[STUDYING THE ACUTE TOXICITY OF DEXTRAN POLYALDEHYDE CONJUGATE WITH ISONICOTINIC ACID HYDRAZIDE.]

The acute toxicity of a new antubercular drug, dextran polyaldehyde conjugate with isonicotinic acid hydrazide (dextrazide), has been studied on animals, HepaRG cell line, and FRSN human skin fibroblasts. Average tolerable doses (LD(10), LD(16)), half-lethal doses (LD(50)), and lethal doses (LD(84)) of dextrazide have been determined for intraperitoneal introduction in mice and rats and intravenous injection in rabbits.

Expression of profibrotic growth factors and their receptors by mouse lung macrophages and fibroblasts under conditions of acute viral inflammation in influenza A/H5N1 virus.

Morphological signs of early interstitial fibrosis, developing under conditions of acute viral inflammation (postinfection days 1-14), were observed in C57Bl/6 mice infected with influenza A/H5N1 A/goose/Krasnoozerskoye/627/05 virus. The development of fibrosis was confirmed by an increase in the number of lung cells expressing TNF-α. These changes were recorded in the presence of a many-fold increase in the counts of macrophages and fibroblasts expressing FGF, EGF, and their receptors.

Biological characteristics of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus circulating in West Siberia during pandemic and post-pandemic periods.

We studied biological characteristics of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus circulating in Siberia during the 2009 pandemic and the post-pandemic period of 2011. BALB/c mice were chosen as the experimental model. Virus titers in the lungs were evaluated on days 1, 3, 6 and blood serum titers on day 15 after infection with different strains. Blood sera of convalescents after influenza of 2010-2011 epidemic season were analyzed. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus strains isolated during the post-pandemic period of 2011 were characterized by low epidemic activity and virulence in comparison with the strains isolated during 2009 pandemic period, which indicates completion of the pandemic cycle.

Study of fibrotic complications and hydroxyproline content in mouse liver at different stages of generalized BCG-induced granulomatosis.

Generalized BCG-induced granulomatous was simulated in BALB/c male mice. The number of tuberculous granulomas in the liver and their size as well as the number of hepatocytes showing vacuolar degeneration increased from day 3 to 180 postinfection. Necrotic changes in hepatocytes were most pronounced at the acute phase of inflammation (days 3 to 30). Proliferative processes in the liver parenchyma in the experimental group were less marked than in the control. Increased content of collagen fibers in the liver was determined by excessive collagen synthesis in necrotic areas as well as increased amount of granulomas and fibroblasts. Enhanced proliferative and fibroplastic activity of fibroblasts in granulomas and liver parenchyma was evidently determined by activated granuloma macrophages. These shifts determined changes in the liver content of hydroxyproline during the acute and chronic periods of the disease.

Role of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitor in the development of early pulmonary fibrosis in mice infected with influenza A/H5N1 A/goose/Krasnoozerskoye/627/05 virus.

High levels of macrophages and fibroblasts expressing MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-10 against the background of progressing early fibrosis of the lungs (manifesting in an increase in volume density of type I, III, IV, and VI collagens) were found in C57Bl/6 mice infected with influenza A/H5N1 A/goose/Krasnoozerskoye/627/05 virus. Progressing fibrosis of the lungs in infected mice was associated with imbalance of collagen synthesis and degradation processes conjugated with high levels of macrophages and fibroblasts expressing TIMP-2.

[The placental structural organization in pulmonary tuberculosis].

The placentas taken from 83 pregnant women with gestation of 37-40 weeks were morphologically and morphometrically studied. Group 1 comprised 23 pregnant women with pulmonary tuberculosis. Group 2 included 40 pregnant women whose pregnancy was complicated by gestosis. Group 3 (control) consisted of 20 healthy pregnant women. Group 1 was found to have chronic placental insufficiency caused by abnormal placental villous immaturity the basis of which was impaired processes of villous differentiation and terminal villous angiogenesis. In most cases, chronic placental insufficiency was compensatory in all the groups under study; but there were differences in compensatory mechanisms. The leading mechanism was cellular in Groups 1 and 2, the mixed (vascular and cellular) types of compensation was predominant in Group 3 (control).

[The results of quantitative cytological analysis of the structure of follicular thyroid tumors using computer and neural network technologies].

Artificial neural network is a complex system capable of gathering and synthesizing data and capable of learning using particular given parameters. This technology was applied to studying cytological diagnostics of thyroid diseases to differentiate between follicular cancer and follicular adenoma. A complex of quantitative cytological characteristics was used to describe cytological preparations by examples of known cytological diagnosis to train the neural network. Among offered cytological examples, 96% were recognized correctly during testing.

[Human fetal liver in hematogenic infection (a morphometric study)].

The results of a morphometric study of 40 human fetus livers at a 26-27 week of gestation are presented. There were fetuses with signs of intrauterine hypoxia, generalized intrauterine infection. It is shown that intrauterine hematogenic fetus infection is accompanied with evident destructive changes in the liver parenchyma as compared with the controls and numerous sites of hemopoiesis. The conditions for development of a generalized infectious process and sclerosis of portal tracts appear due to destructive changes as well as intoxication, secondary hypoxia and decrease of Kupffer's cells number.

[Computer morphometry in the differential diagnosis of thyroid neoplasms].

The quantitative studies of follicular thyroid tumors were applied for their morphological differentiation. The computer-aided analysis of the images permits objective and prompt estimation of the quantitative parameters of the structural components of a tumor in the histological sections. The comparison of the values obtained in the tissue samples could identify the most typical differentially diagnostic criteria that could help to define the type of a tumor, by replacing a routine morphological study based on the analysis of qualitative morphological signs. Its effectiveness is largely determined by the skill of a physician and the subjectivity of assessments of observed phenomena.

[Use of essential oil of peppermint (Mentha piperita) in the complex treatment of patients with infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis].

The paper describes the effects of peppermint (Mentha piperita) essential oil inhaled by patients with infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis in the penitentiary system. This procedure is shown to be most effective in infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis in the phase of resorption of infiltrates and/or closure of decay cavities. The efficiency is determined by the rapid positive changes in a tuberculous process, which appear as a rapider regression of tuberculous inflammation, causing small residual changes. This procedure may be used to prevent recurrences and exacerbations of pulmonary tuberculosis.

[Differential diagnostic capacities of computer-aided analysis of thyroid follicular tumor images].

To establish the objective quantitative cytological parameters of thyroid follicular tumor cells for their further use as criteria for differential cytological diagnosis, the authors made a mathematical analysis of their values obtained by computer-aided karyocytometry of thyroid follicular tumors. It is recommended that the arithmetic mean values of nuclear areas, perimeters, and optic densities should be used as criteria for differential diagnosis when there are qualitative cytological signs indicating that the tumor under study may belong to the follicular type of papillary carcinoma.

[Dynamics of cellular transformations in Candida-induced granulomas in lymph nodes after treatment with a lysosomotropic form of amphotericin B: an experimental study].

In an experiment conducted using male CBA mice, cellular events during granulomatous Candida-induced inflammation were studied both in untreated animals and in animals treated with a new lysosomotropic composition, consisting of amphotericin B in intracellularly prolonged dextran immunomodulating matrix. To induce systemic Candida granulomatous inflammation, mice were given a single 0.2 ml intraperitoneal injection of Candida albicans culture (2.5 x 10(9) microbial bodies) dissolved in 0.9% isotonic saline. The findings obtained indicate greater therapeutic effect of amphotericin B and dextran dialdehyde composition as compared with a free (unconjugated) form of amphotericin B, that was manifested by the disappearance of granulomas and the capacity to prevent the development of spontaneous destructive processes in granulomas. Independent antimycotic effect of dextran dialdehyde was also demonstrated.

[Cytoplasmic cisterns structurally linked with the plasmalemma in the hepatocytes of mice of different lines]. / Strukturno sviazannye s plazmalemmoi tsitoplazmaticheskie tsisterny v gepatotsitakh myshei razlichnykh linii

Structures of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and narrow canals formed by smooth membranes were found in the cell membrane of male mice belonging to strains CBA, C57BL and L-NZB/BLN. The canals were seen connected with plasma membranes. Under the conditions of CC1(4) poisoning of CBA and C57BL mice, these canals were transformed to gigantic cytoplasmic vacuoles. Their cavities were communicated with the extracellular space. It still remains unclear if the membranes of these canals belong to the cytoplasmic membrane or to the endoplasmic reticulum.

[Ultrastructure and number of Kupffer cells in the mouse liver during acute CCl4 poisoning]. / Issledovanie ul'trastruktury i kolichestva kletok Kupfera v pecheni myshei pri ostrom otravlenii CCl4.

The ultrastructure and the number of Kupffer cells in different zones of hepatic lobules of mice were studied following CCl4 injection. Migration of the Kupffer cells to necrotic zones of the hepatic lobule after CCl4 administration was detected. These data allow a tentative suggestion that the Kupffer cells are conditionally resident macrophages.

[Comparative morphometric study of the ultrastructure of mouse liver sinusoid endothelial and Kupffer cells in physiologically normal animals]. / Sravnitel'noe morfometricheskoe issledovanie ul'trastruktury sinusoidal'nykh éndotelial'nykh i kupferovskikh kletok pecheni myshei v usloviiakh fiziologicheskoi normy.

The ultrastructure of the sinusoidal endothelial and Kupffer cells of mouse liver has been studied under the normal physiological conditions according to the morphometric method. The similarity of quantitative characteristics of some subcellular structure of these cells has been determined. Essential differences between endothelial and Kupffer cells were revealed that well compare with the results of the investigation of their endocytous ability.

[The correction of the liver detoxifying function with phenobarbital and ziksorin before and after ischemia]. / Korrektsiia detoksitsiruiushchei funktsii pecheni fenobarbitalom i ziksorinom do i posle ee ishemii.

Rat experiments have shown preliminary administration of phenobarbital and zixoryn (before ischemia) fails to prevent the hepatic monoxygenase system from ischemic lesion, followed by profound destructive changes in the liver, though the functional activity of the microsomal system remained high. Phenobarbital and zixoryn induction of monooxygenases in the postischemic period contributed to the complete restoration of the levels of microsomal cytochromes and the metabolic activity of xenobiotics in the liver just in its early periods. It is concluded that it is advisable to use the inductors in the postischemic restorative period to correct the detoxifying function of the liver.

[Morphologic study of the effects of acute stress and the separate administration of "adaptive hormones" on mouse hepatocytes]. / Morfologicheskoe issledovanie éffektov ostrogo stressa i razdel'nogo vvedeniia "adaptivnykh gormonov" na gepatotsity myshei.

Electron microscopy and morphometry methods have been used to study structural changes in mouse hepatocytes under the conditions of acute stress after the injection of adrenaline, glucagon and hydrocortisone. All these factors induce autophagocytosis intensification. It is supposed that the activation of autophagocytosis and autophagocytolysis under these conditions is realized through the intensification of free radicals' generation in hepatocytes.

[Structural changes in the liver parenchyma of mice of various genetic strains during multiple stressful events and subsequent CCl4 poisoning]. / Strukturnye izmeneniia v parenkhime pecheni myshei raznykh geneticheskikh linii pri mnogokratnykh stressiruiushchikh vozdeistviiakh i posleduiushchem otravlenii CCl4.

The preliminary state of long-term stress decreases the liver resistance to the action of CCl4 in mice of two different strains and delays the process of repair of the liver parenchyma after its damage. The development of these processes has certain peculiarities in mice of each strain, that testifies to the importance of genetic factors in determination of the liver response to stress and damaging effect.

[Ultrastructure of the sinusoidal endothelial and Kupffer cells during multiple stress exposure: morphometric research]. / Ul'trastruktura sinusoidal'nykh éndotelial'nykh i kupferovskikh kletok pri mnogokratnykh stressiruiushchikh vozdeistviiakh: morfometricheskoe issledovanie.

Structural changes in endotheliocytes and Kupffer cells of the mouse liver induced by multiple stressing actions testify to the hypertrophy of these cells and to the increase in the number of their ultrastructures. Manifestations of these processes in cells of each type are characterized by a number of peculiarities which permit considering them as two different cell types.

[Ultrastructure of the "dark" hepatocytes under physiologically normal conditions and in toxic lesion of the liver (a morphometric study)]. / Ul'trastruktura "temnykh" gepatotsitov v usloviiakh fiziologicheskoi normy i toksicheskogo povrezhdeniia pecheni (morfometricheskoe issledovanie)

Quanity and structural organization of the "dark" hepatocytes are different depending on the functional state of the liver. Therefore, functional estimation of the liver state with a changed number of "dark" hepatocytes demands detection of factors determining the changes in their organization and quantity in the organ.