Reversal of creatine kinase translational repression by 3' untranslated sequences.

A subline of U937 cells (U937D) was obtained in which creatine kinase B (CK-B) messenger RNA was present and bound to ribosomes, but CK activity was undetectable. Transformation of U937D cells with retrovirus vectors that contain the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of CK-B messenger RNA exhibited CK activity with no change in abundance of CK-B mRNA. The 3' UTR formed a complex in vitro with a component of S100 extracts from wild-type cells. This binding activity was not detectable in S100 extracts from cells that expressed CK activity after transformation with the 3' UTR-containing vector. These results suggest that translation of CK-B is repressed by binding of a soluble factor or factors to the 3' UTR.

Pediatric respiratory papillomatosis: prognostic role of viral typing and cofactors.

Children with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis vary greatly in their clinical disease course. Many have mild disease with eventual remission while others present with an early aggressive airway obstructive course. This study consisted of 24 pediatric patients whose specimens underwent polymerase chain reaction analysis for cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and human papillomavirus (HPV) type. Nineteen of 24 specimens contained enough DNA for this study. None of the specimens were found to contain DNA from HPV-16, -18, -31, -33; CMV; or HSV, which contrasts with our previous findings in adults. Ten patients were infected by HPV-11 and seven of these underwent tracheotomy because of an aggressive tumorigenic clinical course. Nine patients were infected by HPV-6 alone of whom only two required a tracheotomy (P = 0.05, Fisher's Exact Test). The early airway obstructive course associated with HPV-11, however, had no bearing on achieving eventual disease remission, with decannulation achieved in eight of nine children.

Head and neck manifestations of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is a congenital disorder manifested by organomegaly, omphalocele, hypoglycemia, and macroglossia. We have found a significant number of these children to be at risk for upper airway obstruction during infancy or childhood. In this review of 13 children, 2 required tracheotomy during infancy for cor pulmonale caused by macroglossia. Seven of nine children older than 1 year required tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy to relieve upper airway obstruction. Although macroglossia can be a cause of airway obstruction in infants with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, we have found that airway obstruction during childhood is related to tonsillar and adenoidal hypertrophy and not to macroglossia. Anterior tongue reduction is reserved for the correction of malocclusion, articulation errors, or cosmesis, whereas tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy may be curative of obstructive symptoms.

Adult respiratory papillomatosis: human papillomavirus type and viral coinfections as predictors of prognosis.

Pathologic material and the records of 29 patients with laryngeal papillomatosis were reviewed. The relationship between the type of human papillomavirus (HPV) and the presence of viral coinfections was correlated with clinical outcome. Using polymerase chain reaction, paraffin-embedded specimens were analyzed for the presence of HPV, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV). The HPV type could be identified in 24 patients' specimens. Twenty-one patients were infected with HPV type 6. The other 3 were infected with HPV type 11 or 16. Three patients developed squamous cell carcinoma, of whom 2 had HPV type 11 or 16. We found HSV, EBV, and CMV in 50%, 12.5%, and 0% of specimens, respectively. An aggressive clinical course was observed in 17 patients. Evidence of coinfection with other viruses was identified in 11 (65%) of these patients. In contrast, a benign clinical course was observed in 7 patients, of whom 2 (29%) had viral coinfections. We conclude that the HPV type and the presence of viral coinfections may be predictive of an aggressive clinical course.

Reconstruction of the radical mastoid.

Open cavity techniques (radical mastoidectomy, canal wall down tympanomastoidectomy, modified radical mastoidectomy) are well established surgical procedures for the treatment of chronic otitis media. Despite their effectiveness in exteriorizing cholesteatoma, they are associated with a 20 to 60 percent incidence of persistent intermittent drainage. In an effort to eliminate this problem, we have employed a Palva flap and medial graft technique to reconstruct the mastoid cavity and middle ear space in those patients with chronically draining ears. Between 1987 and 1990, 28 patients underwent this procedure. Twenty-six of these (93%) had complete obliteration of the mastoid cavity and successful tympanic membrane reconstruction. Two of 28 (7%) had a persistent tympanic membrane perforation and intermittent drainage following their surgery. Based on these results, this procedure is effective in eliminating intermittent drainage associated with the open cavity techniques. The indications for this procedure, the specifics of the surgical technique, and the postoperative results are discussed.

Repair of laryngeal fractures using adaptation plates.

BACKGROUND: There is a need to evaluate the effectiveness of laryngeal fracture repair using rigid adaptation plates. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of patients undergoing open repair of laryngeal fractures using metal alloy plates, from 1987 to 1995, was performed. Postoperative airway, deglutition, and voice were assessed. Postoperative follow-up ranged from 1 to 58 months (median, 27 months). All 10 patients sustained blunt or penetrating laryngeal trauma. After patients were resuscitated according to the ABC principles recommended by the American College of Surgeons, each underwent open repair of laryngeal fractures using rigid adaptation plates. RESULTS: Outcome was measured by perceptual analysis of the postoperative airway, swallowing, and voice, as well as biocompatibility. Ten patients underwent repair and stabilization of the larynx using adaptation plates. Nine patients sustained blunt trauma, and one patient sustained penetrating trauma. Voice was subjectively graded as good if it resembled the preinjury status, fair if it differed, and poor if it represented aphonia, whisper, or unintelligible speech. Airway was graded as good if it resembled preinjury status, fair if mild exercise intolerance or aspiration existed, and poor if the patient could not be decannulated. Nine patients had a good airway following repair, and six of seven patients requiring tracheotomy were decannulated. All patients tolerated the plates well and suffered no surgical complications. CONCLUSION: Repair of the laryngeal framework using adaptation plates provides adequate, immediate stabilization with restoration of function and is an alternative to traditional methods of repair.