Genetic architectures of postmating isolation and morphology of two highly diverged rockfishes (genus Sebastes).

Postmating isolation is thought to be an important driver of the late stages of speciation. However, relatively little is empirically known about the process compared with other isolating mechanisms that drive the early stages of speciation, especially in non-model organisms. We characterized the genetic architecture of postmating isolation between 2 rockfishes, Sebastes schlegelii and S. trivittatus, whose reproductive isolation is complete. We examined transmission ratio distortion (TRD) patterns of genetic markers in 2 reciprocal backcross populations. Markers showing either of the 2 types of TRD was widespread across the genome, with some of the distorted markers forming extensive clusters around the recombination coldspots. These suggest that the postmating isolation effectively prevents gene flow across the genome and the recombination landscape contributes to the genetic architecture. Comparisons between 2 backcross families and 2 developmental stages showed little similarity in the distorted markers, suggesting asymmetry and stage specificity of the isolation. This may be due to hybrid incompatibility involving maternal factors or extrinsic selection. The lack of sex-ratio distortion in the mapping families suggested that Haldane's rule in terms of hybrid inviability does not hold. Additionally, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping detected significant QTLs for sex and the morphological traits relevant to speciation and convergence of rockfishes, including body coloration. Genes in the melanocortin system, including agouti-signaling protein 1 (asip1) and melanocortin 1 receptor (mc1r), might underlie the horizontal and vertical color patterns on the body, respectively. These findings constitute an essential step toward a comprehensive understanding of speciation and morphological diversification of rockfishes.

Self-template-assisted micro-phase segregation in blended liquid-crystalline block copolymers films toward three-dimensional structures.

In-plane mesopatterns derived from block-copolymer (BCP) micro-phase segregation in thin films have attracted much interest in practical applications as well as fundamental research programs. However, phase segregation along the film-normal direction has been less studied. Here, we describe a strategy to concurrently, yet independently, control in-plane micro-phase and out-of-plane macro-phase segregation in multiblended films composed of liquid-crystalline BCPs (LCBCPs), affording spontaneously layered three-dimensional (3D) mesostructures. This strategy relies on sequential liquid crystallization during the cooling process in thermal annealing as follows. The constituent LCBCP with the highest isotropic-transition temperature (Tiso) first liquid-crystallizes and segregates from the other LCBCP mixture remaining in isotropic states to form a noncontaminated layer at the top surface. This preformed LCBCP layer preserves its inherent in-plane pattern and acts as a template guiding the subsequent micro-phase segregations of the other low-Tiso LCBCPs underneath. This self-template-assisted micro-phase segregation (STAMPS) readily provides 3D mesostructures, the potential toward rational material design of which is also demonstrated in water-separation applications.

Spatial and Temporal Variations and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Fractions in Sediments of the Pearl River Estuary, Southern China.

Sequential extraction was used to study the mobility and ecological risk of chemical fractions of six heavy metals in sediments collected from the Pearl River Delta (PRE) in China. Results revealed that residual fractions (F4) were the dominant forms for Cr and Ni in surface sediments, indicating that they were primarily stable in nature and had low bioavailability and ecotoxicity. Cd had a high environmental risk owing to its higher availability in acid-soluble fraction (F1), whereas Pb occurred predominantly in the reducible fraction (F2) in surface sediments. The profile variations of bioavailable fractions were generally consistent with socioeconomic development in the Pearl River Delta (PRD). A decreasing trend after 2006 suggested a reduction in heavy metal bioavailable fractions owing to the removal of heavy polluting industries and the effective control of sewage discharge. The risk assessment code suggested that the high mobility of Cd posed an extremely high risk and a threat to the aquatic environment.

How does corrective fusion surgery for adult spinal deformities affect pelvic inclination in the supine position as the reference plane for THA?

PURPOSE: To determine the changes in pelvic inclination in the supine and standing positions after spinal corrective surgery, and to identify the most predictive factor for changes in pelvic inclination with the supine position as the reference plane for total hip arthroplasty. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed the data of 124 patients who underwent spinal corrective fusion surgery for adult spinal deformity between 2012 and 2016 at our institution. Spinal parameters were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively using whole spine radiographs in the standing position. The sacral slope (SS) was measured using spine and pelvis computed tomography. Differences between the preoperative and postoperative SS values in each position were calculated as Δsupine SSpre post and Δstanding SSpre post, respectively. We statistically analysed the correlations between Δsupine SS pre post and preoperative spinal parameters to determine the most useful predictor of Δ supine SSpre post. RESULTS: The mean Δsupine SSpre post of 10.5°(-13°-50°) was significantly smaller than the mean Δstanding SSpre post of 13.2° (-19°-44°) (p = 0.02). Moreover, 21 patients (17%) had Δsupine SSpre post > 20°. The Δsupine SS pre post was correlated with preoperative LL (r = -0.34 p < 0.01), PT (r = 0.42 p < 0.01), and SVA (r = 0.37 p < 0.01). Preoperative supine SS (r = -0.54, p < 0.01) had the highest correlation with Δsupine SSpre post, whereas preoperative standing SS showed no correlation (r = -0.14 p = 0.12). CONCLUSION: Preoperative supine SS is the most useful predictive factor for changes in supine pelvic inclination, and low preoperative values should be noted. This information should be considered for the management of patients with hip-spine syndrome.

Clinical validity of non-contrast-enhanced VI-RADS: prospective study using 3-T MRI with high-gradient magnetic field.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a modified Vesical Imaging Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) without dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging (DCEI), termed "non-contrast-enhanced VI-RADS (NCE-VI-RADS)", and to assess the additive impact of denoising deep learning reconstruction (dDLR) on NCE-VI-RADS. METHODS: From January 2019 through December 2020, 163 participants who underwent high-gradient 3-T MRI of the bladder were prospectively enrolled. In total, 108 participants with pathologically confirmed bladder cancer by transurethral resection were analyzed. Tumors were evaluated based on VI-RADS (scores 1-5) by two readers independently: an experienced radiologist (reader 1) and a senior radiology resident (reader 2). Conventional VI-RADS assessment included all three imaging types (T2-weighted imaging [T2WI], diffusion-weighted imaging [DWI], and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging [DCEI]). Also evaluated were NCE-VI-RADS comprising only non-contrast-enhanced imaging types (T2WI and DWI), and "NCE-VI-RADS with dDLR" comprising T2WI processed with dDLR and DWI. All systems were assessed using receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis and simple and/or weighted κ statistics. RESULTS: Muscle invasion was identified in 23/108 participants (21%). Area under the curve (AUC) values for diagnosing muscle invasion were as follows: conventional VI-RADS, 0.94 and 0.91; NCE-VI-RADS, 0.93 and 0.91; and "NCE-VI-RADS with dDLR", 0.96 and 0.93, for readers 1 and 2, respectively. Simple κ statistics indicated substantial agreement for NCE-VI-RADS and almost perfect agreement for conventional VI-RADS and "NCE-VI-RADS with dDLR" between the two readers. CONCLUSION: NCE-VI-RADS achieved predictive accuracy for muscle invasion comparable to that of conventional VI-RADS. Additional use of dDLR improved the diagnostic accuracy of NCE-VI-RADS. KEY POINTS: • Non-contrast-enhanced Vesical Imaging Reporting and Data System (NCE-VI-RADS) was developed to avoid risk related to gadolinium-based contrast agent administration. • NCE-VI-RADS had predictive accuracy for muscle invasion comparable to that of conventional VI-RADS. • The additional use of denoising deep learning reconstruction (dDLR) might further improve the diagnostic accuracy of NCE-VI-RADS.

Exosomes from dental pulp cells attenuate bone loss in mouse experimental periodontitis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Exosomes are small vesicles secreted from many cell types. Their biological effects largely depend on their cellular origin and the physiological state of the originating cells. Exosomes secreted by mesenchymal stem cells exert therapeutic effects against multiple diseases and may serve as potential alternatives to stem cell therapies. We previously established and characterized human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotype homo (HHH) dental pulp cell (DPC) lines from human wisdom teeth. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of local administration of HHH-DPC exosomes in a mouse model of periodontitis. METHODS: Exosomes purified from HHH-DPCs were subjected to particle size analysis, and expression of exosome markers was confirmed by western blotting. We also confirmed the effect of exosomes on the migration of both HHH-DPCs and mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. A mouse experimental periodontitis model was used to evaluate the effect of exosomes in vivo. The morphology of alveolar bone was assessed by micro-computed tomography (µCT) and histological analysis. The effect of exosomes on osteoclastogenesis was evaluated using a co-culture system. RESULTS: The exosomes purified from HHH-DPCs were homogeneous and had a spherical membrane structure. HHH-DPC exosomes promoted the migration of both human DPCs and mouse osteoblastic cells. The MTT assay showed a positive effect on the proliferation of human DPCs, but not on mouse osteoblastic cells. Treatment with HHH-DPC exosomes did not alter the differentiation of osteoblastic cells. Imaging with µCT revealed that the exosomes suppressed alveolar bone resorption in the mouse model of periodontitis. Although no change was apparent in the dominance of TRAP-positive osteoclast-like cells in decalcified tissue sections upon exosome treatment, HHH-DPC exosomes significantly suppressed osteoclast formation in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: HHH-DPC exosomes stimulated the migration of human DPCs and mouse osteoblastic cells and effectively attenuated bone loss due to periodontitis.

Prospective Validation of Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System Using a Next-Generation Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanner-Is Denoising Deep Learning Reconstruction Useful?

PURPOSE: The Vesical Imaging Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) was launched in 2018 to standardize reporting of magnetic resonance imaging for bladder cancer. This study aimed to prospectively validate VI-RADS using a next-generation magnetic resonance imaging scanner and to investigate the usefulness of denoising deep learning reconstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 98 patients who underwent bladder multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging using a next-generation magnetic resonance imaging scanner before transurethral resection of bladder tumor. Tumors were categorized according to VI-RADS, and we ultimately analyzed 68 patients with pathologically confirmed urothelial bladder cancer. We used receiving operating characteristic curve analyses to assess the predictive accuracy of VI-RADS for muscle invasion. Sensitivity, specificity, positive/negative predictive value, accuracy and area under the curve were calculated for different VI-RADS score cutoffs. RESULTS: Muscle invasion was detected in the transurethral resection of bladder tumor specimens of 18 patients (26%). The optimal cutoff value of the VI-RADS score was determined as ≥4 based on the receiver operating curve analyses. The accuracy of diagnosing muscle invasion using a cutoff of VI-RADS ≥4 was 94% (AUC 0.92). Additionally, we assessed the utility of denoising deep learning reconstruction. Combination with denoising deep learning reconstruction significantly improved the AUC of category by T2-weighted imaging, and of the 4 patients who were misdiagnosed by the final VI-RADS score 3 were correctly diagnosed by T2-weighted imaging+denoising deep learning reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective validation study with a next-generation magnetic resonance imaging scanner, VI-RADS showed high predictive accuracy for muscle invasion in patients with bladder cancer before transurethral resection of bladder tumor. Combining T2-weighted imaging with denoising deep learning reconstruction might further improve the diagnostic accuracy of VI-RADS.

Synergistic Effect of Chemical Substitution and Insertion on the Thermoelectric Performance of Cu26V2Ge6S32 Colusite.

Copper-based sulfides are promising materials for thermoelectric applications, which can convert waste heat into electricity. This study reports the enhanced thermoelectric performance of Cu26V2Ge6S32 colusite via substitution of antimony (Sb) for germanium (Ge) and introduction of copper (Cu) as an interstitial atom. The crystal structure of the solid solutions and Cu-rich compounds were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Both chemical approaches decrease the hole carrier concentration, which leads to a reduction in the electronic thermal conductivity while keeping the thermoelectric power factor at a high value. Furthermore, the interstitial Cu atoms act as phonon scatterers, thereby decreasing the lattice thermal conductivity. The combined effects increase the dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit ZT from 0.3 (Cu26V2Ge6S32) to 0.8 (Cu29V2Ge5SbS32) at 673 K.

Deviation of the centre of rotation of the femoral head in dysplastic hip joints.

OBJECTIVE: Hip instability may be based not only on some mismatch between the size of the femoral head and acetabulum but also on the deviation of the centre of rotation of the femoral head. The aim of this study was to compare the differences between the centre of rotation of the femoral head and that of the acetabulum in normal and dysplastic hips. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty dysplastic hips and 30 control hips without dysplastic hip were included in this study. Computed tomography data were imported into three-dimensional analysis software. The sphere radius of the acetabulum, the sphere radius of the femoral head, and the deviation of the centre of rotation of the femoral head from that of the acetabulum were analysed. RESULTS: The sphere radii of the acetabulum and femoral head were significantly larger in dysplastic hips. Distances between the centre of rotation of the acetabulum and that of the femoral head were significantly larger in dysplastic group than in control group. The centre of rotation of the femoral head was significantly deviated anterosuperiorly in dysplastic hips. We found significant negative correlations between centre-edge angle and the distance between the centre of rotation of the acetabulum and that of the femoral head in all subjects. CONCLUSION: In dysplastic hip joints, the centre of rotation of the femoral head was more deviated anterosuperiorly from that of the acetabulum than in normal hip joints even in static condition, which might be clinically associated with the micro-instability in dysplastic hips.

Dislocation rate and its risk factors in total hip arthroplasty with concurrent extensive spinal corrective fusion with pelvic fixation for adult spinal deformity.

BACKGROUND: Though there are several reports on the high dislocation rates following total hip arthroplasty (THA) before or after spinal surgery, the literature specific to extensive spinal corrective fusion with pelvic fixation for adult spinal deformity is limited. This study determined the rate and risk of hip dislocation after THA and extensive spinal corrective fusion. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 23 adults (27 hips) who underwent both extensive spinal corrective fusion with pelvic fixation and THA between 2010 and 2018. Surgery-related characteristics were investigated from medical records, while standing anteroposterior pelvic radiographs and lateral spinal radiographs were used to measure spinal alignment parameters and THA acetabular orientation. Patients were grouped based on the occurrence of dislocation, and the rate and risk of dislocation were compared. RESULTS: The rate of THA dislocations was extremely high-22% (6 of 27 hips) of patients. All dislocations occurred posteriorly in patients with prior THAs that were performed using the posterior approach. The pelvic tilt was significantly greater in patients with THA dislocations (p = 0.02) than in those without. Cup radiographic anteversion in the supine (p = 0.02) and standing (p = 0.05) positions was significantly smaller in patients with dislocations than in those without. CONCLUSION: Total hip arthroplasty concurrent with extensive spinal corrective fusion with pelvic fixation for adult spinal deformity has an extremely high rate of posterior hip dislocation. The posterior surgical approach and prior THA were high risk factors for dislocation. Hip and spine surgeons need focused pre-surgical planning to account for this risk.

FcγRIIIA-mediated activation of NK cells by IgG heavy chain complexed with MHC class II molecules.

Natural killer (NK) cells are a major FcγRIIIA-expressing lymphocyte population that mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Although NK cells are critical for immunity against viruses and tumors, they are also activated in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and may be involved in disease progression. We previously found that human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules transport misfolded cellular proteins, such as IgG heavy chain (IgGH), to the cell surface via association with their peptide-binding grooves. Furthermore, we found that IgGHs bound to HLA class II molecules encoded by RA susceptibility alleles are specific targets for rheumatoid factor, an auto-antibody involved in RA. Here, we report that IgGHs bound to HLA class II molecules preferentially stimulate FcγRIIIA-expressing but not FcγRI-expressing cells. A significant correlation was observed between the reactivity of FcγRIIIA-expressing cells to IgGH complexed with a specific HLA-DR allele and the odds ratio for HLA-DR allele's association with RA. Moreover, primary human NK cells expressing FcγRIIIA demonstrated IFN-γ production and cytotoxicity against cells expressing IgGH complexed with HLA class II molecules. Our findings suggest that IgGH complexed with HLA class II molecules are involved in the activation of FcγRIIIA-expressing NK cells observed within arthritic joints.

Effect of Ultra High-Resolution Computed Tomography and Model-Based Iterative Reconstruction on Detectability of Simulated Submillimeter Artery.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of ultra high-resolution computed tomography (UHRCT) and model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) on the detectability of simulated submillimeter artery. METHODS: A small vessel phantom ranging from 0.4 to 2.0 mm in diameter and edge phantoms of low to high attenuation values were scanned by UHRCT (super-high-resolution mode and normal-resolution-mode) and conventional CT, and data were reconstructed by MBIR and filtered back projection (FBP). Vessel detectability was assessed subjectively and the effective size at which 50% of response was achieved (ES50 [mm]) was calculated. Modulation transfer function (MTF) was calculated by an edge spread function method. RESULTS: ES50 of super high-resolution mode (0.36 mm for MBIR and 0.50 mm for FBP) was significantly smaller than those of normal-resolution mode (P < 0.01). In the MTF analysis, the MTF of MBIR improved as the edge phantom attenuation increased, whereas that of FBP was stable. CONCLUSIONS: Both UHRCT and MBIR are effective for the detectability of simulated submillimeter artery.

FGF2-responsive genes in human dental pulp cells assessed using a rat spinal cord injury model.

The central nervous system in adult mammals does not heal spontaneously after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, SCI treatment has been improved recently following the development of cell transplantation therapy. We recently reported that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2-pretreated human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) can improve recovery in a rat model of SCI. This study aimed to investigate mechanisms underlying the curative effect of SCI enhanced via FGF2 pretreatment; we selected three hDPC lines upon screening for the presence of mesenchymal stem cell markers and of their functionality in a rat model of SCI, as assessed using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan score of locomotor functional scale, electrophysiological tests, and morphological analyses. We identified FGF2-responsive genes via gene expression analyses in these lines. FGF2 treatment upregulated GABRB1, MMP1, and DRD2, which suggested to contribute to SCI or central the nervous system. In an expanded screening of additional lines, GABRB1 displayed rather unique and interesting behavior; two lines with the lowest sensitivity of GABRB1 to FGF2 treatment displayed an extremely minor effect in the SCI model. These findings provide insights into the role of FGF2-responsive genes, especially GABRB1, in recovery from SCI, using hDPCs treated with FGF2.

Elucidating Adsorptive Fractions of Natural Organic Matter on Carbon Nanotubes.

Natural organic matter (NOM) is a heterogeneous mixture of organic compounds that is omnipresent in natural waters. To date, the understanding of the adsorption of NOM components by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is limited because of the limited number of comprehensive studies in the literature examining the adsorption of NOM by CNTs. In this study, 11 standard NOM samples from various sources were characterized, and their adsorption behaviors on four different CNTs were examined side-by-side using total organic carbon, fluorescence, UV-visible spectroscopy, and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) analysis. Adsorption was influenced by the chemical properties of the NOM, including aromaticity, degree of oxidation, and carboxylic acidity. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) analysis showed preferential adsorption of decomposed and terrestrial-derived NOM compared to freshly produced and microbial-derived NOM. HPSEC analysis revealed preferential adsorption of fractions in the molecular weight range of 0.5-2 kDa for humic acids but in the molecular weight range of 1-3 kDa for all fulvic acids and reverse-osmosis isolates. However, the smallest characterized fraction (MW < 0.4 kDa) in all samples did not adsorb on the CNTs.

Naturally occurring branched-chain polyamines induce a crosslinked meshwork structure in a giant DNA.

We studied the effect of branched-chain polyamines on the folding transition of genome-sized DNA molecules in aqueous solution by the use of single-molecule observation with fluorescence microcopy. Detailed morphological features of polyamine/DNA complexes were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The AFM observations indicated that branched-chain polyamines tend to induce a characteristic change in the higher-order structure of DNA by forming bridges or crosslinks between the segments of a DNA molecule. In contrast, natural linear-chain polyamines cause a parallel alignment between DNA segments. Circular dichroism measurements revealed that branched-chain polyamines induce the A-form in the secondary structure of DNA, while linear-chain polyamines have only a minimum effect. This large difference in the effects of branched- and linear-chain polyamines is discussed in relation to the difference in the manner of binding of these polyamines to negatively charged double-stranded DNA.

Assessment of nitrogen budget in detailed spatial pattern using high precision modeling approach with constructed accurate agricultural behavior.

Changes in the nitrogen cycle due to fertilizer use can cause severe environmental pollution, particularly groundwater pollution, and threaten biosphere integrity. There are many difficulties and limitations in assessing groundwater pollution and a detailed nitrogen budget in an agricultural catchment. Previous methodologies have failed in an accurate assessment of the nitrogen budget in detailed spatial patterns. Herein, we designed a new modeling approach to assess the nitrogen budget using detailed spatial patterns in an agricultural catchment in the Nara Basin. We revised the Soil and Water Assessment Tool file output format, added the results for river nutrient concentrations and ammonia volatilization to the original output file. In this study, we calibrated and validated crop harvests, paddy evapotranspiration, streamflow, and river water concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen and total nitrogen to improve model accuracy as much as possible. Among them, data for evapotranspiration was obtained from a newly released Landsat dataset. The results showed that the amount of nitrogen leaching in rice paddies was 42 kg/ha, accounting for 65 % of total leaching in the study catchment. Cambisols and Fluvic Gleysols were prone to denitrification, and nitrogen leaching or denitrification occurred relatively more readily in low-slope areas. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of nitrogen cycle processes with high spatial precision indicates that areas with severe surface water pollution may also exhibit significant groundwater pollution. Our findings provide new solutions for assessing the nitrogen budget and groundwater pollution in catchments.

Liquid Biopsy for Pancreatic Cancer by Serum Extracellular Vesicle-Encapsulated Long Noncoding RNA HEVEPA.

OBJECTIVES: The role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remain unclear. Extracellular vesicle (EV)-encapsulated RNAs could be effective targets for liquid biopsy. We aimed to identify previously unknown EV-encapsulated lncRNAs in PDAC and establish highly accurate methods for isolating EVs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Extracellular vesicles were isolated using existing and newly developed methods, namely, PEViA-UC and PEViA-IP, from serum samples of 20 patients with PDAC, 22 patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, and 21 healthy individuals. Extracellular vesicle lncRNA expression was analyzed using digital PCR. RESULTS: Gene expression analysis using cDNA microarray revealed a highly expressed lncRNA, HEVEPA , in serum EVs from patients with PDAC. We established PEViA-UC and PEViA-IP using PEViA reagent, ultracentrifugation, and immunoprecipitation. Although detection of EV-encapsulated HEVEPA using existing methods is challenging, PEViA-UC and PEViA-IP detected EV HEVEPA , which was highly expressed in patients with PDAC compared with non-PDAC patients. The detection sensitivity for discriminating PDAC from non-PDAC using the combination of HEVEPA and HULC , which are highly expressed lncRNAs in PDAC, and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), was higher than that of HEVEPA , HULC , or CA19-9 alone. CONCLUSIONS: Extracellular vesicle lncRNAs isolated using PEViA-IP and CA19-9 together could be effective targets in liquid biopsy for PDAC diagnosis.

Antidepressant-like effects of a water-soluble extract from the culture medium of Ganoderma lucidum mycelia in rats.

BACKGROUND: Ganoderma lucidum is a popular medicinal mushroom used for promoting health and longevity in Asian countries. Previously, we reported that a water-soluble extract from a culture medium of Ganoderma lucidum mycelia (MAK) exerts antioxidative and cerebroprotective effects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo. Here, we evaluated the antidepressant and anxiolytic activities of MAK in rats. METHODS: MAK (0.3 or 1 g/kg, p.o.) was administered in the experimental animals 60 min before the forced swimming, open-field, elevated plus-maze, contextual fear-conditioning, and head twitch tests. Additionally, the mechanisms involved in the antidepressant-like action of MAK were investigated by the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan (5-HTP)- or 5-HT2A agonist (±)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane hydrochloride (DOI)-induced head twitch responses. RESULTS: Treatment with MAK (1 g/kg) exhibited antidepressant-like effects in the forced swimming test, attenuated freezing behavior in the contextual fear-conditioning test, and decreased the number of head twitches induced by DOI, but not with 5-HTP. No significant response was observed in locomotion or anxiety-like behavior, when the animals were evaluated in the open-field or elevated plus-maze test, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that MAK has antidepressant-like potential, which is most likely due to the antagonism of 5-HT2A receptors, and possesses anxiolytic-like effects toward memory-dependent and/or stress-induced anxiety in rats.

Evaluation of Correlation between Psychomotor Vigilance Task Scores and Drowsiness Estimation Levels Obtained from Facial Videos.

This paper reports the results of an experiment to evaluate the relationship between results obtained with a drowsiness estimation system we have developed using facial videos and those obtained with the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT), which is a standard index of sleepiness used in sleep medicine. The correlation between PVT scores and the output of the drowsiness estimation system, which outputs drowsiness levels from assigned facial expressions, was calculated using data from 30 subjects. The Spearman's correlation coefficients between the drowsiness estimation results and the PVT mean response time, the slowest 10% response time, and the number of lapses were 0.36 (p <0.001), 0.43 (p <0.001), and 0.40 (p <0.001), respectively. Since this experiment showed a correlation between the drowsiness estimation results and those with PVT, it would seem possible to make specific interventions based on drowsiness estimation results learned from ground-truth drowsiness levels. Such estimation results could help prevent accidents resulting from drowsiness or insufficient vigilance while driving or working.