Interventional study of comparing body pressure in different prone positions in healthy young women.

[Purpose] Although prone positioning is used to increase oxygenation in various respiratory conditions, this positioning can lead to facial and limb pressure ulcers. The aim in this study was to investigate body pressure variations in the prone position for different facial orientations and upper extremity positions. [Participants and Methods] Nineteen healthy young women participated in this study. Body pressure (maximum body pressure on the face, chest, elbows, and knees) was measured in six different prone positions with different face orientations and upper extremity positions, and the median value of each body pressure measurement was compared among postures. [Results] Face pressure tended to decrease when face orientation coincided with the raised side of the upper limb. In contrast, elbow pressure tended to be lower when the orientation of the face did not coincide with that of the raised side of the upper limb. [Conclusion] Pressure on the face and elbows can be reduced by placing the upper limbs in the prone position. This suggests that targeted and specific positioning may be useful for limiting the incidence and severity of pressure ulcers in these areas.

Lateral regions of the rodent striatum reveal elevated glutamate decarboxylase 1 mRNA expression in medium-sized projection neurons.

The GABA-synthesizing enzymes glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)1 and GAD2 are universally contained in GABAergic neurons in the central nervous system of the mouse and rat. The two isoforms are almost identically expressed throughout the brain and spinal cord. By using in situ hybridization, we found that the mouse lateral striatum concentrates medium-sized projection neurons with high-level expression of GAD1, but not of GAD2, mRNA. This was confirmed with several types of riboprobe, including those directed to the 5'-noncoding, 3'-noncoding and coding regions. Immunohistochemical localization of GAD1 also revealed predominant localization of the enzyme in the same striatal region. The lateral region of the mouse striatum, harboring such neurons, is ovoid in shape and extends between interaural +4.8 and +2.8, and at lateral 2.8 and dorsoventral 2.0. This intriguing region corresponds to the area that receives afferent inputs from the primary motor and sensory cortex that are presumably related to mouth and forelimb representations. The lateral striatum is included in the basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop, and is most vulnerable to various noxious stimuli in the neurodegeneration processes involving the basal ganglia. We have confirmed elevated expression of GAD1 mRNA, but not of GAD2 mRNA, also in the rat lateral striatum. Image analysis favored the view that the regional increase is caused by elevated cellular expression, and that the greatest number of medium-sized spiny neurons were positive for GAD1 mRNA. The GAD1 mRNA distribution in the mouse lateral striatum partially resembled those of GPR155 and cannabinoid receptor type 1 mRNAs, suggesting functional cooperation in some neurons.

GPR155: Gene organization, multiple mRNA splice variants and expression in mouse central nervous system.

Emerging evidence suggests that GPR155, an integral membrane protein related to G-protein coupled receptors, has specific roles in Huntington disease and autism spectrum disorders. This study reports the structural organization of mouse GPR155 gene and the generation of five variants (Variants 1-5) of GPR155 mRNA, including so far unknown four variants. Further, it presents the level of expression of GPR155 mRNA in different mouse tissues. The mRNAs for GPR155 are widely expressed in adult mouse tissues and during development. In situ hybridization was used to determine the distribution of GPR155 in mouse brain. The GPR155 mRNAs are widely distributed in forebrain regions and have more restricted distribution in the midbrain and hindbrain regions. The highest level of expression was in the lateral part of striatum and hippocampus. The expression pattern of GPR155 mRNAs in mouse striatum was very similar to that of cannabinoid receptor type 1. The predicted protein secondary structure indicated that GPR155 is a 17-TM protein, and Variant 1 and Variant 5 proteins have an intracellular, conserved DEP domain near the C-terminal.

Histological determination of the areas enriched in cholinergic terminals and M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors in the mouse central auditory system.

Cholinergic projections to auditory system are vital for coupling arousal with sound processing. Systematic search with in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry indicated that the ventral nucleus of the medial geniculate body and the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus constituted cholinergic synaptic sites in the brainstem auditory system, containing a significant number of cholinergic axon terminals and m2 receptor-expressing cell bodies.