasias , Diester Fosfórico Hidrolases , Camundongos , Animais , Diester Fosfórico Hidrolases/metabolismo , Pirofosfatases/metabolismoRESUMO
Polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs, <100nm), an artificial pollutant that is widespread in the environment, can be assimilated by plants to alter plant gene expression and its metabolic pathway; thus, interfering with physiological homeostasis and growth of plants. Recently, the biosafety and potential environmental risks of PSNPs have attracted enormous attention. However, the knowledge regarding the uptake and phytotoxicity of atmosphere PSNPs subsiding to plant leaves is still limited. Here, we separately applied 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L PSNPs on cucumber leaves to simulate the plant response to the atmosphere PSNPs. We found that the PSNPs can be accumulated on the surface of cucumber leaves and are also able to be uptake by cucumber leaf stomata. The repertoires of metabolomics and transcriptomics from cucumber leaves upon PSNPs treatment demonstrated that the deposition of PSNPs on leaves alters the biosynthesis of various metabolites and the expression of a variety of genes. The leaves exposure to low concentration (50 mg/L) of PSNPs impact the genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and the biosynthesis of metabolites related to membrane stability maintenance, thereby, probably enhancing plant tolerance to the stress caused by PSNPs. Whereas, exposure to high concentration (100 mg/L) of PSNPs, both nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism in cucumber leaves are affected, as well as that the photosynthetic capacity was decreased, leading to the threat to plant health. Combined omics technologies, our findings advance our understanding about how the PSNPs released to ecological environment influence the terrestrial plant growth and provide phytotoxic mechanism.
Assuntos
Cucumis sativus , Poliestirenos/toxicidade , Poliestirenos/metabolismo , Microplásticos/metabolismo , Transcriptoma , Metabolômica , Folhas de Planta/metabolismoRESUMO
Stem cell injection is good for periodontal regeneration due to the capacity of stem cells to differentiate toward osteogenic direction and to regulate the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. However, injected cells are difficult to track in vivo. And there is microbiota in oral cavity, the dysbiosis of which leads to the damage and loss of periodontal tissue. Here, we demonstrated an enhanced periodontal repair was due to an altered oral microbiota. Periodontal defects were surgically prepared in rats, and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) labeled by superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles (PC-SPIO) were injected, with PDLSCs and saline treatments as controls. Detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histological staining, PC-SPIO was major at limited areas in regenerated periodontal tissues. PC-SPIO-treated rats achieved better periodontal regeneration than the other two groups. Concurrently, the oral microbiota of PC-SPIO-treated rats was changed, presenting SPIO-Lac as a biomarker. SPIO-Lac assisted periodontal repair in vivo, inhibited the inflammation of macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and antibacterial in vitro. Therefore, our study proved that SPIO-labeled cells can be tracked in periodontal defect and highlighted a potential positive role of an oral microbiota in periodontal regeneration, suggesting the possibility of periodontal repair promotion by manipulating oral microbiota.
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Liver fibrosis is the undesirable result of excessive deposition of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and elastin is known as one of the key ECM components. Under specific pathological conditions, elastin undergoes degradation to produce elastin-derived peptides (EDPs), which bind to elastin-binding protein (EBP) to activate corresponding signal pathways, thus accelerating fibrosis progression. Herein, we describe the discovery of novel cyclic peptides that function as potent and stable inhibitors to interfere with the peptide-protein interaction between EDPs and EBP. Remarkably, CXJ-2 exhibited potent activities to inhibit the PI3K/ERK pathway and decrease hepatic stellate cell proliferation and migration. The subsequent in vivo study demonstrated that CXJ-2 possessed potent antifibrotic efficacy in ameliorating CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. This work provides a successful pharmacological strategy for the development of novel inhibitors of EDPs-EBP interaction, which sheds new light on how cyclic peptides disrupt peptide-protein interaction and may also provide new structure-oriented therapeutic candidates in liver fibrosis.
Assuntos
Elastina , Peptídeos Cíclicos , Humanos , Elastina/metabolismo , Peptídeos Cíclicos/farmacologia , Peptídeos Cíclicos/uso terapêutico , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Cirrose Hepática/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
DNA based sequencing technology has revolutionized the field of microbial ecology and environmental studies. However, biases can be introduced at all experimental steps and, thus, affect the interpretation of microbial community. So far, previous studies on the biases introduced from the key steps of DNA extraction and primer sets mainly focused on the bacterial communities in soil or sediment samples, while little is known about the effect on the eukaryotic microbial communities. Here, we studied the effects of three different DNA extraction kits on both prokaryotic and micro-eukaryotic communities by 16S and 18S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and further disentangled the influence of primer choice on the micro-eukaryotic communities. Our results showed that the FastDNA SPIN Kit for Soil and DNeasy PowerSoil Kit produced much higher DNA yield with good reproducibility, and observed more eukaryotic OTUs compared to the MinkaGene DNA extraction kit, but all three kits exhibited comparable ability in recovering bacterial alpha diversity. Of the two primer sets, both targeting the V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene, the TAR primer set detected higher number of unique OTUs than the EK primer set, while the EK primer set resulted in longer amplicons and better reproducibility between replicates. Based on our findings, we recommend using the DNeasy PowerSoil Kit with the EK primer set to capture the abundant micro-eukaryotic taxa from freshwater sediment samples. If a more complete picture of the eukaryotic microbial community is desired, the TAR primer set in combination with the FastDNA SPIN Kit is more efficient in this study.
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Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), as a clinically approved modality for the treatment of various disordered diseases including cancer, has received great advances in recent years. By preferentially accumulating non-toxic Photosensitizers (PSs) in the pathological area, and in situ generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) under local irradiation by a light source with appropriate wavelength, PDT works in a dual-selective manner. Over the past decades, numerous studies and reviews on PDT mainly focused on activable PSs and the newly emerging PSs in PDT. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are few articles on the systematic introduction of light sources and limited reports about targeted strategies in PDT. This review comprehensively summarizes various light sources applied in PDT together with typical enhanced targeting strategies, and outlines their advantages and disadvantages, respectively. The clinical applications and future perspectives in light sources are also partly presented and discussed.
Assuntos
Neoplasias , Fotoquimioterapia , Humanos , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/uso terapêutico , Espécies Reativas de OxigênioRESUMO
Increasing threats from both pathogenic infections and antibiotic resistance highlight the pressing demand for nonantibiotic agents and alternative therapies. Herein, we report several new phenothiazinium-based derivatives, which could be readily synthesized via fragment-based assembly, which exhibited remarkable bactericidal activities both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, in contrast to numerous clinically and preclinically used antibacterial photosensitizers, these compounds were able to eliminate various types of microorganisms, including Gram-(+) Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Gram-(-) Escherichia coli, multidrug-resistant S. aureus, and their associated biofilms, at low drug and light dosages (e.g., 0.21 ng/mL in vitro and 1.63 ng/cm2 in vivo to eradicate S. aureus at 30 J/cm2). This study thus unveils the potential of these novel phenothiaziniums as potent antimicrobial agents for highly efficient photodynamic antibacterial chemotherapy.