A modified treat-and-extend regimen of aflibercept for treatment-naïve patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE: To evaluate a modified treat-and-extend (TAE) regimen of intravitreal aflibercept injection (IAI) for treatment-naïve patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS: Thirty-six eyes (36 patients) treated with the modified TAE regimen were evaluated at 12 months retrospectively. The modified TAE regimen consisted of three steps: 1) an induction phase, during which patients were treated with ≥ 3-monthly IAIs until exudative activity disappeared, 2) an observation phase, during which patients were monitored until exudative activity appeared, and 3) a TAE phase, for which the initial treatment interval was determined based on the disease recurrence interval, followed by treatment intervals changing by 2 weeks. RESULTS: Mean logMAR BCVA improved significantly from 0.48 ± 0.51 at baseline to 0.40 ± 0.53 at 12 months (P < 0.01), and was maintained (losing <0.3 logMAR units) in 35 eyes (97.2 %). Mean central retinal thickness and central choroidal thickness decreased significantly after 12 months. In the TAE phase, the distribution of treatment intervals was ≥8 weeks in 64.7 % (11 eyes) at 12 months. The mean number of injections was 4.53. CONCLUSION: A modified TAE regimen of IAI for neovascular AMD produced good functional outcomes over 12 months with the small number of injections.

[Optical coherence tomographic findings of the retinal pigment epithelium tear in macular area preserving good visual acuity].

PURPOSE: It has been reported that the visual outcome of retinal pigment epithelial tear (RPE tear) in the fovea is worse than that of RPE tear sparing the fovea. We report optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings of 3 cases with RPE tear in the fovea who preserved good visual acuity. PATIENTS: All patients had serous retinal pigment epithelial detachment involving the macula. The RPE was torn and rolled RPE was observed in the fovea. In OCT findings, a fovea was observed on the RPE flap, and visual acuity was preserved after RPE tear repair. CONCLUSION: We considered that preservation of good visual acuity was due to the presence of a fovea on the RPE flap. We could precisely analyze the location of the fovea and RPE tear using OCT.

[Evaluation of cases of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy showing classic choroidal neovascularization in their natural course].

BACKGROUND: Some cases of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) in their natural course develop into classic choroidal neovascularization(CNV) as shown by fluorescein angiography (FA) findings. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We evaluated 8 eyes of 8 PCV patients showing classic CNV by FA findings, using indocyanine green angiography (IA) and optical coherence tomography(OCT). RESULT: All patients showed subretinal grayish exudates, which were considered fibrinous. Five cases were recognized as true subretinal CNV according to IA and OCT findings. The other 3 patients showed polypoidal dilatation with vascular networks by IA, and a moderately reflective mass considered fibrinous over the polypoidal elevation of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) by OCT. CONCLUSION: Both true CNV and PCV with fibrin are present in PCV patients showing classic CNV. It requires care to determine proper treatment.

Three-year results of a modified photodynamic therapy procedure (Ironing PDT) for age-related macular degeneration patients with large lesions.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a modified procedure on exudative age-related macular degeneration having been conventionally difficult to treat. METHODS: The medical records of eight consecutive patients (eight eyes) with age-related macular degeneration treated with modified PDT were reviewed retrospectively. Modified PDT was used for the lesions that could not be covered by conventional use of PDT, either because the lesion was too large or too close to the optic disc. A moving PDT laser spot at constant speed, for 83 seconds, was used to cover the entire lesion, and was named "Ironing PDT." This retrospective study was performed with informed patient consent. It was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kansai Medical University. RESULTS: No exudation could be found 36 months after treatment in five eyes (62.5%). There was no significant difference between the best-corrected visual acuity before PDT (0.95 logMAR) and after PDT (1.09 logMAR). The logMAR best-corrected visual acuity was improved in one eye, maintained in five eyes, and deteriorated in two eyes. CONCLUSION: Ironing PDT decreased subfoveal fluid and preserved visual acuity in some patients with age-related macular degeneration difficult to treat with conventional therapy.

Quantitative evaluation of ischemia-reperfusion injury by optical coherence tomography in the rat retina.

PURPOSE: To determine whether optical coherence tomography (OCT) can detect early retinal changes after ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. METHODS: The intraocular pressure (IOP) was elevated to induce retinal ischemia in brown Norway rats. After 90 min of ischemia, the IOP was reduced, and after reperfusion of 1, 2, 4, or 7 days, OCT was performed. After the OCT examination, the eyes were enucleated and histological sections were made. RESULTS: The OCT-determined mean retinal thickness was 168 +/- 16.9 microm in the untreated control group, and 177 +/- 2.16, 170 +/- 7.55, 159 +/- 5.34, and 140 +/- 5.56 microm on days 1, 2, 4, and 7, respectively, in the ischemia-reperfusion group. The histologically determined retinal thicknesses correlated with those obtained by tomographic images, but the histologic thicknesses were 9.5% to 18.5% thinner than those obtained by OCT. Fixation and dehydration of the histological specimens most likely caused tissue shrinkage. CONCLUSIONS: OCT can detect retinal changes quantitatively after ischemia-reperfusion injury, and the retinal thicknesses obtained from OCT images are probably a better measure of the true retinal thickness than those measured on histological sections.

Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: incidence, demographic features, and clinical characteristics.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the incidence, demographic features, and clinical characteristics of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) in Japanese patients. METHODS: Consecutive patients with presumed neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) who met the eligibility criteria were examined between January 1, 1999, and October 31, 2001. All patients underwent complete ophthalmologic examination and fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography. RESULTS: Among 471 eyes of 418 patients who met the criteria, 110 eyes (23%) of 100 patients were diagnosed as having PCV and 361 eyes (77%) of 318 patients as having neovascular AMD. Mean age of patients with PCV was 68.4 years, with a male preponderance (63% of patients); involvement was mostly unilateral (90% of patients), and polypoidal vascular lesions were located mainly in the macula (85% of eyes). Retinal manifestations of PCV were characterized by serous macular detachment (52% of eyes), submacular hemorrhage (30% of eyes), and retinal pigment epithelium degeneration (10% of eyes). There were few subretinal fibrovascular proliferations (7% of eyes). Mean visual acuity was 0.31 in eyes with PCV and 0.18 in eyes with AMD. The incidence of severe visual loss (0.2 or worse) was 35% in PCV and 53% in AMD. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of PCV in Japanese patients is high, and the incidence and demographic features vary in different ethnic groups. The clinical manifestations of PCV and AMD resemble each other; however, PCV is characterized by low incidence of subretinal fibrovascular proliferation, slow progression of vascular abnormality, and minimal association with conventional choroidal neovascularization. These factors seem to lead to a more favorable visual outcome in PCV compared with neovascular AMD.

Initial non-responders to ranibizumab in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

BACKGROUND: Patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) who did not respond to ranibizumab at the induction phase were assessed and referred to as initial non-responders. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 215 patients (218 eyes) with exudative AMD. For the initial treatments, patients received three intravitreal injections of ranibizumab (IVR) every 4 weeks. Minimum follow-up period was 12 months. We defined patients with no improvement of best corrected logMAR visual acuity (BCVA), and with no decrease of central retinal thickness (CRT) at the end of the initial treatment, as initial non-responders. Patients who had previous treatment history prior to this investigation were included, but patients who had photodynamic therapy (PDT) with IVR were excluded. RESULTS: Twenty-two eyes (10.1%) were identified as initial non-responders. The mean BCVA of initial non-responders before IVR and after induction phase were 0.39 and 0.36, respectively. There was no significant difference between these values, however the mean BCVA decreased significantly to 0.55 at 12 months after the beginning of the induction phase (P = 0.021). The mean greatest linear dimension (GLD) of the lesion before IVR of initial non-responders was 4,121 µm. We found 16 eyes with typical AMD, and six eyes with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. One eye had predominantly classic choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and others had occult CNV of typical AMD. As additional treatments, twelve eyes received PDT, and in three of the eyes exudation remained after PDT. CONCLUSION: Initial non-responders were more prevalent in patients with occult CNV than in patients with other CNV types. Some of the initial non-responders did not respond to PDT. This study suggested possible involvement of other factors, in addition to vascular endothelial growth factor, in the occurrence of CNV in initial non-responder patients.

Two-year visual results for older Asian women treated with photodynamic therapy or bevacizumab for myopic choroidal neovascularization.

PURPOSE: To compare the long-term visual and anatomic outcome of treatment with photodynamic therapy (PDT) or intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB; Avastin; Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA) for choroidal neovascularization attributable to pathologic myopia (mCNV). DESIGN: An open-label, interventional case series. SETTING: Multi-institutional. PATIENTS: Thirty-one eyes of Japanese women who received either PDT or IVB for mCNV. Inclusion criteria were age 50 years or older, greatest linear dimension (GLD) 1200 to 3000 microm, and baseline best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) 20/200 to 20/40. INTERVENTION PROCEDURES: Patients received either PDT or IVB (1 mg/40 microL) throughout the study, with re-treatment when necessary. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: BCVA and visual gain/loss at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after the initial treatment. RESULTS: Age, BCVA, location of CNV, refractive error, and symptom duration at baseline did not differ significantly between groups. BCVA was significantly improved at 3 to 12 months (P < .05); however, the significance was lost at 18 and 24 months in the IVB group. The PDT group showed no significant improvement within the first year, and vision slowly worsened after 12 months, becoming significantly worse at 18 and 24 months compared to baseline (P< .01). BCVA was significantly higher in the IVB group at 6 months (P< .05), and 12 months or further (P < .01). Visual gain was significantly greater in the IVB group at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months (P < .05 for 6, 18, and 24 months and P < .01 for 12 months). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that the effects of PDT and IVB have a different time course, and that IVB provides a significantly better BCVA than PDT for mCNV over the long-term.

Anti-aquaporin-4 antibody-positive optic neuritis treated with double-filtration plasmapheresis.

PURPOSE: The anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody was recently reported to be associated with neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Optic nerve involvements in many NMO cases are bilateral and the prognosis is poor. However, it has been suggested that plasma exchange is effective for those patients when steroid pulse therapy is ineffective. Herein, we report successful treatment of a patient with NMO using double-filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP). CASE: A 22-year-old woman consulted a neurologist for neck pain in March 2008. High-intensity lesions were shown in the cervical spinal cord by T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. On July 15, the patient was referred to our department for a headache and pain and blurred vision in the left eye. The best-corrected visual acuity was 20/50 and 20/500 in the right and left eyes, respectively, with visual field defects observed in both. After 3 courses of steroid pulse therapy, anti-AQP4 antibodies were positive. In November, the patient again noticed visual acuity loss in the left eye and was treated by additional steroid pulse therapy, which was not effective. Next, she underwent plasma exchange therapy, though it was stopped due to hypotension and dyspnea. The next day, the patient underwent DFPP treatment and visual function gradually recovered. CONCLUSION: It is important to consider NMO when steroid pulse therapy is not effective. We successfully and safely treated NMO in a young adult patient using DFPP.